固定化耶罗维亚酵母发酵生产γ-癸内酯

目的：在发酵生产γ-癸内酯的过程中,研究固定化耶罗维亚酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica AS2.1405）,降低产物对细胞的毒性,提高γ-癸内酯的产量。方法：利用聚乙烯醇和卡拉胶固定化耶罗维亚酵母,制备出机械强度高、传质效果好的凝胶颗粒发酵生产γ-癸内酯。以小球强度和γ-癸内酯产量为主要指标,确定发酵生产γ-癸内酯的最佳条件。结果：在聚乙烯醇80g/L,卡拉胶5g/L,菌体添加量0.1g/mL,固定化时间24h,γ-癸内酯产量可达482mg/L。结论：酵母经固定化后,γ-癸内酯产量比之前提高了40%。     

一株产几丁质脱乙酰酶海洋细菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵优化

利用对硝基-N-乙酰苯胺筛选培养基从海州湾海域海泥中筛选获得产几丁质脱乙酰酶细菌MCDA02。经过形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析初步鉴定该菌株为解角质素微杆菌。通过单因素优化和正交试验优化,得出最优发酵条件。在单因素优化基础上,利用正交试验优化获得菌株MCDA02最优发酵条件为发酵温度25℃,培养基起始p H7.0,装液量50 m L/250 m L,几丁质3%,发酵时间48 h。在此发酵条件下,菌株MCDA02发酵水平达到158.47 U/m L,是优化前的3.2倍。试验结果为菌株MCDA02几丁质脱乙酰酶的进一步研究奠定基础。     

固定化细胞技术应用于啤酒、酒精生产

固定化细胞技术是生物工程技术的一个重要方面,该技术一般有几种方法即包埋法、交联法和载体结合法(如共价结合、离子结合、物理吸附),国内科研工作者已用国产卡拉胶制备固定化细胞生产葡萄糖、L-丙氨酸等多种产品,上海工业微生物研究所用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋酵母细胞快速发酵生产啤酒的实验成功。     

苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病的早期抗性反应

苹果发酵液(Apple fermentation broth,AFB)是用生理落果、人工疏果和采前落果等无商品价值的果实,经快速发酵制成的植物源营养制剂。苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液是在发酵前将脱乙酰几丁质加入粉碎的苹果果实中,共同发酵制成。本试验旨在探讨苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液诱导的苹果叶片对斑点落叶病(Alternaira alternate f.sp.mali)的抗性机制。以2年生宫藤富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.CV.‘kudowu’)幼树为试材,以喷施苹果发酵液(AFB)、苹果脱乙酰几丁质,发酵液(ACFB)和脱乙酰几丁质制备液(CHN)为处理,喷清水为对照。测定接种斑点落叶病病原菌后,苹果叶片的病情指数和防治效果,同时测定活性氧、木质素、交联蛋白的沉积状况、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶(过氧化物酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD和过氧化氢酶CAT)的活性。结果表明,ACFB处理叶片的病情指数比对照降低了4.3%,防治效果比对照提高了40.7%,AFB处理叶片的病情指数比对照降低了2.4%,防治效果比对照提高了22.2%。斑点落叶病病原菌接种12h后,ACFB处理叶片在病原菌侵染位点上的活性氧、木质素和交联蛋白的沉积量比对照显著增加,其中活性氧比对照增加30%;各处理叶片超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢含量分别在接种后12h和36h、3h和24h出现两个高峰。病原菌接种后9—72h,ACFB处理叶片的POD酶和SOD酶活性高于对照,而CAT酶活性较对照低。由此可见,喷施苹果脱乙酰几丁质发酵液,可有效诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病的抗性,其诱导反应可能与侵染早期叶片活性氧迸发及抗氧化代谢有关。     

用固定化细胞发酵生产己酸的研究

固定于海藻酸钙、琼脂、卡拉胶、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,魔芋葡苷露聚糖等几种载体上的己酸菌株(Doseridium sp．WI)批次发酵表明,海藻酸钙包埋己酸菌活性最高。在最适条件下,己酸产量最高可达15mg／ml,经18批次(200余天)的批式发酵,固定化己酸菌产己酸活性稳定性较好,4℃储存二月后的固定化细胞,其发酵产己酸活性与储前基本相同。短暂的与空气接触对固定化己酸菌的活性几乎没受影响。与游离已酸菌比较,固定化细胞的己酸生成速度加快,己酸产量明显提高,单位体积内的细胞数目可高出游离培养的近10倍。     

甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶SeCDA7的表达与结合活性分析

几丁质脱乙酰酶(Chitin deacetylase,CDA)是昆虫几丁质代谢酶系中的重要组分,是害虫防治的重要靶标。通过RT-PCR技术克隆得到编码甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶secda7基因(Gen Bank登录号为MG604929),该基因长1 431 bp,包含开放阅读框长1 134 bp,SeCDA7蛋白的预测分子量分别为43.156 k D。结构域分析显示,SeCDA7具有一个多聚糖乙酰基转移酶催化区,属于第Ⅴ类CDA蛋白。分别构建了原核和真核重组表达载体,利用大肠杆菌和Bac-to-Bac昆虫杆状病毒表达系统转染Sf9昆虫细胞,成功表达了SeCDA7蛋白,纯化SeCDA7蛋白并分析几丁质结合活性,结果表明SeCDA7蛋白具有几丁质结合活性;荧光定量PCR结果显示secda7基因主要在中肠组织表达。本研究实现了甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶基因secda7的外源表达,并鉴定出SeCDA7蛋白具有几丁质结合活性,为深入探究甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶的生理功能提供了理论依据。     

固定化N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱酰基酶拆分消旋蛋氨酸

基因工程菌BL21/pET22b-argE可高效表达N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱酰基酶。将含酶细胞包埋于海藻酸钙凝胶中制成固定化细胞酶,用于消旋蛋氨酸的拆分,并将其拆分能力、拆分速度及操作稳定性与游离细胞酶相比较。结果表明:单批次转化固定化细胞酶的拆分能力和游离细胞酶相近,拆分速度较慢;但多批次转化的操作稳定性显著高于游离细胞酶。重复利用8次后的固定化细胞酶仍保有95%以上的酶活力,重复利用5次后的游离细胞酶活已降至20%左右。每克湿菌泥在游离和固定化条件下重复拆分产L-蛋氨酸的量分别为74.16mmol和241.93mmol。酶拆分液中的L-蛋氨酸经重结晶后光学纯度为98.3%。固定化细胞酶比游离细胞酶更具有工业化应用的潜质。     

卡拉胶固定粘质赛氏菌产碱性蛋白酶的研究

将粘质赛氏菌(Seratia marcescens)包埋于卡拉胶中,发现2．5％的卡拉胶适于固定该菌产碱性蛋白酶。固定化细胞在其较适宜产酶培养基中发酵,酶活力一般可达400u/ml,在卡拉胶中添加3％玉米粉和1%豆饼粉或2％砂子制备固定化细胞,其产酶能力分别提高了25%和23．9％;固定化细胞颗粒越小,其产酶能力越高。采用摇瓶半连续发酵。其产酶半衰期为14次(24小时为一个周期);而用环流器进行半连续发酵,其产酶半衰期为52次(12小时为一个周期),产酶效率分别比游离细胞摇瓶发酵的产酶效率高11．8％和45．07％,而环流器半连续发酵的产酶效率比摇瓶半连续发酵高29．7％。     

卡拉胶混合凝胶固定化延胡素酸酶生产L－苹果酸

目前,固定化延胡素酸酶生产L一苹果酸的技术中一般采用单一的聚合有机电解质包埋体系,例如：聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,海藻胶,卡拉胶等,迄今为止,已公开发表了卡拉胶固定化产延胡素酸酶的产氨短杆菌、黄色短杆菌的方法,并认为以卡拉胶包埋体系细胞及延胡素酸酶的转化率最高⑴。卡拉胶是一种含有许多硫酸根基团的多糖化合物,作为固定化材料具有稳定性好的优点,但它的凝固点太高,众所周知工业生产上固定化操作均在凝固点附近进行,这不仅给固定化成形带来困难,而且严重影响被包埋细胞及酶的活性。为了降低卡拉胶的凝固点,在较低的温度下具有良好的流动性,减少操作过程中细胞及酶活力的损失,本文建立了混合凝胶体系,在卡拉胶中加入明胶,羧甲基纤维素钠琼脂等物,同时溶解后,此复合电解质的凝固温度将大大降低,这将使固定化操作范围扩大,包埋介质与细胞及酶有充分的机会均匀混合,固定化条件变得温和,较低的温度下具有很好的流动性,在工业生产上较易实现机械化成形制胶。     

结冷胶固定化保加利亚乳杆菌及在玉米秸秆连续发酵d-乳酸中的应用

秸秆生物炼制化学品是解决秸秆资源利用附加值低、减轻秸秆焚烧带来的环境污染的主要方法之一。本研究制备了结冷胶固定化保加利亚乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)T15凝胶珠(结冷胶-T15凝胶珠),并对其性质进行表征,建立了结冷胶-T15凝胶珠固定化细胞循环连续发酵产D-乳酸发酵工艺。结冷胶-T15凝胶珠的断裂应力为(91.68±0.11) kPa,较海藻酸钙固定化T15凝胶珠(海藻酸钙-T15凝胶珠)提高了125.12%,表明结冷胶-T15凝胶珠的强度更强。以结冷胶-T15凝胶珠为出发菌株,葡萄糖为发酵基质,10批次循环(720h)发酵,其D-乳酸最高批次产量为(72.90±2.79)g/L,较海藻酸钙-T15凝胶珠提高了33.85%,较游离T15提高了37.70%。将葡萄糖更换为玉米秸秆酶解液,使用结冷胶-T15凝胶珠进行10批次循环(240 h)发酵,D-乳酸生产强度可达(1.74±0.79)g/(L·h),远高于游离菌。10批次循环发酵后结冷胶-T15凝胶珠磨损率小于5%,表明结冷胶是一种细胞固定化的良好载体,可广泛应用于细胞固定化工业发酵领域。本研究为细胞...     

高渗条件下利用蔗糖提升2-酮基-L-古龙酸生产效率

旨在进一步提升维生素C前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KLG)的生产效率。在详细考察了2-KLG工业化生产过程中渗透压变化规律的基础上,研究了高渗对混合菌系细胞生长和2-KLG合成的影响,提出蔗糖促进伴生菌巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium生长,进而促进普通生酮古龙酸菌Ketogulonigenium vulgare生长和产酸的策略。结果表明,2-KLG的积累和碱性物质的流加使渗透压上升了832mOsmol/kg;高渗抑制了巨大芽胞杆菌的生长(15.4%),从而抑制普通生酮古龙酸菌(31.7%)的生长,导致2-KLG产量和生产强度分别下降67.5%和69.3%(以1250mOsmol/kg为例);蔗糖的添加则显著促进巨大芽胞杆菌的生长,使高渗条件下(摇瓶,1250 mOsmol/kg)2-KLG产量(40.6g/L)提高87%;在3L发酵罐中,补加10mmol/L蔗糖使2-KLG发酵周期缩短10.8%,2-KLG生产强度提高10.4%。研究成果为在环境胁迫下提高混菌生产目标代谢产物的产量提供了潜在的策略。     

Batch production of propionic acid by immobilizedPropionibacterium sp

Whole cells ofPropionibacterium freudenreichii subsp.shermanii (two strains) were immobilized in a living state in 2 and 4% alginate gel and 2, 4 and 6% carrageenan gel. Production of propionic acid, acetic acid, and vitamin B₁₂ were examined. The best results were obtained in the fermentation with strains immobilized in 4% alginate gel when applied for the third time.     

Effects of immobilizing agents and procedures on viability of cultured celery (Apium graveolens) cells

Summary In an attempt to develop concurrent permeabilization/immobilization systems for the production of secondary plant metabolites, the effects of chitosan, alginate, carrageenan gel and carrageenan/chitosan copolymers as immobilizing agents and immobilization procedures on viability of culturedApium graveolens cells have been examined. Chitosan immobilization, ascorbic and succinic acid resulted in low viability of plant cells but use of carrageenan/chitosan copolymers enabled maintenance of viable cell lines providing the potential for concurrent immobilization/permeabilization of cells and elicitation of secondary metabolites by chitosan.     

D-葡萄糖串联发酵生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸的工艺条件

研究了在10L发酵罐中D-葡萄糖串联发酵生产维生素C前体——2-酮基-L-古龙酸的发酵工艺条件。第一步发酵采用欧文氏菌(Erwinia sp.)的突变株SCB247,培养36小时,可将D-葡萄糖转化成中间体2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸,在发酵液中约累积180mg/ml。第二步发酵采用棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium sp.)SCB3058,可将2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸专一性地还原生成2-酮基-L-古龙酸。在细胞生长进入对数生长期后期时,加入经十二烷基硫酸钠处理的第一     

分阶段pH调控提高2-酮基-L-古龙酸生产

为了提高酮古龙酸菌Ketogulonicigenium vulgare和巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KLG)的生产效率,分析了pH对K.vulgare和B.megaterium生长和产酸的影响,发现K.vulgare和B.megaterium的最适生长pH值分别为6.0和8.0,但是K.vulgare的糖酸转化活力在pH7.0时达到最大值,因此提出了三阶段pH控制策略(第一阶段:0～8h,pH8.0;第二阶段:8～20h,pH6.0;第三阶段:20h至发酵结束,pH7.0)以促进K.vulgare生长和2-KLG生产。结果表明,三阶段pH控制策略的实施进一步提高了2-KLG的产量(77.3g/L)、生产强度(1.38g/(L·h))和L-山梨糖消耗速率(1.42g/(L·h)),分别比恒定pH7.0时提高了9.7%、33.2%和25.7%。     

Continuous glutamate production using an immobilized whole-cell system

For the purpose of saving the energy and raw materials required in glutamate fermentation, an immobilized whole-cell system was prepared and its performance in a continuous reactor system was evaluated. Corynebacterium glutamicum (a mutant strain of ATCC 13058) whole cell was immobilized in K-carrageenan matrix and the gel structure was strengthened by treatment with a hardening agent. The effective diffusivities of carrageenan gel for glucose and oxygen were found to decrease significantly with an increase in carrageenan concentration, while the gel strength showed an increasing trend. Based on the physical and chemical properties of carrageenan gel, the immobilization method was improved and the operation of the continuous reactor system was partially optimized. In an air-stirred fermentor, the continuous production of glutamate was carried out. The effect of the dilution rate on glutamate production and operational stability were investigated. The performance of the continuous whole-cell reactor system was evaluated by measuring glutamate productivity for a period of 30 days; it was found to be far superior to the performance of conventional batch reactor systems using free cells.     

Improving immobilized biocatalysts by gel phase polymerization

A new method is presented for the treatment of gel-type supports, used for immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes, to obtain high mechanical strength. It is particularly useful for ethanol fermentation over gel beads containing immobilized viable cells, where the beads can be ruptured by gas production and the growth of cells within the gels. This method consists of treating agar or carrageenan gel with polyacrylamide to form a rigid support which retains the high catalytic activity characteristic of the untreated biocatalysts. The size and shape of the biocatalyst is unaffected by this treatment. The method involves the diffusion of acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide and beta-dimethylaminopropionitrile (or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine) into the performed biocatalyst beads followed by the addition of an initiator to cause polymerization within the beads. Treated gels have been used for the continuous fermentation of glucose to ethanol in a packed column for over two months. During this operation, the gel beads maintained their rigidity, and the maximum productivity was as high as 50 g h(-1) L(-1) gel. There was no appreciable decay of cell activity.     

Process and technoeconomics of ethanol production by immobilized cells

Summary A two-stage fermentation process has been developed for continuous ethanol production by immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis. About 90–92 kg/m³ ethanol was produced after 4 h of residence time. Entrapped cells of Zymomonas mobilis have a capability to convert glucose to ethanol at 93% of the theoretical yield. The immobilized cell system has functioned for several weeks, and experience indicates that the carrageenan gel apparently facilitates easy diffusion of glucose and ethanol.The simplicity and the high productivity of the plug-flow reactor employing immobilized cells makes it economically attrative. An evaluation of process economics of an immobilized cell system indicates that at least 4 c/l of ethanol can be saved using the immobilized cell system rather than the conventional batch system. The high productivity achieved in the immobilized cell reactor results in the requirement for only small reactor vessels indicating low capital cost. Consequently, by switching from batch to immobilized processing, the fixed capital investment is substantially reduced, thus increasing the profitability of ethanol production by fermentation.     

Gelatin enhances 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production based on Ketogulonigenium vulgare genome annotation

In the two-step fermentative production of vitamin C, its precursor 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG) was synthesized by Ketogulonicigenium vulgare through co-culture with Bacillus megaterium. The reconstruction of the amino acid metabolic pathway through completed genome sequence annotation demonstrated that K. vulgare was deficient in one or more key enzymes in the de novo biosynthesis pathways of eight different amino acids (l-histidine, l-glycine, l-lysine, l-proline, l-threonine, l-methionine, l-leucine, and l-isoleucine). Among them, l-glycine, l-proline, l-threonine, and l-isoleucine play vital roles in K. vulgare growth and 2-KLG production. The addition of those amino acids increased the 2-KLG productivity by 20.4%, 17.2%, 17.2%, and 11.8%, respectively. Furthermore, food grade gelatin was developed as a substitute for the amino acids to increase the cell concentration, 2-KLG productivity, and l-sorbose consumption rate by 10.2%, 23.4%, and 20.9%, respectively. As a result, the fermentation period decreased to 43 h in a 7-L fermentor.