红海榄根际土壤来源的青霉属真菌XGH2321及其抑菌活性

本研究根据形态学和ITS序列分析结果,将一株分离自海南东寨港红树林保护区红海榄根际土壤的菌株XGH2321鉴定为青霉属的一种真菌.通过对培养基中的碳源、氮源和盐度的优化,确定了适合该真菌菌株分泌抑菌活性物质的改良查氏培养基(4%玉米浆,0.3%NaNO3,0.05%KC1,0.1%K2HPO4,0.05%MgSO4,pH 7.4,9%盐度).将活化后的菌株XGH2321接种到该培养基中,按28℃、160r/min振荡培养7d,获得的发酵液水萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用(MIC为400μg/mL),而发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取物对上述微生物的生长也具有一定的抑制作用(MIC为800μg/mL);同时,上述2种萃取物对植物病原菌立枯丝核菌的生长也具有明显的抑制作用,MIC分别为200μg/mL和400μg/mL.     

吸水链霉菌BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质的分离纯化与结构鉴别

【目的】分离纯化吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质,究明各活性组分的结构,测定其对黄曲霉的抑制作用,为该菌株及其产生的抗真菌活性物质的应用提供依据。【方法】通过大孔吸附树脂柱层析、硅胶柱层析及制备HPLC等方法,对该菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质进行分离纯化;利用质谱(MS)和核磁共振谱(NMR)解析各活性组分的结构;采用微量液体稀释法测定各活性组分对黄曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)。【结果】从BS-112菌株发酵液中分离获得4个抗真菌活性组分,利用波谱技术确定其结构分别为Tetrins A和B、Tetramycins A和B。96孔板法测得这4个化合物对黄曲霉的MIC分别为3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL、1.56μg/mL、6.25μg/mL,MFC分别为6.25μg/mL、25.0μg/mL、3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL。【结论】BS-112菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质由Tetrins A和B、Ttramycins A和B 4个化合物组成,它们对黄曲霉均具有良好的抑制作用。     

盐度和pH对红树根际土壤来源的曲霉属真菌F3的生长及分泌活性物质的影响

本研究考察了一株从中国海南东寨港红树林保护区的红海榄根际土壤中分离得到的曲霉属真茵F3在不同盐度和pH的SDA培养基中的生长和分泌抗茵活性代谢产物的变化.结果显示:高盐环境(3%～9%)及偏碱性条件(pH 8～10)有利于该真菌的生长.在初步优化培养基及培养条件的基础上,通过发酵和有机溶剂萃取的方法获得了该真菌发酵液的乙酸乙酯浸膏,得率为448 mg/L.该浸膏对多种微生物的生长具有明显的抑制作用,其中对细菌Staphylococcusaureus、S.epidermidis,Sarcina lutea、Bacillus subtilis和Escherichia coli的MIC分别为31.3μg/mL、31.3μg/mL、7.8μg/mL、7.8μg/mL和125.0μg/mL;对真菌Candida albicans的MIC为125.0μg/mL.研究同时表明:该乙酸乙酯浸膏还具有明显的细胞毒活性,其对人脐静脉内皮细胞ECV304、人结肠癌细胞Lovo以及肝癌细胞HepG2的IC50分别为3.45μg/mL、4.88μg/mL和14.31 μg/mL.     

红海榄根际土壤来源的泡盛曲霉（Aspergillus awamori）F12及其代谢产物的抗菌活性分析

摘要：【目的】鉴定一株来自于红海榄根际土壤并具有分泌抑菌活性代谢产物的真菌菌株F12,并从其发酵液乙酸乙酯浸膏中分离抑菌活性成分。【方法】通过形态学观察以及ITS序列分析方法对菌株F12进行鉴定;利用色谱技术分离发酵液乙酸乙酯浸膏中的次生代谢产物,根据化合物的质谱、氢谱、碳谱以及理化性质确定其结构,并检测它们对细菌生长的抑制作用。【结果】菌株F12被鉴定为Aspergillus awamori strain F12;从其发酵液乙酸乙酯浸膏中分离到3种化合物：1,4-二甲氧基苯（1）、大黄素（2）和3,6-二苯甲基哌嗪-2,5-二酮（3）,其中化合物1属于在本属真菌中首次报道。化合物2对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为16ng/L和32ng/L,化合物1和3对上述菌株的生长无明显的抑制活性。【结论】首次发现从红海榄根际土壤中分离到的泡盛曲霉（Aspergillus awamori）菌株F12具有合成1,4-二甲氧基苯和大黄素的能力,其中后者对微生物的生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

土壤链霉菌KIB-K1次级代谢产物中大环内酯及其抗菌活性研究

为研究土壤链霉菌Streptomyces sp.KIB-K1次级代谢产物成分。实验采用硅胶、凝胶及半制备高效液相等分离方法,从该菌株发酵液中共分离得到7个大环内酯类化合物,通过解析NMR、MS等波谱数据,化合物的结构鉴定为aldgamycin P(1)、aldgamycin E(2)、aldgamycin J(3)、aldgamycin K(4)、aldgamycin L(5)、GERI-155(6)和chalcomycin (7),其中化合物1为新化合物。抗菌实验结果显示,化合物1～7对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有显著的抑制作用。其中,化合物1对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为7.81μg/mL,化合物2和7对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为0.49和0.98μg/mL,高于阳性对照卡那霉素的MIC值(3.91μg/mL)。化合物1～7对于被测试的两株真菌小麦赤霉病菌和玉米小斑病菌没有表现出抑制作用。     

中药抗厌氧菌的系列研究：Ⅲ.大黄抗厌氧菌的实验研究

本研究进一步用大黄水煎液,大黄醇提物和大黄蒽醌衍生物(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸和大黄素),对临床分离的100株厌氧菌进行MIC测定,并对部分菌株进行MBC测定和亚抑菌浓度(Sub-MIC)下细菌形态观察。结果表明,大黄水煎液在1600μg/ml浓度时能抑制74％厌氧菌生长,大黄醇提物的MIC约为水煎液的1/15。三种蒽醌衍生物在8μg/ml时能抑制76～91％厌氧菌生长,这与国际公认的抗厌氧菌药甲硝唑相近。对部分菌株的MBC测定表明,大黄的MBC要大于MIC几倍以上,说明大黄抗厌氧菌主要是抑菌不是杀菌。从Sub-MIC下厌氧菌形态改变提示,大黄主要是抑制细胞壁的合成。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26抗菌物质分离及对灰葡萄孢抑菌作用研究

分析解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)BA-26发酵液中抑菌物质存在情况,明确活性物质的抑菌效果,初步探索其抗植物病原真菌的作用机制。通过硫酸铵沉淀、大孔树脂吸附及反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),从菌株BA-26的发酵液中分离纯化抗菌物质;采用平板对峙法检测抗菌物质抑菌活性;用二倍稀释法测定各活性组分的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并研究其对菌丝和孢子萌发的影响。从菌株BA-26发酵液中获得抗菌粗提物抑菌谱广,对立枯丝核菌等多种植物病原真菌有强抑制作用;分离纯化得到11个具有抑制真菌作用的活性组分;其中A6-19和A6-20组分对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)抑菌活性最强,最小抑菌浓度为7.81μg/mL;菌株BA-26产生的抗真菌活性物质能使灰葡萄孢菌丝生长受阻、膨大变粗、细胞膜破坏并能抑制其孢子萌发。明确了解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26菌株产抗菌物质情况,初步探究其抑菌作用机制,为抗菌物质在防治病原真菌等方面的应用奠定基础。     

浙贝母内生真菌菌株FTJZZJ09及其抑菌活性成分

根据菌株的形态学特征和ITS序列分析结果,将一株来源于浙贝母新鲜鳞茎的内生真菌菌株FTJZZJ09鉴定为产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum),其在优化后的改良查氏培养基(3g/L麦芽糖,3g/L蛋白胨,0.1g/LK2HPO4,0.05g/LKCl,0.3g/LNaNO3,0.05g/LMgSO4·7H2O,0.001g/LFeSO4·7H2O,pH6.5)中28°C、160r/min振摇培养7d,获得的发酵液具有抑菌活性。利用正相硅胶、SephadexLH-20柱层析以及重结晶等方法,从发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物中分离到3个具有抑菌活性的化合物,利用质谱和核磁共振等技术将其分别鉴定为环(脯氨酸-甘氨酸)、环(脯氨酸-缬氨酸)和2-乙酰基-4(3H)喹唑酮,它们对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长均具有较为明显的抑制作用,MIC分别为0.8、0.8和0.4g/L,但对革兰氏阴性菌的生长无明显的影响。     

凡纳滨对虾黑鳃病病原的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

旨在鉴定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)越冬亲虾出现黑鳃病的病原并对该病原进行耐药性分析。采用平板分离法从濒死的病虾病灶(鳃丝)分离到一株优势菌株,综合菌体的形态学鉴定以及真菌ITS-rDNA基因序列进行分析。结果显示,优势菌株与腐皮镰刀真菌(Fusarium solani)的序列同源性达99%以上,构建的系统发育树与腐皮镰刀真菌聚为一类,最终确定分离的优势菌株为腐皮镰刀真菌。进一步根据柯赫氏法则进行人工感染试验,证实其为病原菌且具有较强的致病性,病虾出现黑鳃,以5.0×105 CFU/mL浓度感染的对虾(25μL/尾)7 d致死率为53.33%。选取11种常见药物,采用琼脂稀释法和参照美国国家临床试验标准委员会(NCCLS)的M38-A2方案进行药物敏感试验,初步筛选后发现该菌株对克霉唑、益康唑、特比萘芬、制霉菌素、那他霉素、酮康唑等6种药物敏感,且益康唑的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为1μg/mL,特比萘芬MIC为4μg/mL,对克霉唑、那他霉素的MIC为8μg/mL,对咪康唑、伊曲康唑的MIC为16μg/mL。本研究确定了分离到的优势菌株的致病性、耐药性和分类地位,为凡纳滨对虾越冬亲虾黑鳃病的防控提供了参考。     

垃圾堆积点土壤中广谱拮抗菌株的分离鉴定及抑菌特性

[目的]从积年垃圾堆积点土壤中筛选具有高效抑菌能力的广谱拮抗菌株并研究其抑菌特性,寻找乡镇垃圾堆积点污染治理的新思路。[方法]采用平板稀释法和管碟法从乡镇积年垃圾堆积点的土壤中分离拮抗真菌,并通过形态观察、生理生化特性及分子生物学鉴定分析对拮抗菌株进行鉴定。通过测定抑菌活性物质的极性,选择合适的有机试剂对拮抗真菌的发酵菌体甲醇浸提物及发酵液进行萃取,并利用TLC-Bioautography法对发酵液及发酵菌体中的抑菌活性组分进行分析。使用23种指示菌测定拮抗真菌DAZ-2的发酵菌体乙酸乙酯粗提物的抑菌广谱,测定粗提物在高温、酸碱、紫外和自然光条件下抑菌能力,以及对大肠杆菌和白色念珠球菌的最小抑菌浓度。[结果]分离得到一株传代稳定的广谱拮抗真菌DAZ-2,经过形态观察、生理生化特性测定及ITS序列分析,菌株鉴定为Aspergillus fumigatus。通过极性测定,选择乙酸乙酯对烟曲霉DAZ-2发酵菌体甲醇浸提物及发酵液进行萃取,TLC-Bioautography法分析表明两者中的抑菌活性物质不是同一组分,且存在多组分物质共同作用产生抑菌效果的可能性;菌体浸提物乙酸乙酯萃取部分(200μg/mL)对11种指示菌具有抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌和白色念珠球菌的MIC为7.50μg/mL和15μg/mL,且对高温、酸碱、紫外、自然光照都具有较强的稳定性。[结论]分离得到一株高效抑菌且传代稳定的广谱拮抗菌株烟曲霉DAZ-2,有希望为微生物药物的开发和乡镇垃圾堆积点污染治理提供科学依据。     

苍术挥发油的提取及其抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法、微波萃取法和索氏提取法3种方法提取苍术挥发油。平板法涂布研究了3种苍术挥发油对3种细菌和4种真菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),滤纸片固相扩散法研究了苍术挥发油对供试菌体的抑菌活性。结果表明,3种方法提取的苍术挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母、青霉、黑曲霉、黄曲霉的MIC分别为:水蒸气蒸馏法为5.00、150.00、150.00、5.00、5.00、5.00、20.00 mL/L;索氏提取法的为10.00、150.00、200.00、20.00、5.00、60.00、40.00 mL/L;微波萃取法的为10.00、150.00、150.00、20.00、20.00、20.00、20.00 mL/L。3种苍术挥发油对供试细菌和真菌都具有相当强的抑菌活性,且浓度越高效果越好。抑菌实验表明3种方法提取的苍术挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、酵母、青霉、黑曲霉、黄曲霉的抑菌圈直径都比对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径大。不同提取方法得到的苍术挥发油对同一种菌的最低抑制浓度和抑菌效果不相同,同一种方法提取的苍术挥发油对不同菌的最低抑制浓度和抑菌效果也不相同。     

Lemairones A and B: Two new antibacterial tetraflavonoids from the leaves of Zanthoxylum lemairei (Rutaceae)

Zanthoxylum lemairei is widely used in African folk medicine for its pharmacological relevance. Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract from the leaves of this plant lead to the isolation of two new tetraflavonoids, lemairones A (1) and B (2), along with three known compounds, lupeol, sitosterol, and sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. The antibacterial screening of the leaves of this plant, characterization of compounds 1 and 2, and their antibacterial activity are reported for the first time. The isolation of the compounds was performed using different chromatographic methods while their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including MS and NMR, and by comparison of data with those of similar flavonoids reported in the literature. The isolated compounds and the crude extract were tested against ten Gram negative multi-resistance bacterial strains including clinical isolates using a broth dilution method. The crude ethanol extract showed weak activity against the tested bacteria strains with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 512 to 1024 μg/mL. Among the isolated metabolites, only the new tetraflavonoids were tested. Lemairone A displayed weak activity while lemairone B had moderate activity against the resistant Escherichia coli AG100 with MIC values of 128 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL respectively. In addition, both molecules displayed weak activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae KP55 (MIC 128 μg/mL).     

Antibacterial properties of a glycolipid-rich extract and active principle from Nunavik collections of the macroalgae Fucus evanescens C. Agardh (Fucaceae)

This study investigated the antibacterial activity of glycolipid-rich extracts of the brown macroalga Fucus evanescens in cell culture. Accessions were collected on the Arctic coast of Ungava Bay, Nunavik, Quebec. The crude ethyl acetate extract of these accessions showed strong antibacterial activity (≥4 log(10) cfu) against Hemophilus influenzae , Legionella pneumophila , Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC and clinical isolate), and Streptococcus pyogenes at 100?μg/mL. This algal extract inhibited by 3 log(10) Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , whereas Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not significantly affected. Further investigations of the activity of a glycolipid-rich fraction, extracted with dichloromethane, against Propionibacterium acnes showed an MIC(100) of 50?μg/mL, with an inhibition of more than 99% at only 7.8?μg/mL. The main active compound, a β-d-galactosyl O-linked glycolipid, was synthesized for the bioassay and showed an MIC(100) of 50?μg/mL but lost its activity more quickly with only 50% of inhibition at 12.5?μg/mL. Therefore, the semipurified F. evanescens extract could be a good choice for future research into the development of alternative treatments for acne therapy.     

Synthesis and antibacterial studies of binaphthyl-based tripeptoids. Part 1

An efficient synthesis of 29 new binaphthyl-based neutral, and mono- and di-cationic, peptoids is described. Some of these compounds had antibacterial activities with MIC values of 1.9–3.9 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. One peptoid had a MIC value of 6 μg/mL against a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) and a MIC value of 2 μg/mL against vancomycin-resistant strains of enterococci (VRE).     

特比萘芬对24株黑酵母样真菌的体外药敏试验研究

目的 评价特比萘芬对7个属24株刺盾霉目（Chaetothyriales）黑酵母样真菌体外敏感性.方法 应用美国国家临床和实验室标准研究所（CLSI）的M38-A2方案.菌悬液终浓度为（0.4 ～5）＆#215;104 CFU/mL,30℃孵育5～7d,测定最低有效浓度（MEC）和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）.结果 特比萘芬对24株黑酵母样真菌MEC范围：0.125 ～4μg/mL,MEC90∶2μg/mL,MEC50∶0.25 μg/mL,GM∶0.392 9 μg/mL,特比萘芬对5株暗色真菌100％生长抑制,MIC范围：1～4 μg/mL,MIC50∶2μg/mL,MIC90∶4μg/mL.结论 特比萘芬对刺盾霉目（Chaetothyriales）中的黑酵母样真菌有较强的抑制作用,50％抑菌作用明显.     

Evaluation of in vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory,antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus,Nigrospora sphaerica,isolated from Helianthus annuus

This study aimed to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antimicrobial activity as well as cytotoxic activity of extracts from the endophytic fungus, Nigrospora sp., isolated from leaves of Helianthus annuus, which is widely cultivated for food and used as a medicinal plant. The fungus (TSU-CS003) was identified based on internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences and fungal biomass, and fermentation broth was subjected to extraction by solvents (hexane and ethyl acetate). All extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity, alpha-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxicity activity. In addition, the active extract was analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) TSU-CS003 was identified as Nigrospora sphaerica. The fermentation broth extract (BE) showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 16–32 μg/mL and a few yeasts with MIC values ranging from 64 to 128 μg/mL, especially Talaromyces marneffei with an MIC value of 4 μg/mL. The effects of BE were observed by SEM. The results showed that this extract affected the cell morphology of T. marneffei. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BE from alpha-glucosidase inhibition was recorded as 17.25 μg/mL and also showed significant cytotoxicity against A549 human cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 22.41 μg/mL. Furthermore, BE was analyzed by using GC-MS and divided into three main compounds, including 5-pentyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, (Z)-methyl 4-(isobutyryloxy)but-3-enoate, and 2-phenylacetic acid. This was the first report of the endophytic fungus N. sphaerica from H. annuus. It is a potential source of active metabolites, which gave the strong antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity to A549 cancer cell lines.     

Production of erythritol and mannitol by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast in media containing glycerol

Glycerol is a by-product generated in large amounts during the production of biofuels. This study presents an alternative means of crude glycerol valorization through the production of erythritol and mannitol. In a shake-flasks experiment in a buffered medium, nine Yarrowia lipolytica strains were examined for polyols production. Three strains (A UV'1, A-15 and Wratislavia K1) were selected as promising producers of erythritol or/and mannitol and used in bioreactor batch cultures and fed-batch mode. Pure and biodiesel-derived crude glycerol media both supplemented (to 2.5 and 3.25?%) and not-supplemented with NaCl were applied. The best results for erythritol biosynthesis were achieved in medium with crude glycerol supplemented with 2.5?% NaCl. Wratislavia K1 strain produced up to 80.0?g?l(-1) erythritol with 0.49?g?g(-1) yield and productivity of 1.0?g?l(-1)?h(-1). Erythritol biosynthesis by A UV'1 and A-15 strains was accompanied by the simultaneous production of mannitol (up to 27.6?g?l(-1)). Extracellular as well as intracellular erythritol and mannitol ratios depended on the glycerol used and the presence of NaCl in the medium. The results from this study indicate that NaCl addition to the medium improves erythritol biosynthesis, and simultaneously inhibits mannitol formation.     

New Polyketide and Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives from the Magellan Seamount-Derived Fungus Penicillium rubens AS-130

Rubenpolyketone A ( 1 ), a polyketide featuring a new carbon skeleton having cyclohexenone condensed with a methyl octenone chain and a new linear sesquiterpenoid, chermesiterpenoid D ( 2 ), together with seven known secondary metabolites ( 3 – 9 ) were isolated and identified from the Magellan Seamount-derived fungus Penicillium rubens AS-130. Their structures were determined based on detailed analysis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data and the absolute configurations of these two new compounds were elucidated by the combination of quantum mechanical (QM)-NMR and time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) ECD calculation approaches. Chermesiterpenoids B ( 3 ) and C ( 4 ) showed potent inhibitory activities against the aquatic pathogen Vibrio anguillarum with MIC values of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL, respectively, while chermesin F ( 6 ) exhibited activity against Escherichia coli with MIC value of 1 μg/mL.     

Polyol accumulation by two filamentous fungi grown at different concentrations of NaCl

The accumulation of polyols by Aspergillus niger (van Tiegh) strain S 1 and Penicillium chrysogenum (Thom) strain S 30 was followed during growth in media of different concentrations of NaCl. The major polyols found were glycerol, erythritol and mannitol. The total polyol pool increased in both organisms in response to raised salinity, and the proportion of glycerol and erythritol was markedly enhanced at high salinity.     

Novel isoniazid embedded triazole derivatives: Synthesis,antitubercular and antimicrobial activity evaluation

In the present study, a series of new isoniazid embedded triazole derivatives have been synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular and antimicrobial activities. Among the screened compounds, six have exhibited potent antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain with MIC value 0.78 μg/mL, whereas, three compounds have displayed activity with MIC value ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity of the active compounds was studied against RAW 264.7 cell line by MTT assay and no toxicity was observed even at 25 μg/mL concentration. The five compounds have displayed good antimicrobial activities. Molecular docking have been performed against mycobacterial InhA enzyme to gain an insight into the plausible mechanism of action which could pave the way for our endeavor to identify potent antitubercular candidates. We believe that further optimization of these molecules may lead to potent antitubercular agents.