弥勒苣苔种子的休眠萌发特性（英文）

弥勒苣苔为中国特有的濒危植物,一度被认为灭绝后又被重新发现,引起了学界及公众的广泛关注。种子库是保护珍稀濒危物种的一种有效手段,对物种开展种子保存需要较为深入的了解其种子休眠及萌发特性;但对于弥勒苣苔,现有资料十分有限,本研究系统地探讨了弥勒苣苔种子的休眠状态及萌发习性。在对其种子进行X光透视后,发现其种子的胚发育完全,且基本充满整个种子,因此认为该种子不具有形态休眠。在多个变温及恒温条件下对新鲜种子进行萌发测试,发现在较高温度(高于20℃)下萌发率很高且萌发迅速,赤霉素及低温层积处理能够显著提高种子在较低温度下(低于20℃)的萌发率,因此可以判定其种子存在浅的生理休眠。种子在恒温下的萌发率比相应的变温下萌发率要高,可能是其对所处荫蔽环境的一种适应。硝酸钾对种子萌发有显著的促进作用,在野外环境下,硝酸钾有对生境空窗及较少竞争的指示作用。     

温度对经层积处理解除休眠的水曲柳种子萌发的影响

经层积处理解除休眠的水曲柳种子于10种不同温度条件下萌发的结果表明:变温条件下的种子萌发比恒温条件的好,最佳的变温条件为15℃/10℃,最佳的恒温条件是10℃,20℃以上的恒温会诱导种子产生二次休眠。     

储藏和萌发温度对青藏高原东缘12种灌木种子萌发的影响

研究了青藏高原东缘2个储藏条件下的12种灌木种子在10、15、20、25℃恒温培养下和5/25℃变温培养下的萌发特性及其与种子大小和生境的关系。结果表明:12种灌木室内干储种子在5/25℃变温培养下种子平均萌发率最高、萌发速率最快,室外埋藏种子10℃、5/25℃下种子平均萌发率相近且最高,但萌发速率5/25℃最快,10℃下最慢,4个恒温下的室内干储和室外埋藏种子的萌发速率均随温度升高而变快;10、15、20和25℃恒温培养下的室外埋藏种子平均萌发率、平均萌发速率均高于室内储藏,而5/25℃变温下则是室外埋藏种子平均萌发率、平均萌发速率均低于室内储藏;室内干储的12种灌木种子在5/25℃变温下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小呈显著负相关,而室外埋藏的种子在10℃以及5/25℃变温下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小均呈显著负相关,20℃下,只有萌发速率与种子大小呈显著负相关;其他储藏和温度下的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小均没有显著相关;无论室内干储还是室外埋藏,阳坡灌丛物种在5个温度下的萌发率、萌发速率均显著高于阴坡灌丛物种,阴坡灌丛种子萌发率随温度升高而降低;变温有利于种子萌发,贮藏条件对种子的萌发特性的影响具有变温依赖性,种子的萌发特性与种子大小以及生境的关系具有明显的培养温度和储存条件依赖性。     

西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种子萌发特征

珍稀濒危灌木长叶红砂是我国西北干旱地区荒漠植被中的古老残遗物种,对维持荒漠植被稳定具有重要作用.本文研究了长叶红砂种子特性,及其在不同光照、温度、土壤水分和沙埋等环境因子中的萌发策略.结果表明:长叶红砂种子具有高活力、高萌发率、耐贮存的特点,在光照和黑暗条件下均能很好地萌发.种子萌发的适宜温度为恒温20 ℃～25 ℃或变温15 ℃/25 ℃,萌发率高达93%.土壤含水量为2%时,种子开始萌发;土壤含水量为12%时,其萌发率最高,达89%.长叶红砂种子适宜的沙埋深度为1 cm,＞5 cm沙埋不出苗.沙埋深度对出苗率和幼苗生长高度的影响显著,而对幼苗质量的影响不显著.水分条件和沙埋深度是制约长叶红砂种子萌发和出苗的主要因素,而种子的高萌发率增加了幼苗生存的风险,不利于其应对荒漠极端环境变化.这种特性是长叶红砂濒危的重要原因之一.     

青阳参种子的萌发

青阳参（Cynanchum otophyllum）种子在11月成熟时有休眠习性。收获后将其种子种植在自然温室内,到第二年的春天种子才会萌发,且大多数种子在3月28至4月4日间萌发,这期间的日平均最高和最低温度分别为19．0℃和9．9℃。层积能有效地打破青阳参种子的休眠,休眠种子通过大约1周的层积便能萌发。种子在有光的条件下层积1周后转移到25／15℃的黑暗条件下萌发率可达到75．4％。青阳参种子不论在有光的条件下还是在黑暗环境中层积2～3周后转入30／20和25／15℃进行变温处理,其萌发率最低能达到66．4％,而转入20／10℃变温处理其萌发率最多只能达到20．1％,但若层积6周,即便在20／10℃变温处理的情况下其萌发率也可以达到65．3％以上。     

光照和温度对沙芥和斧翅沙芥植物种子萌发的影响

研究了生长于不同生境下的沙芥(Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.)和斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.)种子萌发对光照和温度的响应。结果表明:沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在光下萌发受到显著(P0.05)的抑制作用,其中沙芥种子萌发受光的抑制作用强于斧翅沙芥种子。在黑暗10—40℃恒温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在15—35℃范围内均可萌发,在15℃和35℃下沙芥种子的萌发要优于斧翅沙芥种子;其种子分别在25℃和30℃下达到最佳的萌发响应,在此条件下斧翅沙芥种子的萌发特性优于沙芥种子。在黑暗变温条件下,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在20/30℃(12h/12h)下达到最佳的萌发响应,此处理下的萌发率高于其各自最佳恒温处理下的萌发率,其萌发后幼苗下胚轴和胚根的长度较最佳恒温处理有明显的下降,但它们的干重却差异较小,说明变温处理有利于两种种子的萌发和形成强壮的幼苗。综上所述,沙芥和斧翅沙芥种子在黑暗和20/30℃变温条件下有利于种子萌发和幼苗建成。     

温度对射干种子萌发影响的试验研究

对射干〖ｅｌａｍｃａｎｄａ ｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｌ．）ＤＣ．〗种子萌发中温度的影响进行了研究,结果表明射干种子的萌发温度为５～３０℃,恒温条件下的萌发率不高,且持续时间较长,低温或高温向１５～２５℃变温可以提高种子萌发率。１５～２５℃向向低温高温变温萌发率下降。１５～２５℃之间的变温萌发率变化不大。昼夜温度周期３０℃向人氏温或高温变温萌发率下降,１５～２５℃之间的变温萌发率变化不大。昼夜温度周期３０     

环境因素对伞形科两种植物种子萌发的影响

种子萌发模式是植物生活史策略中的一个主要特征。研究了环境因素对伞形科濒危植物明党参 (Changium smyrnioidesWolff)和非濒危植物峨参 (Anthriscussylvestris Hoffm.)种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明 ,温度是影响明党参和峨参这类冬性植物种子萌发的主要因素。两物种的种子萌发温度范围是 5～ 15℃ ,明党参种子的最适萌发温度是 10℃ ,峨参是 5℃ ,两物种在15℃时萌发率均已受抑制 ,到 18℃时几乎不萌发。两种植物种子的萌发率与温度显著负相关。两种植物种子在光照和黑暗条件下萌发率差异很小 ,均是中性种子。明党参种子在干燥条件下比峨参种子更容易失去活力 ,其种子的适宜含水量 (5 .9%～6 .4 % )比峨参 (<3.7% )高。种子质量好、萌发率高但种子产量低也是濒危植物种群更新的一个薄弱环节。     

林线树种太白红杉种子萌发的生理生态特性

 太白红杉(Larix chinensis)是太白山的高山林线树种。通过在人工气候室内的试验,研究了太白红杉种子在6种不同的光照与温度组合处理条件下的萌发特性。结果表明：在恒温和变温两种条件下,交替光照对于种子吸胀后的脱落酸（ABA）和赤霉素 (GA)有刺激作用。在恒温条件下,持续光照对于种子吸胀后的生长素 (IAA)有刺激作用,而变温条件下交替光照对生长素有刺激作用。细胞分裂素（CTK）的变化情况与IAA相反。光照条件相同时,恒温条件下的植物激素含量要高于变温条件下的含量,说明恒温对于各种激素有刺激作用。在25 ℃环境下种子的萌发率高于在12 ℃环境下的萌发率,说明温度对于种子的萌发有重要作用。太白红杉种子的萌发受交替光照（12 h光照/12 h黑暗）的刺激;恒温（25 ℃）条件下的种子萌发率高于变温（12 ℃/25 ℃）条件下的种子萌发率。实验结果反映了内源激素在太白红杉种子萌发过程中起着重要作用。     

画眉草种子萌发对策及生态适应性

研究了画眉草种子在不同贮藏条件以及光照、温度和降雨等环境因素下的萌发对策.结果表明,画眉草新种子具有较强的内在休眠;4个月的干藏和冷藏处理对解除种子休眠作用不明显,但较长时间的贮藏（干藏1年）则能促进种子成熟.画眉草种子在光照和黑暗条件下都能萌发,但较强的光照更有利于种子萌发.种子萌发适宜温度是28 ℃,温度升高和降低都会导致画眉草种子萌发率下降;变温条件下（16～28 ℃）种子萌发率高于恒温28 ℃条件,但两个处理间的萌发率没有显著差异.种子萌发降雨阈值是10 mm,种子萌发率和萌发持续时间均随降雨量的增加而增加.画眉草种子具有迅速萌发和推迟萌发时间超过1年以上两种萌发对策.根据种子形态特征和萌发策略,推断画眉草具有持久土壤种子库.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.