海产品中副溶血性弧菌的直接定量法-疏水网格滤膜法

本研究建立了一种疏水网格滤膜法,直接定量检测海产品中的副溶血性弧菌。该方法包括4~5 h复苏步骤以使受损细胞得以修复,然后37℃下在副溶血性弧菌显色培养基上培养过夜后计数。从显色培养基上挑取典型菌落进行确证试验,确证率大于98%。与传统MPN法比较,对经过冷藏、冷冻和热处理的样品进行检测时,新方法检出菌量明显高于MPN法(p0.01)。     

菌落杂交

菌落杂交技术通过RNA-DNA或DNA-DNA杂交能在短时间内筛选出含某些特异DNA序列的细菌克隆。细菌菌落在铺于琼脂平皿中的硝酸纤维素滤膜上培养。影印上述菌落作参比菌落,并于2-4℃保存。裂解滤膜菌落细胞,不必除去细胞残屑,释出DNA作原位变性。放射RNA或DNA探针与滤膜上菌落DNA杂交。     

细菌生物被膜检测方法的研究进展

细菌生物被膜(bacterial biofilm,BF)是细菌黏附于接触物表面,由细菌自身分泌的胞外基质包裹形成的多细胞微生物群体,是微生物界细菌普遍的生存状态。基于生物被膜的物理屏障作用和膜内特殊微环境,其具有多重耐药性以及较强的黏附性、抗吞噬性等特性,导致所致疾病迁延不愈,已成为医疗卫生领域的重大挑战。早期、快速、准确检测生物被膜形成对及时有效防治其感染性疾病至关重要。现从表型和基因型检测两个方面对细菌生物被膜检测方法作一综述。     

膜过滤细胞直接计数新方法

介绍了两种膜过滤细胞直接计数新方法,即不透明滤膜的金相显微镜细胞直接计数法和透明滤膜的生物显微镜细胞直接计数法的基本原理、仪器设备、分析和计算方法,并且将此方法与荧光显微镜细菌计数、血球计数板等方法进行了比较。实际计数结果表明,两种膜过滤细胞直接计数法配合了独特的酸碱处理法以分散聚团细胞,用于非环境样品细胞浓度的测定具有快速准确简便的特点。此外,该方法基本不受细胞大小的影响,除了适用于体型较大的藻类、酵母菌的快速计数以外,还可以清晰地分辨诸如光合细菌这样体积较小的细菌。     

细菌显微追踪技术在生物被膜中的应用

细菌生物被膜是粘附于物体表面的由细菌细胞及其胞外物质组成的复杂膜样物聚集体,具有很强的耐药性和免疫逃逸能力。生物被膜内细菌的代谢活性、运动状态等与浮游细菌有明显区别。近年来,先进的显微成像技术结合新型图像处理方法,在研究细菌的运动、生理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文围绕生物被膜,概述了细菌显微追踪技术在其研究中的应用。主要从细菌的运动方式和生物被膜形成过程的调控两方面出发,介绍了在单细胞水平上利用该技术研究生物被膜的进展,包括细菌的游泳、蹭行、群集运动和多种信号通路调控下生物被膜的形成过程等,并展望了该技术在生物被膜其他相关研究领域的应用前景。     

应用重离子束苏制核微孔滤膜除菌除支原体的研究

本文采用苏制核微孔滤膜进行了除菌、除支原体实验研究,核孔膜孔径分别为０．０７、０．１、０．５、０．７及１．５微米,采用的菌种为白色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌,支原体为解脲脲原体,实验结果表明：０．０７及０．１微米的核孔膜可完全滤除细菌及支原体,０．５微米的核孔膜可滤除绝大部分细菌,不能滤除支原体,１．５微米的核孔膜只能滤除少量细菌。     

基于微流控芯片的细胞-细菌相互作用光电检测技术

细胞/细菌及其相互作用研究对于生命科学、药物研发、医学诊疗等领域的研究具有重要意义。微流控芯片分析技术因微环境可控、生物相容性好、检测并行性、微型化等特性，正发展成为细胞/细菌及其相互作用研究的高效手段。本文在简要介绍基于微流控芯片分析技术的细胞-细菌分析方法和技术基础之上，对微流控芯片上细胞-细菌相互作用模型的建立进行了讨论，重点针对细胞-细菌及其相互作用过程的芯片检测进行了综述，尤其对芯片集成的光电检测技术及其测试效果进行总结和比较。通过芯片集成微流体控制、多种光电传感监测模块，使微流控芯片分析技术成为细胞/细菌及其相互作用过程分析和检测的支撑平台和优势手段。最后，对微流控光电检测技术在细胞-细菌相互作用检测中面临的挑战及发展趋势进行了讨论和展望。     

ε-聚赖氨酸对阪崎克罗诺杆菌细胞结构与生物被膜形成的影响北大核心CSCD

ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-polylysine,ε-PL)作为一种抗菌活性强、安全性高、热稳定性好的阳离子型天然多肽,已作为安全的食品防腐剂受到关注。以阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)为供试菌株,揭示ε-PL的抑菌机理,为细菌耐药性和食品防腐措施研究提供理论支持。研究了ε-PL作用下对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)、细胞膜壁通透性、细胞表面疏水性及运动性等生理特性的影响,并利用透射电子显微镜对ε-PL作用下的细菌细胞形态变化进行了观察,在此基础上,探究了ε-PL对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜(biofilm,BF)的抑制和清除作用效果,并利用荧光染色显微观察清除后被膜菌通透性的改变。ε-PL对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的抑菌活性具有浓度依赖性,ε-PL对阪崎克罗诺杆菌ATCC51329的MIC为256 μg/mL。ε-PL能够增强细胞膜壁通透性,使其细胞内容物如核酸、碱性磷酸酶等大量渗出,从而表现对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的杀菌作用。同时ε-PL能够降低阪崎克罗诺杆菌的表面疏水性和运动性,进而影响阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜的形成。ε-PL对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜抑制和清除的作用效果显著,结合物理振荡,可大大提高生物被膜清除效率。ε-PL能够破坏阪崎克罗诺杆菌的细胞结构,从而达到抑菌效果。ε-PL能够降低阪崎克罗诺杆菌细胞表面的疏水性、运动性,进而ε-PL能够抑制生物被膜的形成,对成熟生物被膜也具有清除作用。     

箭舌豌豆根瘤液泡中细菌周膜来源的研究

电镜观察结果表明,幼龄箭舌豌豆根瘤侵染细胞的细胞质较少,中央是一些体积较大的液泡。细胞质中侵入线经常可见,由侵入线释放出来的细菌均有细菌周膜。这些细菌只位于细胞质中,不出现在液泡里面。成熟根瘤中的侵染细胞与此不同,它们中有大量的成熟侵染细胞,细胞质丰富,里面充满大量细菌,中央常有一个大液泡。当中央液泡发育到一定程度时,位于其附近的细菌可通过液泡膜内吞、液泡膜与细菌周膜融合及液泡膜破裂3种途径进入液泡,后一种途径常伴有寄主细胞质。液泡中的细菌绝大部分裸露在外,只有个别细菌具有细菌周膜且多位于液泡膜的破损处附近,因此细菌周膜可能是原来就有的。     

MCF-7细胞在亚多层中细胞膜极性的变化

人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7细胞于微孔滤膜上经较长时间培养后形成亚多层。表层细胞保持了单层MCF-7细胞所具有的形态学极性与膜极性特征。免疫酶细胞化学技术显示,97.5%的细胞表达了表面乳脂球膜抗原MAM-6,并且该抗原呈顶面极性分布。深层细胞没有面向培养液的游离面,缺乏形态学极性特征,仅??12.9%的细胞表达表面MAM-6,且呈无极性随机分布。深层细胞胞质的MAM-6免疫染色强度大于表层细胞。本研究结果提示,非对称性空间环境(由液相空间与固相空间构成)对于MCF-7细胞的膜极性的建立是必需的。     

Automation of microbial enumeration: development of a disposable hydrophobic grid-membrane filter unit

A disposable filter unit containing a hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) was developed. The unit is liquid tight to serve as a specimen transport container and, by removal of the funnel extender (175- or 300-ml capacity), the unit becomes less than the height of two stacked petri plates to save space during in situ incubation. The polyethylene mesh which supports the HGMF facilitates rinse removal of any substance(s) that would interfere with microbial growth. The correlations between a pour plate, a conventional square HGMF, and a disposable filter unit on microbial enumeration were examined. Characteristics (e.g., clumping, spreading, etc.) of some microorganisms limit the linear counting range to less than 1,000 CFU per filter.     

Automation of microbial enumeration: development of a disposable hydrophobic grid-membrane filter unit.

A disposable filter unit containing a hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) was developed. The unit is liquid tight to serve as a specimen transport container and, by removal of the funnel extender (175- or 300-ml capacity), the unit becomes less than the height of two stacked petri plates to save space during in situ incubation. The polyethylene mesh which supports the HGMF facilitates rinse removal of any substance(s) that would interfere with microbial growth. The correlations between a pour plate, a conventional square HGMF, and a disposable filter unit on microbial enumeration were examined. Characteristics (e.g., clumping, spreading, etc.) of some microorganisms limit the linear counting range to less than 1,000 CFU per filter.     

Rapid detection of Salmonella spp. in food by use of the ISO-GRID hydrophobic grid membrane filter.

A rapid hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) method was developed and compared with the Health Protection Branch cultural method for the detection of Salmonella spp. in 798 spiked samples and 265 naturally contaminated samples of food. With the HGMF method, Salmonella spp. were isolated from 618 of the spiked samples and 190 of the naturally contaminated samples. The conventional method recovered Salmonella spp. from 622 spiked samples and 204 unspiked samples. The isolation rates from Salmonella-positive samples for the two methods were not significantly different (94.6% overall for the HGMF method and 96.7% for the conventional approach), but the HGMF results were available in only 2 to 3 days after sample receipt compared with 3 to 4 days by the conventional method.     

Enumeration of High Numbers of Bacteria Using Hydrophobic Grid-Membrane Filters

Printing a wax grid on a conventional membrane filter yields a device functioning as a most probable number apparatus (MPN), used at a single dilution but with a very large number of growth compartments (e.g., 3,650). By restraining the lateral spread and confluence of colonies, the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) allows growth- or colony-forming units (GU) to be resolved at levels far above those which produce an uncountable lawn on a conventional membrane filter. It also eliminates the size variation of normal bacterial colonies. As a result, the HGMF can give more accurate estimates of the concentration of GU. The method by which grid-cell count observations can be used to obtain MPN estimates of the number of GUs is described, and estimates obtained using the MPN method on the HGMF are compared with those resulting from conventional colony count procedures on membrane filters. A linear relation was observed between MPNGU and the number of GUs, at levels up to 30,000 GUs, for pure cultures of bacteria and for samples of natural waters. The HGMF has great potential for reducing the labor required in quantitative microbiology, since it allows, with one filter, enumeration of microorganisms over a very large concentration range and therefore reduces the need to make dilutions.     

ICMSF methods study. XVII. An international comparative study of the direct plate and hydrophobic grid-membrane filter methods for enumeration of Escherichia coli in foods. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods

Eight laboratories compared counts of Escherichia coli from naturally or artificially contaminated ground beef, other meats and poultry, vegetables, fish and shellfish, cheese, and diverse sources such as swabs, by the Anderson-Baird-Parker direct plate (DP) and a hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) method. For five of the eight laboratories overall counts by HGMF were significantly low (51-83%) compared with those by DP. Counts by HGMF tended to be lower for naturally contaminated samples; several possible causes were investigated. In a subsidiary study, analyst variation in counting HGMF ranged from 0.8-7.3%, with little evidence of effects from counting positive versus negative grid cells or from the fullness of growth or staining intensity.     

Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a membrane filter method.

Analytical procedures based on filtration of homogenates through membrane filters, and particularly hydrophobic grid-membrane filters (HGMF), offer definite improvements in the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms in foods. Whereas the counted specimen in pour plates may not usually be greater than 0.1 g, up to 1.0 g of ground beef, green beans, potato, cod, strawberries, or grapes could be filtered and counted on HGMF. Greatly improved limit of detection, reduced interference by noncoliforms, and complete removal of growth inhibitors such as polyphenols were demonstrated for HGMF, using violet red bile and mFC agars. In addition, counting on HGMF eliminated a false-positive reaction caused by sucrose in ice cream.     

Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a membrane filter method.

Analytical procedures based on filtration of homogenates through membrane filters, and particularly hydrophobic grid-membrane filters (HGMF), offer definite improvements in the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms in foods. Whereas the counted specimen in pour plates may not usually be greater than 0.1 g, up to 1.0 g of ground beef, green beans, potato, cod, strawberries, or grapes could be filtered and counted on HGMF. Greatly improved limit of detection, reduced interference by noncoliforms, and complete removal of growth inhibitors such as polyphenols were demonstrated for HGMF, using violet red bile and mFC agars. In addition, counting on HGMF eliminated a false-positive reaction caused by sucrose in ice cream.     

Comparison of the hydrophobic-grid membrane filter procedure and standard methods for coliform analysis of water

The hydrophobic-grid membrane filter (HGMF) has been proposed as an alternate method to the standard membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of coliforms from water. Eight samples of nonchlorinated wastewater effluents were analyzed by the HGMF, standard MF, and tube fermentation most-probable-number methods for fecal coliforms, and eight samples each of polluted surface and dosed drinking waters were analyzed by the same methods for total coliforms. The drinking waters were dosed with coliforms and other heterotrophs concentrated from nonchlorinated domestic wastewater and treated with chlorine to reduce the numbers of organisms and simulate stress caused by chlorination. Statistical analyses determined that recoveries of fecal coliforms were significantly higher by the filtration methods for the nonchlorinated domestic wastewaters but not for the other waters. The results also indicated that recoveries of fecal and total coliforms did not differ significantly when either MFs or HGMFs were used. Total coliform results obtained with HGMFs having greater than 100 positive grid cells were significantly more precise than estimates obtained by the standard MF method only for polluted surface waters.     

COMPARISON OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR MONITORING CHICKEN CARCASS QUALITY

Many methods have been developed to determine microbial levels in food products and these include ATP bioluminescence, hydrophobic grid membrane filtration (HGMF), impediometry and turbidimetry. A comparison of these techniques for detecting microbial levels in chicken carcass rinses was conducted.
Only the ATP bioluminescence assay and the HGMF system showed a good correlation with plate counts (r = 0.82 and r = 0.83, respectively). The repeatability of these methods was acceptable. There was also a significant correlation between results obtained with two turbidimetric methods and HGMF as well as between HGMF and ATP bioluminescence data. However, only the ATP bioluminescence assay was able to provide results of microbial levels on a realtime basis (within 10 min). This would be beneficial for HACCP (Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points) based programs.     

Comparison of the hydrophobic-grid membrane filter procedure and standard methods for coliform analysis of water.

The hydrophobic-grid membrane filter (HGMF) has been proposed as an alternate method to the standard membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of coliforms from water. Eight samples of nonchlorinated wastewater effluents were analyzed by the HGMF, standard MF, and tube fermentation most-probable-number methods for fecal coliforms, and eight samples each of polluted surface and dosed drinking waters were analyzed by the same methods for total coliforms. The drinking waters were dosed with coliforms and other heterotrophs concentrated from nonchlorinated domestic wastewater and treated with chlorine to reduce the numbers of organisms and simulate stress caused by chlorination. Statistical analyses determined that recoveries of fecal coliforms were significantly higher by the filtration methods for the nonchlorinated domestic wastewaters but not for the other waters. The results also indicated that recoveries of fecal and total coliforms did not differ significantly when either MFs or HGMFs were used. Total coliform results obtained with HGMFs having greater than 100 positive grid cells were significantly more precise than estimates obtained by the standard MF method only for polluted surface waters.