测定绿脓杆菌冷休克率方法的研究

本研究基于某些革兰氏阴性杆菌当处于不同生长阶段时对冷敏感性表现不同的现象,建立了绿脓杆菌冷休克率的测定技术,可用于测定群体绿脓杆菌的生长情况。应用该技术,实验群体绿脓杆菌生长各期的肉汤培养物,观察冷休克率变化规律,对照群体细菌生长曲线可见两者有一定程度吻合,同时也有差别,后者主要在于细菌冷休克率峰值出现早于细菌活菌数峰值,而当细菌达到稳定期时,其数量居高不下而后才逐渐降低,此时,冷休克率的降低则迅速而明显,可清楚地表明细菌生长状态,较早地预示群体细菌生长势头。对实验动物及少量烧伤病人创面标本检测的结果表明冷休克率测定有助于检出生长的优势菌群,此点将在机会致病菌的微生物病原性确定方面有一定的应用前景。     

绿脓杆菌生长状态的初步测定

本文对细菌生长状态的测定进行了初步的研究,建立了绿脓杆菌的分裂指数、冷休克率及透明晕环形式的检测技术。其中,分裂指数的测定能反映单一绿脓杆菌群体的生长状态;冷休克率的测定适用于有其他细菌同时存在的临床标本及实验动物标本的检验;而透明晕环形成的指标能够直观、迅速地通过形态学特征来比较菌群中不同种类细菌的生长状态。     

影响多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌杀菌效力的主要环境因素的研究

本文通过改变温度,水活度,气体条件和营养含量等影响绿脓杆菌生长的主要环境因素,测定多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明环境因素导致或显著影响绿脓杆菌对抗生素的生态耐受性。实验表明多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的杀菌效力,除药物对细菌特有的药理学作用外,还取决于细菌的生长环境。结合冷休克率试验表明,环境影响细菌群体处于分裂状态的菌数。若分裂状态菌数下降表明生长速度减慢。提示了多粘菌素B对绿脓杆菌的效力指数,定量分析可以作为其综合效力作用的表现。以同步培养法确定在单个细胞周期中的抗生素敏感阶段。同时以冷休克率试验资料证明细菌处于分裂状态和幼龄期是其敏感阶段。初步阐述了生长速度缓慢与药物的生态耐受性密切相关。     

C2H2＋Ar处理医用涤纶材料的细菌粘附

目的：对最常用心脏血管替代材料涤纶片作最新发展的具有全方位表面改性特征的混合等离子体浸没注入,以观察经处理后的涤纶片抑制细菌粘附的效果。方法：用多功能全方位等离子体浸没及离子注入机(PⅢ),用射频电源建立气体等离子体,对涤纶材料作全方位乙炔和氩气混合离子(C2H Ar)注入获取表面改性涤纶片。用金黄色葡萄球菌,表皮葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌,绿脓杆菌,白色念珠菌制取细菌悬液并作5-^125I-2’-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(^125I-UDR)标记,再对改性涤纶材料作体外细菌动态粘附实验。结果：表面改性涤纶材料改变了亲水性和表面能,降低了水分子接触角。与未改性材料相比,改性涤纶材料抗细菌粘附能力有较明显提高。结论：混合离子(C2H2 Ar)表面改性涤纶片有良好的抗细菌和血小板粘附能力。     

测定绿脓杆菌分裂指数反映生长势头的初步研究

本文以细胞生物学理论为基础,细菌细胞发育周期形态和群体细菌分裂相数量的变化为依据,研究了测定绿脓杆菌DI方法。建立了数学模型,分析了生长过程中DI动态。结果表明,DI可较准确地反映细菌生长势头。实验采用同龄细菌选择和同步培养技术,免疫荧光染色,显微镜下直接观察分裂相细菌,并计算其占总菌数的比例。在对数期前DI已上升,开始后迅速达高峰,接近稳定期时已下降到较低水平。与生长速度比较,两者动态基本一致,但DI高峰较早出现77分钟。认为DI与生长速度关系密切,是与细菌生命活动物质交换的三流学说相伴随的一种特殊信息流。     

双歧杆菌的定植机制及其作用的研究进展

定植可被定义为微生物在身体特定部位长久存在而在正常情况下并不导致健康宿主病变,不同于感染,因为后者是指微生物在体内长期停留而有引起病变的可能.胃肠道是人体细菌定植最多的地方,胃肠道的细菌定植是一复杂的有多因素决定的过程,其特征是环境、食物、微生物和宿主相关因素动态作用的结果。双歧杆菌是人体肠道最重要的生理性细菌,对宿主发挥生物屏障、营养、免疫、抗肿瘤和改善人体代谢等多种生理作用。但是双歧杆菌定植于肠黏膜上皮细胞上是它发挥上述生理作用的前提,故有关双歧杆菌定植的研究正日益受到人们的关注。决定双歧杆菌能否在肠道中定植的条件有：一是双歧杆菌必须先与肠道细胞发生作用而粘附于肠道细胞上;二是粘附后的双歧杆菌进一步改变肠道环境而实现对肠道细胞的稳定粘附（定植）。     

绿脓杆菌群集生长效应

本文通过群集的绿脓杆菌在高盐、酸性培养基上生长试验,抗金黄色葡萄球菌的拮抗试验及冷休克试验,证明了绿脓杆菌群集生长效应。主要表现为群集的绿脓杆菌可以在含10～20%NaCl 的培养基上生长;pH4环境中也可生长。同样条件下,对照几乎均为阴性。分散成单个细胞分布的绿脓杆菌对冷反应敏感,群集则有抗冷休克作用。实验条件下,密集的金黄色葡萄球菌生长对分散的绿脓杆菌有拮抗作用,群集则可抵抗这种作用而生长。讨论中初步分析了群集生长效应的机理和对细菌种群在自然生境中的稳定作用。     

溴代2(5H)-呋喃酮对绿脓杆菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

研究溴代2(5H)-呋喃酮化合物作为细菌群体感应抑制剂.对绿脓杆菌P.aeruginosa(PA)生物膜(biofilms,BF)形成的影响.首先试验化合物对细菌的最低抑制浓度(MIC)和生长曲线,选择1/2 MIC的化合物浓度进行实验;平板培养法培养绿脓杆菌7 d.得到成熟BF,用扫描电镜和原子力显微镜观察溴代2(5H)-呋喃酮对BF形态结构的影响.初步生物活性试验显示溴代2(5H).呋喃酮对革兰氏阴性菌PA的生物膜形成具有明显抑制作用,扫描电镜和原子力显微镜观察可见BF被破坏,基质样物变稀疏,细菌群聚大为降低.     

树鼩细菌感染模型的建立及抗菌药物的治疗效果评价(英文)

在抗微生物感染药物开发过程中, 动物模型是必不可少的。虽然目前已经用啮齿类动物建立了一些细菌感染动物模型, 但在小型灵长类动物中还很少见。这里首次报道两个树鼩细菌感染动物模型。第一种是在三度烫伤后的皮肤表面接种 5×106 CFU 的金黄色葡萄球菌构建的皮肤烫伤感染模型。这个数量的金黄色葡萄球菌可以造成 7 d 持续性感染, 并且在第 4天可以看到明显的炎症反应。第二种是用绿脓杆菌构建的涤纶补片感染模型, 接种 2×106 CFU 的绿脓杆菌同样可以引起持续 6 d 感染, 并在第三天在伤口处观察到大量的脓液。进一步用这两种模型评价头孢哌酮钠和左氧氟沙星的治疗效果。左氧氟沙星和头孢哌酮钠在皮肤烫伤感染模型中能分别将 100 mg 皮肤组织中的细菌降低到 4log10 和 5log10 CFU, 并且在涤纶补片植入感染模型中这两种抗生素都能显著地将感染的细菌降低了 4log10 CFU (P<0.05)。结果表明用金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌成功构建了两个细菌感染的树鼩模型。此外, 树鼩对金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌很敏感, 适合用于构建细菌感染动物模型和评价新的抗细菌感染药物的效果。     

绿脓杆菌定值、定位、定性检测技术研究*

为建立组织内细菌的定植、定位及定性检测方法,实验专用对绿脓杆菌定性、定量培养的DPA培养基,解决了同时定性、定量培养的难题,实验结果表明,同一标本有多个同种细菌生长可判定细菌定植。方法简单、可靠、重复性好。     

Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion

Rates of survival after thermal injury have improved in the past two decades, and rates of wound infections and sepsis have decreased during the same period. Early excision has been advocated as one of the major factors, but its safety and efficacy and the exact timing of burn excision are still under debate. It was hypothesized that acute burn wound excision (in the first 24 hours after burning) would be superior to conservative treatment and delayed excision in preventing bacterial colonization and invasion. Twenty consecutive patients with thermal injuries were studied. Twelve patients underwent acute burn wound excision, and eight patients underwent conservative treatment and delayed excision. The second group of patients received topical treatments in another facility and underwent delayed excision after transfer to our service, on postburn day 6. Quantitative bacteriological assessments of the excised wound and biopsy samples of the wound bed, obtained before autografting and/or homografting, were performed. The effects of time on bacterial counts, differences between superficial and deep biopsy samples, and the effects of early versus late debridement were studied. Patients admitted early exhibited bacterial counts of less than 10 bacteria per gram of tissue. Patients in this group did not experience infection or graft loss. Patients admitted late exhibited counts of more than 10 bacteria (p = 0.001, compared with early admission). Three patients in the late excision group experienced infection and graft loss (p < 0.05, compared with the early excision group). Burn wound excision significantly decreased bacterial colonization for all patients (p < 0.001). Greater bacterial colonization and higher rates of infection were correlated with topical treatment and late excision (p < 0.001). It is concluded that burn wound excision significantly reduces bacterial colonization. Patients who undergo topical treatment and delayed burn wound excision exhibit greater bacterial colonization and increased rates of infection. Acute burn wound excision should be considered for all full-thickness burns.     

Bacterial and fungal colonization of burn wounds

A prospective study of fungal and bacterial flora of burn wounds was carried out from February 2004 to February 2005 at the Burns Unit of Hospital Regional da Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil. During the period of the study, 203 patients were treated at the Burns Unit. Wound swab cultures were assessed at weekly intervals for four weeks. Three hundred and fifty four sampling procedures (surface swabs) were performed from the burn wounds. The study revealed that bacterial colonization reached 86.6% within the first week. Although the gram-negative organisms, as a group, were more predominant, Staphylococcus aureus (28.4%) was the most prevalent organism in the first week. It was however surpassed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa form third week onwards. For S. aureus and P. aeruginosa vancomycin and polymyxin were found to be the most effective drugs. Most of the isolates showed high level resistance to antimicrobial agents. Fungi were found to colonize the burn wound late during the second week postburn, with a peak incidence during the third and fourth weeks. Species identification of fungi revealed that Candida tropicalis was the most predominant, followed by Candida parapsilosis. It is crucial for every burn institution to determine the specific pattern of burn wound microbial colonization, the time-related changes in the dominant flora, and the antimicrobial sensitivity profiles. This would enable early treatment of imminent septic episodes with proper empirical systemic antibiotics, without waiting for culture results, thus improving the overall infection-related morbidity and mortality.     

Electron microscopic examination of wastewater biofilm formation and structural components

This research documents in situ wastewater biofilm formation, structure, and physiochemical properties as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cationized ferritin was used to label anionic sites of the biofilm glycocalyx for viewing in thin section. Wastewater biofilm formation paralleled the processes involved in marine biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a dramatic increase in cell colonization and growth over a 144-h period. Constituents included a variety of actively dividing morphological types. Many of the colonizing bacteria were flagellated. Filaments were seen after primary colonization of the surface. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a dominant gram-negative cell wall structure in the biofilm constituents. At least three types of glycocalyces were observed. The predominant glycocalyx possessed interstices and was densely labeled with cationized ferritin. Two of the glycocalyces appeared to mediate biofilm adhesion to the substratum. The results suggest that the predominant glycocalyx of this thin wastewater biofilm serves, in part, to: (i) enclose the bacteria in a matrix and anchor the biofilm to the substratum and (ii) provide an extensive surface area with polyanionic properties.     

Electron microscopic examination of wastewater biofilm formation and structural components.

This research documents in situ wastewater biofilm formation, structure, and physiochemical properties as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cationized ferritin was used to label anionic sites of the biofilm glycocalyx for viewing in thin section. Wastewater biofilm formation paralleled the processes involved in marine biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a dramatic increase in cell colonization and growth over a 144-h period. Constituents included a variety of actively dividing morphological types. Many of the colonizing bacteria were flagellated. Filaments were seen after primary colonization of the surface. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a dominant gram-negative cell wall structure in the biofilm constituents. At least three types of glycocalyces were observed. The predominant glycocalyx possessed interstices and was densely labeled with cationized ferritin. Two of the glycocalyces appeared to mediate biofilm adhesion to the substratum. The results suggest that the predominant glycocalyx of this thin wastewater biofilm serves, in part, to: (i) enclose the bacteria in a matrix and anchor the biofilm to the substratum and (ii) provide an extensive surface area with polyanionic properties.     

Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to fibronectin by PA-IL and monosaccharides: involvement of a lectin-like process

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to fibronectin has been shown to be important to bacterial colonization and infection. To better understand the mechanisms involved in this interaction, the role of the carbohydrate moiety of the fibronectin molecule in P. aeruginosa adhesion was studied. Strain NK 125 502 adhered to immobilized fibronectin with an adherence index of 4.8 x 10(5) CFU/ micro g. Periodic oxidation of fibronectin markedly reduced the adhesion of P. aeruginosa, while a neuraminidase treatment increased bacteria adhesion. N-Acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid, and also lectin PA-IL worked as efficient inhibitors in adhesion assays: 59%, 70.7%, 100%, and 60% of inhibition, respectively. We have demonstrated here the involvement of a lectin-like process in the interaction of P. aeruginosa NK 125 502 with immobilized fibronectin.     

Gram Negative Wound Infection in Hospitalised Adult Burn Patients-Systematic Review and Metanalysis-

Background

Gram negative infection is a major determinant of morbidity and survival. Traditional teaching suggests that burn wound infections in different centres are caused by differing sets of causative organisms. This study established whether Gram-negative burn wound isolates associated to clinical wound infection differ between burn centres.

Methods

Studies investigating adult hospitalised patients (2000–2010) were critically appraised and qualified to a levels of evidence hierarchy. The contribution of bacterial pathogen type, and burn centre to the variance in standardised incidence of Gram-negative burn wound infection was analysed using two-way analysis of variance.

Primary Findings

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli emerged as the commonest Gram-negative burn wound pathogens. Individual pathogens’ incidence did not differ significantly between burn centres (F (4, 20) = 1.1, p = 0.3797; r2 = 9.84).

Interpretation

Gram-negative infections predominate in burn surgery. This study is the first to establish that burn wound infections do not differ significantly between burn centres. It is the first study to report the pathogens responsible for the majority of Gram-negative infections in these patients. Whilst burn wound infection is not exclusive to these bacteria, it is hoped that reporting the presence of this group of common Gram-negative “target organisms” facilitate clinical practice and target research towards a defined clinical demand.     

Enhancement of dendritic cell production by fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand increases the resistance of mice to a burn wound infection

Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine that stimulates the production of dendritic cells. This study evaluated the ability of Flt3L-enhanced dendritic cell production to increase the resistance of mice to a burn wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common source of infections in burn patients that have impaired immunity and are susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms. Treatment of mice with Flt3L for 5 days caused a significant increase in dendritic cell numbers in the spleen and significantly increased survival upon a subsequent burn wound infection. Improved survival in Flt3L-treated mice was associated with limited bacterial growth and spread within the burn wounds and a decrease in systemic dissemination of P. aeruginosa. Resistance to burn wound infection could also be conferred to recipient mice by the adoptive transfer of dendritic cells that had been isolated from spleens of Flt3L-treated mice. Adoptive transfer of the same number of splenic dendritic cells from nontreated mice did not confer resistance to burn wound infection. These data indicate that Flt3L can increase the resistance of mice to a P. aeruginosa burn wound infection through both stimulation of dendritic cell production and enhancement of dendritic cell function.     

Flagella, motility and invasive virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The role of motility as a virulence factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound sepsis was examined using mutants deficient in the Fla or Mot phenotype. Physiological profiles of parental strains and Fla- and Mot- mutants were similar with respect to antibiograms, O antigen types, growth rates, and proteolytic, exotoxin A and phospholipase activities, providing evidence for isogenicity. Lethality studies using a subcutaneous mouse burn model showed that three Fla- mutants and one Mot- mutant were much less virulent (10(2) to 10(5) times) than the parent wild-type. Topical challenges in the flame burn model showed that a Fla- mutant of strain M-2 was approximately tenfold less virulent. A reduction in virulence, although somewhat less than tenfold, was also observed in the scald burn model for M-2 Fla-, and Mot- strains. Tissue colonization experiments revealed a characteristic, rapidly systemic infection in burned mice challenged with wild-type organisms. Nonmotile mutants similarly proliferated in the burn wound, but the characteristic bacteraemia and systemic invasion were markedly absent. The infection remained localized in the skin wound and the mice survived. The pattern of infection by nonmotile mutants in the colonization studies was very similar to that obtained with Fla+ cells in burned animals passively treated with antiflagellar antibody. These results add substantial support to the concept of motility as a P. aeruginosa virulence factor in invasive infections.     

A relatively small change in sodium chloride concentration has a strong effect on adhesion of ocular bacteria to contact lenses

Adhesion of bacteria to hydrogel lenses is thought to be an initial step of ocular colonization allowing evasion of normal host defences. The salt concentration of media is an important parameter controlling microbial adhesion. Salinity varies from 0·97% NaCl equivalents in the open eye to 0·89% in the closed eye state. In this study, the effect of sodium chloride in the concentration range of 0·8–1·0% (w/v) NaCl on adhesion of ocular bacteria to soft contact lenses was investigated using a static adhesion assay. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to adhere to lenses in significantly greater amounts than Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus intermedius . Increasing NaCl from 0·8% to 1·0% (w/v) increased adhesion of all bacteria tested. This adhesion was strong since the organisms could not be removed by washing in low ionic buffer. Adhesion of these organisms did not correlate with their cell surface properties as determined by bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons (BATH) and retention on sepharose columns.