肾癌中hepaCAM外显子2异常甲基化与hepCAM表达的关系

探讨肾癌中抑癌基因肝细胞粘附分子hepaCAM表达与hepaCAM外显子2 CpG岛甲基化状态的关系。采用甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶PCR、RT-PCR法检测肾癌细胞株(786-0,RC-2)和43例肾癌及相应的癌旁组织中hepaCAM外显子2的甲基化状态及hepaCAM mRNA的表达。786-0细胞hepaCAM表达水平低于RC-2细胞(P0.05);786-0和RC-2细胞,前者存在hepaCAM外显子2甲基化,后者未检测到。肾癌组织中hepaCAM mRNA表达水平显著低于癌旁组织(P0.001);肾癌组织hepaCAM外显子2的甲基化率为34.9%,癌旁组织2.33%,两者差异有显著意义(P0.001),但在临床病理参数中的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。hepaCAM外显子2甲基化的肾癌组织其mRNA的表达水平显著低于未甲基化的肾癌组织(P0.05)。因此,肾癌hepaCAM外显子2的甲基化可能是导致hepaCAM表达下降或缺失的原因之一,hepaCAM甲基化的研究为探讨肾癌发生发展的机制提供了新的理论依据。     

HepaCAM对肾癌786-0细胞Caspase-3活性和表达的影响

探讨肝细胞黏附分子(hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule,hepaCAM)在肾癌786-0细胞中不同表达水平对其凋亡及Caspase-3活性和表达的影响。将携带hepaCAM基因的重组质粒瞬时转染786-0细胞,RT-PCR鉴定hepaCAM基因在786-0中的表达;FCM检测细胞凋亡情况;分光光度计结合Western印迹法检测hepaCAM表达与Caspase-3活性及蛋白水平表达的关系。结果显示,上调hepaCAM基因表达能诱导肾癌786-0细胞凋亡,能上调Caspase-3活性及其蛋白水平且与hepaCAM表达水平呈正相关。上述结果表达,hepaCAM可能通过调节Caspase-3凋亡通路诱导肾癌786-0细胞凋亡。     

MicroRNA-145在肾癌中的临床意义及其分子机制探讨

目的:探讨miRNA-145在肾癌中的临床意义及其分子机制。方法:通过实时定量PCR检测和比较16例肾癌患者的肿瘤组织及癌旁正常肾组织中miRNA-145的表达,并分析miRNA-145的表达水平与肾癌患者病理特征及临床分级的相关性。进一步采用实时定量PCR检测和比较肾癌细胞株786-O、769P及正常肾细胞株HK2中miRNA-145表达量,通过转染miRNA-145 mimics和阴性对照miRNA至769P、786-O肾癌细胞株后观察癌基因(bcl-2、e2f3、cdk6、ccnd1)mRNA的表达。结果:肾癌组织中miRNA-145的表达显著低于癌旁正常肾组织(P0.05),且与肾癌的直径、病理核分级及临床分级呈显著负相关(P0.05)。肾癌细胞株769P、786-O中miRNA-145的表达显著低于正常HK-2肾细胞(P0.05),而转染miRNA-145 mimics的769P、786-O细胞中多个癌基因(bcl-2、e2f3、cdk6、ccnd1)的mRNA表达均较阴性对照组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:MiRNA-145在肾癌中呈低表达,可能通过调控多个癌基因的表达在肾癌的发生发展过程中发挥重要的作用。     

肾细胞癌组织中PTEN和HIF-1α的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨PTEN和HIF-1α在肾细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法:随机选取2012年1月~2016年1月我院留样的90例肾细胞癌组织(肾癌组)、90例癌旁非癌组织(癌旁组),另选取30例非癌正常肾组织作为正常组,利用免疫组化法检测组织中PTEN和HIF-1α的表达,并分析其与肾细胞癌临床特征的关系。结果:PTEN主要表达在细胞浆,HIF-1α主要表达在细胞核,PTEN、HIF-1α在三组间的表达均有统计学差异(P0.05);PTEN高表达阳性率与Robson分期、Fuhmian分级、有无淋巴结转移、有无远处转移有关(P0.05),HIF-1α高表达阳性率与Robson分期、病理分型、Fuhmian分级、有无淋巴结转移、有无远处转移有关(P0.05);PTEN表达与肾细胞癌Robson分期和Fuhrman分级均呈负相关(r=-0.581,-0.442,P0.05);HIF-1α表达与肾细胞癌Robson分期和Fuhrman分级均呈正相关(r=0.597,0.489,P0.05);PTEN与HIF-1α表达呈负相关(r=-0.435,P0.05)。结论:PTEN和HIF-1α的表达与肾细胞癌的临床分期、组织学分级以及淋巴结和远处转移等具有明显关联性,可作为提示肾细胞癌的进展的指标。     

IGFBP3通过癌旁脂肪细胞促进肾癌细胞生长与转移的作用研究

目的:探讨肾透明细胞癌的分泌蛋白IGFBP3对癌旁脂肪细胞分化的作用及通过脂肪细胞促进肾透明癌细胞生长与转移的作用。方法:通过肾细胞癌的基因数据库发现过表达的基因IGFBP3,免疫组化和RT-PCR确认IGFBP3在标本中的表达。RT-PCR和Western Blot检测IGFBP3对脂肪细胞分化成熟特征标志物表达的影响。以过表达IGFBP3的786-O细胞为模型,Western Blot检测IGFBP3的促脂肪细胞分化作用与TGFβ-smad1/5/8及TGFβ-p38MAPK信号通路的关系。将过表达IGFBP3的786-O细胞与脂肪细胞共培养得到条件培养基,通过油红染色检测条件培养的肾癌细胞中脂滴含量,迁移实验和CCK8实验分别检测脂肪细胞对肾癌细胞侵袭性及增殖的影响。结果:相较于正常组,肾癌标本中IGFBP3的表达增加(P=0.017)。IGFBP3使脂肪细胞分化成熟相关标志物PPARγ、PGC1α、c/EBPα、Prdm16、UCP1表达增加。以IGFBP3处理脂肪细胞时,可以增加TGFβ下游蛋白表达水平,30 min后p-smad1/5/8表达增加(P=0.024),60 min后p-p38MAPK表达明显增加(P=0.013)。条件培养后的786-O细胞内的脂滴形成增加(P=0.028),脂肪细胞促进786-O细胞的增殖和迁移能力。结论:IGFBP3是肾透明细胞癌中过度表达的蛋白,能够促进前脂肪细胞分化,其机制主要通过激活TGFβ通路中的smad1/5/8、p38MAPK。成熟的脂肪细胞能够促进肾癌细胞质脂滴形成,并且促进肿瘤的增殖、提高肿瘤的侵袭性。     

LIVIN和HLA-I类分子在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨凋亡抑制蛋白Livin与人类白细胞抗原(HLA)I类分子在人类肾脏透明细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选择哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2007年12月至2011年12月收治的拟行肾癌根治术的患者80例,应用免疫组织化学方法检测80例ccRCC组织与10例癌旁正常肾组织中Livin及HLA-I类分子的表达,并分析其与患者临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:10例癌旁正常肾组织中均未见Livin的阳性表达,而HLA-I类分子的阳性表达率为100%。ccRCC组织中,Livin的阳性表达率及HLA I类分子表达下调百分率分别为41(51.25%)例和48(60.00%)例,Livin的阳性表达率与正常组相比差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。ccRCC组织中Livin的阳性表达率与淋巴结转移、组织分化程度显著相关(P0.05),而HLA I类分子的表达下调百分率与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤分级、淋巴结转移及分期均无相关性(P0.05)。ccRCC组织中Livin的表达与HLA I类分子的表达亦无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:Livin、HLA I类分子表达异常参与了ccRCC的发生、发展过程,Livin可能成为ccRCC的一个重要预后指标和治疗靶点。     

大小肾癌中CXCR4 和MMP-3的表达及其临床意义研究

目的:研究CXCR4及MMP-3的表达与大小肾癌生物学特性的关系。方法:在上海市第一人民医院泌尿外科2004年6月至2010年12月行手术治疗的肾癌患者里,任意抽出20例癌旁正常组织,30例小肾癌,30例大肾癌的标本,检验大小肾癌及正常肾组织中CXCR4及MMP-3的表达情况。结果:肾癌中CXCR4和MMP-3的表达高于癌旁正常肾组织(P0.01),大肾癌CXCR4,MMP-3的表达高于小肾癌(P0.05)。肾癌中两者的相关表达呈正相关。结论:MMP-3,CXCR4在小肾癌中的低表达可能预示了小肾癌恶性程度低、侵袭和转移能力小的生物学特点,可以预测肾癌的进展。     

肾透明细胞癌MAPK9的表达与索拉非尼疗效的关系

目的:探讨肾透明细胞癌组织中MAPK9表达及其与肾透明细胞癌主要临床病理特征之间的关系,分析MAPK9对索拉非尼靶向治疗疗效的关系。方法:回顾分析2006年5月-2013年10月经病理确诊的32例肾透明细胞癌转移患者的MAPK9的表达情况。所有患者术后均服用索拉菲尼并随访;同时选取10例距肿瘤3 cm癌旁正常肾组织作为对照。对比分析肾透明细胞癌患者与对照组MAPK9的阳性表达率,分析MAPK9阳性表达与疗效的相关性,并分析MAPK9阳性表达与生存率之间的关系。结果:肾透明细胞癌组MAPK9阳性表达21例(65.6%),较正常对照组2例(20.0%)有显著性差异(P0.01)。TNMⅠ~Ⅱ期MAPK9阳性表达12例(85.7%),较TNMⅢ~Ⅳ期10例(55.6%)有显著性差异(P0.05);核分级1~2级MAPK9阳性表达18例(81.8%),较3~4级4例(40.0%)有显著性差异(P0.05)。MAPK9阳性表达患者与阴性表达患者疗效有显著性差异(P0.05)。MAPK9阳性患者PFS为(646±103)d,较阴性患者PFS为(502±89)d,有显著性差异(P0.05)。MAPK9阳性患者OS为(866±75)d,较阴性患者OS为(657±62)d,有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:MAPK9在肾透明细胞癌中高表达,与肿瘤的临床TNM分期、病理分级相关。MAPK9阳性表达患者其靶向治疗疗效越好,提示MAPK9可能是一个预测索拉菲尼靶向治疗肾透明细胞癌疗效的潜在因子。     

COX-2 与mPGES-1 在肾透明细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和膜结合型前列腺素E2合成酶1(mPGES-1)在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化SP法分别检测49例肾透明细胞癌组织标本和21例正常肾组织标本中COX-2和mPGES-1的表达。结果:COX-2在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为53.1%(P<0.05);mPGES-1在正常肾组织中的阳性表达率为4.8%,在肾透明细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率为40.8%(P<0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1的高表达均与肾透明细胞癌的病理分级和临床分期无相关性(P>0.05);COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌中的表达呈正相关(P<0.05),r=0.5。结论:COX-2和mPGES-1在肾透明细胞癌发生及发展过程中共同发挥重要作用;COX-2和mPGES-1可能成为肾透明细胞癌新的治疗靶点。     

基质金属蛋白酶和组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂在肾细胞癌组织中的表达

目的:基质金属蛋白酶及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂在肾细胞癌转移中占有重要的作用,研究肾细胞癌组织中MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2的表达情况,为肾癌转移的治疗提供理论依据。方法:选取36例肾细胞癌肾组织标本,从相同的肾细胞癌组织及癌旁肾组织获得对照样本,均进行根治性肾切除手术切除。肿瘤分期按TNM分期标准。为了统计评估,肿瘤1期和2期为低级,3期以上为高级。RT-PCR检测肿瘤和正常组织中的MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2的表达。结果:不同样本MMPs和TIMPs表达水平各不相同。肾细胞癌组织中MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2在肾细胞癌中的表达明显高于正常肾组织(P0.05)。在肾细胞癌的肿瘤分期方面,MMP-2与MMP-9和肿瘤的分期显著相关,随着肿瘤分期的增加,MMP-2与MMP-9的表达明显升高(P0.05),而TIMP-1与TIMP-2与肿瘤的分期无关。结论:肾细胞癌组织中TIMP-2、MMP-2,MMP-9,TIMP-1的mRNA表达显著高于正常肾组织,抑制MMPS的表达将成为治疗肾细胞癌转移的新的方向。     

ILK和VEGF165b在人肾癌组织中的表达及意义

探讨整合素连接激酶(ILK)和血管内皮生长因子165b(VEGF165b)在人肾癌组织中的表达及临床意义.利用免疫组织化学S-P法检测35例肾癌组织和25例正常肾组织中ILK和VEGF165b蛋白的表达,并与肾癌临床分期进行比较.35例肾癌组织中,ILK表达率为82.9%(29/35),VEGF165b表达率为17.1%(6/35);而25例正常肾组织中ILK表达率为28.0%(7/25),VEGF165b表达率为96.0%(24/25).肾癌中ILK的表达与VEGF165b的表达呈负相关(P<0.01);ILK与VEGF165b的表达均与肾癌的临床分期有关.ILK在肾癌组织中异常活性表达,VEGF165b在肾癌组织的表达明显降低,二者表达成负相关,与肾癌的发生、发展密切相关.     

The Erythropoietin/Erythropoietin Receptor Signaling Pathway Promotes Growth and Invasion Abilities in Human Renal Carcinoma Cells

Co-expression of erythropoietin (Epo) and erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) has been found in various non-hematopoietic cancers including hereditary and sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCC), but the Epo/EpoR autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in tumor progression have not yet been identified. In this study, we used RNA interference method to down-regulate EpoR to investigate the function of Epo/EpoR pathway in human RCC cells. Epo and EpoR co-expressed in primary renal cancer cells and 6 human RCC cell lines. EpoR signaling was constitutionally phosphorylated in primary renal cancer cells, 786-0 and Caki-1 cells, and recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) stimulation had no significant effects on further phosphorylation of EpoR pathway, proliferation, and invasiveness of the cells. Down-regulation of EpoR expression in 786-0 cells by lentivirus-introduced siRNA resulted in inhibition of growth and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo, and promotion of cell apoptosis. In addition, rhEpo stimulation slightly antagonized the anti-tumor effect of Sunitinib on 786-0 cells. Sunitinib could induce more apoptotic cells in 786-0 cells with knockdown EpoR expression. Our results suggested that Epo/EpoR pathway was involved in cell growth, invasion, survival, and sensitivity to the multi-kinases inhibitor Sunitinib in RCC cells.     

The von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene Inhibits Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor-Induced Invasion and Branching Morphogenesis in Renal Carcinoma Cells

Loss of function in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occurs in familial and most sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). VHL has been linked to the regulation of cell cycle cessation (G(0)) and to control of expression of various mRNAs such as for vascular endothelial growth factor. RCC cells express the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, and Met mediates invasion and branching morphogenesis in many cell types in response to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). We examined the HGF/SF responsiveness of RCC cells containing endogenous mutated (mut) forms of the VHL protein (VHL-negative RCC) with that of isogenic cells expressing exogenous wild-type (wt) VHL (VHL-positive RCC). We found that VHL-negative 786-0 and UOK-101 RCC cells were highly invasive through growth factor-reduced (GFR) Matrigel-coated filters and exhibited an extensive branching morphogenesis phenotype in response to HGF/SF in the three-dimensional (3D) GFR Matrigel cultures. In contrast, the phenotypes of A498 VHL-negative RCC cells were weaker, and isogenic RCC cells ectopically expressing wt VHL did not respond at all. We found that all VHL-negative RCC cells expressed reduced levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) relative to the wt VHL-positive cells, implicating VHL in the regulation of this molecule. However, consistent with the more invasive phenotype of the 786-0 and UOK-101 VHL-negative RCC cells, the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were reduced and levels of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were elevated compared to the noninvasive VHL-positive RCC cells. Moreover, recombinant TIMPs completely blocked HGF/SF-mediated branching morphogenesis, while neutralizing antibodies to the TIMPs stimulated HGF/SF-mediated invasion in vitro. Thus, the loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene is central to changes that control tissue invasiveness, and a more invasive phenotype requires additional genetic changes seen in some but not all RCC lines. These studies also demonstrate a synergy between the loss of VHL function and Met signaling.     

VEGF neutralizing antibody increases the therapeutic efficacy of vinorelbine for renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently one of the most treatment‐resistant malignancies and affects approximately three in 10,000 people. The impact of this disease produces about 31,000 new cases in the United States per year; and 12,000 people in the United States alone die from RCC annually. Although several treatment strategies have been investigated for RCC, this cancer continues to be a therapeutic challenge. For this reason, the aim of our study is to develop a more effective combinational therapy to treat advanced RCC. We examined the effect of vinorelbine on the signalling pathways of two human renal cancer cell lines (A498 and 786‐O) and also examined the in vivo effect of vinorelbine treatment alone and vinorelbine in combination with the anti‐VEGF antibody 2C3 on A498 and 786‐O tumour growth in nude mice. Tumour angiogenesis was measured by vWF staining, and apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay. We observed a significant tumour growth inhibition when using a combinational therapy of anti‐VEGF antibody 2C3 and vinorelbine in both A498 and 786‐O tumour‐bearing mice. The results suggest a breakthrough treatment for advanced RCC.     

Association between ZIP10 gene expression and tumor aggressiveness in renal cell carcinoma

Zinc is an indispensable trace element which is vital for the functioning of numerous cellular processes like cell replication and growth. Cellular zinc homeostasis is tightly regulated by zinc transporters involved in zinc influx and efflux processes. Notwithstanding, the association of zinc transporters with the aggressiveness of cancer, especially renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is unknown. In view of the fact, the present study was initiated to ascertain whether ZIP10 transporter expression is modulated during RCC progression. A total of 57 samples of RCC and corresponding normal renal tissue were analyzed for ZIP10 gene expression by real time PCR. We observed significantly higher expression of ZIP10 mRNA (P = 0.002) in high grade clear cell RCC tissue (Grades III & IV) as compared to low grade clear cell RCC tissue (Grades I & II). A significant difference was also observed in the ZIP10 expression in different types of RCC (P = 0.001). This is the first study which shows a significant correlation between ZIP10 mRNA expressions with aggressiveness of RCC. Therefore, ZIP10 mRNA expression could be used as a possible biomarker for the aggressive behavior of RCC and a promising target of novel treatment strategies.     

VEGF和Survivin在肾癌中的表达及其相关性研究

目的：探讨肾癌组织中血管内皮生长因子VEGF与凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin表达的相关性及其之间的关系,研究Survivin和VEGF在肾癌发生发展中的作用机制。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法检测70例肾癌组织和70例癌旁正常肾脏组织中VEGF和Survivin的表达,并将检测结果与临床病理特征进行综合分析。结果：VEGF和Survivin在肾癌中表达均高于癌旁正常肾脏组织;Survivin和VEGF在肾癌中的阳性表达率分别为75.71%（53/70）和72.86%（51/70）,在癌旁肾脏组织中的表达率分别为0%（0/70）、17.14%（12/70）,差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;VEGF和Survivin的表达与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、病理分级均无相关性;VEGF和Survivin表达呈正相关性。结论：VEGF和Survivin在肾癌组织中表达率较高,为肾癌的分子靶向治疗提供了新的靶点。Survivin和VEGF在RCC中的表达关系密切,测定RCC中Survivin、VEGF蛋白的表达,有助于临床判断病人预后。