三种环境激素对四种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应研究

近年来,海洋环境激素污染日益严重,为了考察环境激素对海洋微藻的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态系统的影响,该实验研究了三氯卡班、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、三丁基氯化锡三种环境激素对海洋小球藻(Chlorella sp.)、眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis ocutala)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense )4种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应。结果表明,三种环境激素均可显著抑制该4种微藻的生长。三氯卡班对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为108.19 μg·L^-1、63.21 μg·L^-1、60.73 μg·L^-1和57.58 μg·L^-1;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为1.42 mg·L^-1、1.02 mg·L^-1、1.47 mg·L^-1 和1.21 mg·L^-1;三丁基氯化锡对4种微藻的96 h-EC₅₀分别为3.5 μg·L^-1、4.36 μg·L^-1、0.6 μg·L^-1和0.6 μg·L^-1。三种环境激素对四种海洋微藻的毒性强弱顺序为三丁基氯化锡>三氯卡班>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。     

Cr3+对盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长及营养品质的影响

以盐藻Dunaliella salina为材料,设定0ìg·L^-1、3ìg·L^-1、12ìg·L^-1、50ìg·L^-1、200ìg·L^-1和800ìg·L^-16个添加Cr³⁺浓度处理,分析测定了不同铬浓度下盐藻的生物量(细胞密度).蛋白质、â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量.研究结果表明,中低量添加Cr³⁺对盐藻的生长有一定的促进作用,在50ìg·L^-1和200ìg·L^-1Cr³⁺条件下,盐藻的生物量高于对照,中低量添加Cr³⁺对盐藻的生长有一定的促进作用,盐藻蛋白质含量比对照分别提高3.06%和6.55%,Cr³⁺浓度在200ìg·L^-1时,盐藻的â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量比对照分别提高3.93%和2.38%,适当添加Cr³⁺可提高盐藻蛋白质、â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量,有效改善盐藻的营养品质.     

不同藻密度下Cd2+浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

为了比较不同食物密度下污染物浓度对受试生物的慢性毒性,筛选出以轮虫为受试生物对水环境中Cd污染进行监测的敏感指标,研究了在不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶和5.0 ×10⁶ cells·ml^-1)下不同浓度(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0和40.0 μg·L^-1)Cd²⁺对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明：(25±1) ℃下Cd²⁺对轮虫的24 h LC₅₀为37.7 μg·L^-1.与各藻密度下的对照组相比,当藻密度为1.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,20.0和40.0 μg·L^-1的Cd²⁺显著延长了轮虫的世代时间,5.0 μg·L^-1的Cd²⁺显著提高了轮虫的后代混交率;当藻密度为3.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,除了5.0 μg·L^-1外,其他浓度的Cd²⁺显著降低了轮虫的后代混交率;而当藻密度为5.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,Cd²⁺浓度对轮虫的所有生命表统计学参数均无显著影（P>0.05）.藻密度对轮虫的世代时间、生命期望、净生殖率和后代混交率均有显著影响（P<0.05）,Cd²⁺浓度对轮虫的世代时间和后代混交率有显著影响（P<0.05）,两者交互作用对后代混交率有极显著影响（P<0.01）.轮虫的世代时间和后代混交率是在1.0×10.6和3.0×10.6 cells·ml^-1食物密度下对Cd²⁺污染比较敏感的参数,其中后代混交率最敏感.     

不同藻密度下Cd2+浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

为了比较不同食物密度下污染物浓度对受试生物的慢性毒性,筛选出以轮虫为受试生物对水环境中Cd污染进行监测的敏感指标,研究了在不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶和5.0 ×10⁶ cells·ml^-1)下不同浓度(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0和40.0 μg·L^-1)Cd²⁺对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明：(25±1) ℃下Cd²⁺对轮虫的24 h LC₅₀为37.7 μg·L^-1.与各藻密度下的对照组相比,当藻密度为1.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,20.0和40.0 μg·L^-1的Cd²⁺显著延长了轮虫的世代时间,5.0 μg·L^-1的Cd²⁺显著提高了轮虫的后代混交率;当藻密度为3.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,除了5.0 μg·L^-1外,其他浓度的Cd²⁺显著降低了轮虫的后代混交率;而当藻密度为5.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1时,Cd²⁺浓度对轮虫的所有生命表统计学参数均无显著影（P>0.05）.藻密度对轮虫的世代时间、生命期望、净生殖率和后代混交率均有显著影响（P<0.05）,Cd²⁺浓度对轮虫的世代时间和后代混交率有显著影响（P<0.05）,两者交互作用对后代混交率有极显著影响（P<0.01）.轮虫的世代时间和后代混交率是在1.0×10.6和3.0×10.6 cells·ml^-1食物密度下对Cd²⁺污染比较敏感的参数,其中后代混交率最敏感.     

铜绿微囊藻藻毒素提取液对小鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)方法,研究了实验室培养的铜绿微囊藻藻毒素MCLR粗提液、初步提取液和纯MCLR样品对小鼠淋巴细胞的毒性效应.结果显示,正己烷萃取粗提液后,其中的色素和脂类物质被大量去除.当粗提液MCLR浓度大于66.2μg·L^-1时,能够诱发小鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤,初步提纯液的MCLR浓度达到125μg·L^-1以上,才会诱发DNA损伤,与粗提液相比,初步提纯液的tail DNA%和OTM值有所降低,但幅度不大.纯MCLR样品诱导的DNA损伤远小于粗提液,浓度为494μg·L^-1时的tail DNA%和OTM值与75.9μg·L^-1粗提液相近,在MCLR纯化过程中大量被去除的具有紫外吸收的物质是导致损伤差异的主要来源.     

Hg2+浓度和藻类食物密度对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响

为了比较不同食物密度下污染物浓度对受试生物的慢性毒性,以多刺裸腹溞作为受试生物,研究了斜生栅藻密度较低(0.5×106 cells·mL^-1)、中等(1.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)和较高(2.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)条件下,不同Hg²⁺浓度(0、0.4、1.1、1.8、2.5、3.2和3.9 μg·L^-1)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明: 在较低和较高的食物密度下,一定浓度的Hg²⁺对多刺裸腹溞的存活、生殖乃至种群增长具有不利的影响;但中等食物密度下其不利影响消失.与对照相比,较低食物密度下,0.4~2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著缩短了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望,0.4、1.1、2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著缩短了世代时间,1.1、2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了净生殖率,3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了总生殖率.在较高的食物密度下,1.1 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率;3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望和净生殖率.但在中等食物密度下,3.2 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著延长了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望.在较低的食物密度下,Hg²⁺浓度与多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间和总生殖率之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系;但在中等和较高的食物密度下,Hg²⁺浓度与多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数间均无显著的剂量-效应关系.     

葡萄糖和乙酸钠对湛江等鞭金藻兼养生长的影响

论文探讨了添加外源性有机碳葡萄糖和乙酸钠对湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis )生长及胞内总脂百分含量的影响.结果表明:随着葡萄糖和乙酸钠浓度的增加,湛江等鞕金藻的生长和产物积累均表现出先促进后抑制的现象.湛江等鞭金藻兼养利用葡萄糖和乙酸钠促进生长的浓度上限分别为50和30g·L^-1.葡萄糖浓度仅15g·L^-1时,对生物量具有显著促进作用,而乙酸钠浓度2.5～15g·L^-1时,对生物量均具有显著促进作用.葡萄糖对藻细胞内总脂百分含量的促进作用浓度范围是1.0～50g·L^-1,而乙酸钠仅在1.0～15g·L^-1时,表现出显著促进作用.葡萄糖浓度为15g·L^-1时,其生物量、总脂百分含量分别比对照增加了30%、30%.乙酸钠浓度为7.5g·L^-1时,其生物量、总脂百分含量分别比对照增加了30%、30%.添加适量的葡萄糖和乙酸钠能够显著促进湛江等鞭金藻生物量及胞内总脂百分含量,葡萄糖和乙酸钠的最适浓度分别是15g·L^-1和7.5g·L^-1.湛江等鞭金藻利用葡萄糖和乙酸钠进行兼养生长的能力是有限的.     

Hg2+浓度和藻类食物密度对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响

为了比较不同食物密度下污染物浓度对受试生物的慢性毒性,以多刺裸腹溞作为受试生物,研究了斜生栅藻密度较低(0.5×106 cells·mL^-1)、中等(1.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)和较高(2.0×10⁶ cells·mL^-1)条件下,不同Hg²⁺浓度(0、0.4、1.1、1.8、2.5、3.2和3.9 μg·L^-1)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明: 在较低和较高的食物密度下,一定浓度的Hg²⁺对多刺裸腹溞的存活、生殖乃至种群增长具有不利的影响;但中等食物密度下其不利影响消失.与对照相比,较低食物密度下,0.4~2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著缩短了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望,0.4、1.1、2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著缩短了世代时间,1.1、2.5和3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了净生殖率,3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了总生殖率.在较高的食物密度下,1.1 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率;3.9 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著降低了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望和净生殖率.但在中等食物密度下,3.2 μg·L^-1的Hg²⁺显著延长了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望.在较低的食物密度下,Hg²⁺浓度与多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间和总生殖率之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系;但在中等和较高的食物密度下,Hg²⁺浓度与多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数间均无显著的剂量-效应关系.     

多氯联苯(PCB1254)对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)毒性及其组织结构的影响

本文报道了多氯联苯(PCB₁₂₅₄)对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)的亚急性毒性试验及其组织结构的影响。结果表明,PCB₁₂₅₄对斑马鱼存活最大无影响浓度(NOEC)为0.40μg·L^-1,最低有影响浓度(LOEC)为2.0μg·L^-1, PCB₁₂₅₄对斑马鱼30d半致死剂量为5.09μg·L^-1,95% 可信区间范围为3.79～6.52μg·L^-1。在不同浓度的PCB₁₂₅₄作用30d后,斑马鱼的组织结构发生明显变化, PCB₁₂₅₄浓度大于2μg·L^-1时,对斑马鱼鳃组织呼吸上皮细胞结构产生损伤而影响其呼吸代谢;高浓度PCB₁₂₅₄(50μg·L^-1)对斑马鱼肝脏细胞结构产生明显损害,肝脏细胞结构表现出异常,肝细胞核变形萎缩,并有大量脂褐素沉积。     

横岗水库富营养化特征分析

于2005年5月和11月调查了横岗水库的营养盐、叶绿素a(Chl.a)和浮游植物,对水库富营养化特征进行了分析。5月的总氮(TN)平均浓度为3.810mg·L^-1,总磷(TP)平均浓度为0.172mg·L^-1,Chl.a平均浓度为17.888mg·m^-3,综合营养状态指数(TSI_M)为73.3,该水库已达重度富营养化;11月份TSI_M下降到55.6,处于轻度富营养化状态,TN和TP平均浓度分别下降到1.302mg·L^-1和0.096mg·L^-1,Chl.a平均浓度却上升到26.935mg·m^-3,Chl.a浓度的上升与氨氮(NH₃-N)和正磷(PO₄-P)浓度上升以及浮游植物群落组成改变有关。从5月到11月,水库由蓝藻型富营养化水体变为绿藻型富营养化水体。5月浮游植物平均细胞密度高达2.75×10⁸cells·L^-1,优势种为美丽平裂藻和银灰平裂藻,其中平裂藻细胞数约占总细胞数的90%。11月浮游植物平均细胞密度降低到1.27×10⁷cells·L^-1,平裂藻的优势度下降,只占总细胞数的14.89%,绿藻成为主优势类群,其中栅藻是优势种之一,占总细胞数的11.52%。     

Oil pollution status expressed as the fraction of dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons

Four coastal ecosystems with contrasting characteristics were sampled in Costa Rica (2000-2002). Oil pollution status, expressed as the fraction of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons related to chrysene equivalents, was determined by the molecular fluorescence analytical technique. A total of 130 water samples were taken, from the Caribbean (Moín Bay), and from the Pacific (Bahía Culebra, Gulf of Nicoya and Dulce Gulf). On one occasion, seven samples along the Puntarenas estuary were also analysed. In Moín the mean and standard deviation were 0.10 microg x L(-1) +/- 0.18 micro x L(-1), ranging from non detectable (nd) to 0.65 microg x L(-1). For the Pacific ecosystems the total range was from nd to 0.37 microg x L(-1). In Bahia Culebra no fluorescence signals were obtained. In the Gulf of Nicoya the mean and standard deviation were 0.04 microg x L(-1) +/- 0.09 microg x L(-1), from nd to 0.33 microg x L(-1). Values in Dulce Gulf were 0.05 microg x L(-1) +/- 0.11 microg x L(-1), from nd to 0.37 microg x L(-1). Along the Puntarenas estuary the range was 0.17 to 5.91 microg x L(-1), with a mean of 1.21 microg x L(-1) and a standard deviation of +/- 2.10 microg x L(-1). The four coastal ecosystems had concentrations below the 10 microg x L(-1) limit for polluted oceanic areas. The Puntarenas estuary reflects the influence of antropogenic activities from and around the City of Puntarenas. These levels are considered low for inshore waters.     

Migratory benthic fishes may induce regime shifts in a tropical floodplain pond

1. Alternative states are a widely recorded phenomenon in shallow lakes, which may shift between turbid‐ and clear‐water conditions. Here, we investigate whether such shifts in a tropical floodplain pond may be related to the effect of the flood pulse regime on the community structures of fish and macrophytes. 2. Using a long‐term data set, we demonstrate how benthic fish migration together with colonisation by submerged plants affected the transition from a turbid to a macrophyte‐dominated state in a floodplain pond without top‐down control. 3. In our study, the turbid state occurred mostly during low water phases and was largely characterised by high values for the biomass of benthic fish, chlorophyll‐a and total phosphorous. 4. During the period of rising water levels, the migration of benthic fish out of the pond occurs simultaneously with the establishment of submerged plants, while water turbidity decreases along with phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations, inducing a clear‐water phase. However, when submerged plants are absent and fish migration is low, a transient state is generated. 5. We suggest that, in contrast to temperate ponds and shallow lakes, where the main driving mechanisms establishing alternative states are related to cascading effects via the food chain, in tropical ponds and shallow lakes it is resuspension of sediments by benthic fish that plays the most significant role in establishing alternative states. However, the effect of the flood pulse regime plays an important role in the temporal dynamics of fish community structure by controlling benthic fish migration.     

Seeking alternative stable states in a deep lake

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Abrupt shift from clear to turbid state in a shallow eutrophic, biomanipulated lake

Monitoring data were used to assess causes behind a recent shift from a clear-water to a turbid-water state in Lake Major, a 10 ha shallow lake in Hungary. In 1999–2000, fish manipulation was conducted in this hypertrophic lake. Reduced fish stock resulted in clearing water and the development of a dense (>80% coverage) submerged vegetation in 2005. During the recent abrupt shift, which occurred in 2007, submerged vegetation subsequently declined after a two-year period of clear water and abundant vegetation. An intense decay of macrophytes within the lake produced a rapid transition between the clear- and turbid-water states. During the clear-water state in 2005–2006, the most important variables predominantly correlating with macrophyte cover were Secchi transparency, temperature and TN, while TN, temperature, Secchi depth and chlorophyll-a were the most significant variables during the turbid-water state in 2007. Nitrogen may play a significant role in the cover of submerged macrophytes when TP is moderate. We argue that several factors in concert are necessary to initiate a shift. Water temperature likely has contributed to triggering shift through inter-year-dependent changes in cover of macrophytes, with fish recruitment having key roles in the dynamics of shallow lakes. Handling editor: Luigi Naselli-Flores     

太湖水色因子空间分布特征及其对水生植物光合作用的影响

利用太湖全湖64个采样点的数据,分析了各水色因子及真光层深度的空间分布和变化特征,并探讨了其对水生植物光合作用的影响.结果表明:叶绿素a浓度在全湖间的差异最大,其变化范围为1.67～159.94μg.L-1,均方差为41.03μg.L-1,在梅梁湾、竺山湖、夹浦港和小梅口附近湖区,叶绿素a浓度较高且空间变化明显,等值线在这些湖区密集分布;悬浮物浓度变化次之,其含量在6.47～143.47mg.L-1之间变化,均方差为31.63mg.L-1,其在大浦港和小梅口入湖口附近湖区的空间变化明显,等值线分布密集;有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数在全湖变化较小,没有明显的空间变化特征;真光层深度受悬浮物和叶绿素的共同影响,其空间分布特征与悬浮物相反.     

太湖金墅湾水源地浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

利用典范相关分析方法(CCA),对太湖金墅湾水源地水体浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子之间的关系进行了研究.共鉴定浮游植物7门58属,群落组成以蓝藻、硅藻和绿藻为主;夏季浮游植物的种类和数量均较多,平均密度为250×104ind.L-1,略高于春季(238×104ind.L-1).春、夏2季浮游植物群落结构差异较大,春季以蓝藻为最优势门类、鱼腥藻为最优势类群;夏季以绿藻为最优势门类,无最优势类群,但平裂面藻和栅藻在数量上较占优势.除受季节温度影响外,春季影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子依次为铵态氮、总磷、总氮和磷酸盐,而总氮、铵态氮、磷酸盐、悬浮物、高等水生植物、总磷和透明度对夏季浮游植物分布的影响较大.     

Can different vegetative states in shallow coastal bays of the Baltic Sea be linked to internal nutrient levels and external nutrient load?

Hydrobiologia - Two different vegetative states, i.e. one clear water state dominated by benthic macrophytes and one turbid state dominated by phytoplankton, are commonly found in shallow lakes. In...     

长江亚热带浅水湖群藻类浊度与非藻类浊度的变异规律

浊度的上升是湖泊富营养化过程中沉水植物消失、由草向藻发生稳态转换的根本原因。研究利用长江中下游浅水湖群区域数据对藻类浊度（Turb_Alg）和非藻类浊度（Turb_NonAlg）及其对总浊度（Turb_Tot）的贡献率（Turb_Alg%,Turb_NonAlg%）进行了推算。结果显示,在该区域非藻类浊度绝对值及其贡献率均普遍高于藻类浊度;Turb_Alg主要受限于总磷（TP）,而Turb_NonAlg受水深（Z_M）、TP和沉水植物等多重因素的影响。Turb_Alg和Turb_NonAlg呈现出随着TP浓度的升高而持续上升的趋势,表明尽管稳态转换存在特定的阈值,但整个富营养化过程中均需加强对营养物浓度的控制。     

甲胺磷和17β－雌二醇对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

对暴露于不同浓度的甲胺磷(0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、1 000.0和10 000.0 μg·L-1)和17β-雌二醇(0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、和1 000.0 μg·L-1)溶液中的萼花臂尾轮虫的种群动态进行了研究.结果表明:甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对轮虫种群动态的影响存在差异.甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对实验期间轮虫的平均种群增长率均有显著影响,但对轮虫种群中的混交雌体受精率的平均值无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值均有显著影响,而17β-雌二醇则无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫的休眠卵总产量无显著影响,而17β-雌二醇的影响较显著.与对照相比,10.0～10 000.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷和100.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇均使轮虫的平均种群增长率显著提高;0.1～10 000.0和10.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷分别显著地降低了实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值;1 000.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇显著降低了轮虫的休眠卵总产量.在实验浓度范围内,轮虫平均种群增长率(Y,d-1)与甲胺磷浓度(X,μg·L-1)之间的关系为Y=-2×10-8X2 0.0002X 0.3474.种群增长率可用于监测和评价甲胺磷对轮虫种群动态的影响.     

Effect of long-term silver exposure on survival and ionoregulatory development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos and larvae,in the presence and absence of added dissolved organic matter

Developing rainbow trout were chronically exposed to silver (as AgNO(3)) from fertilization to swim-up, in moderately hard water (120 mg CaCO(3)(x)l(-1)) in the presence and absence of an additional 12 mg C/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as humic acid, Aldrich). Nominal silver concentrations were 0, 0.1 and 10 microg l(-1) total silver in a flow-through set-up maintained at 12 degrees C. The objectives of the study were to investigate the possible protective effects of DOC on growth, mortality, time to hatch and swim-up, and sublethal ionoregulatory disturbances during chronic exposure to ionic silver. Throughout development, there was a large increase in % daily mortality at 10 microg(x)l(-1) total silver (in the absence of DOC), that was associated with an ionoregulatory disturbance, in particular a 35% reduction in whole body Na(+) just prior to hatch. At nominal 10 microg(x)l(-1) total silver, the presence of additional DOC (reducing dissolved silver to 4.7+/-0.3 microg l(-1)) resulted in a significant reduction in % daily mortality up to hatch, demonstrating a protective effect of DOC. Interestingly, DOC did not appear to mitigate the ionoregulatory disturbance, with the exception of whole body [Cl(-)] on day 44 of exposure. Exposure to 0.1 microg(x)l(-1) total silver (in the absence of DOC) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in growth, and DOC did not prevent an ionoregulatory disturbance [based upon (J(in) Na(+)), whole body Na(+),K(+) ATPase activity and whole body (Na(+))] at this silver concentration relative to controls+DOC. DOC exerted a direct effect on growth and ionoregulatory development that complicates interpretation of the data, however, these data indicate that protective effects of DOC (in the form of Aldrich humic acid) during chronic silver exposure appear to be less than that observed during acute exposure. The ultimate goal of this and future studies is to develop a model that can predict chronic toxicity on a site-specific basis, taking into account protective effects of various ligands present in different waters, as is presently being employed for some metals during acute exposure.