浅谈粮食质量检验

粮食检验质量直接关系到人们的生活,因此必须采取有效的措施确保粮食检验质量,避免在粮食检验中出现不良现象而给社会带来危害。本文对粮食质量检验的内容及保障措施进行了阐述。     

化妆品微生物检验操作要注意的几个问题

提出了化妆品微生物检验的操作中要注意的几个问题,分析检验时出现的假阴性现象、押菌现象和次生菌现象的原因,提出了避免措施,以提高检验结果的准确性.     

浅析理化检验在食品安全中的作用

简要介绍了食品安全的现状,阐述了理化检验在食品生产、食品经营、食品安全事故处置和食品监督管理过程中的作用,分析了理化检验存在的一些问题及相应的措施。最后得出理化检验在食品安全中起到了不可替代的作用。     

对目前医院检验科生化质控管理工作的现状与改进措施研析

目的:探讨目前医院检验科生化质控管理工作的现状与改进措施。方法:分析我院90例进行生化检验患者,对患者进行常规检查,对生化检验中质控管理情况进行分析,并提出相关改进措施。结果:经过调研,进行生化检查的90例患者中,样品治疗有出现污染现象15例,不合格率为16.67%;门诊质控管理差。结论:检验生化治疗管理在当前的管理过程中还存有较多问题,分析目前医院检验科生化质控管理工作的现状,提出相应的改进措施。     

痰标本质量控制对检验结果的影响及护理对策

目的：探讨痰标本的采集、运送、检验过程对检验结果的影响,并提出相应护理措施。方法回顾性分析258例呼吸内科住院患者610份（258例）痰标本在检验中存在的差异,并进行相关因素分析,总结防范对策。结果影响痰标本检验质量的因素有痰标本的采集、运送、检验过程。结论根据不同的影响因素,采取有效的针对性防范措施,可提高痰标本检验的阳性率。     

临床细菌学检验标本留送的质量控制

临床细菌学检验标本留送的质量控制济南军区青岛第一疗养院２６６０７１毕洪玲质量控制是保证检验质量的有力措施,临床检验标本质控是其中的重要环节,临床细菌学检验标本留送的质控牵连着众多影响因素,如何控制好,笔者根据临床实践,谈几点体会。１需氧菌和间性厌氧菌...     

木材检验工作的改进对策

在绿化工程不断实施的今天,林业企业面临着重大的挑战,如何利用有限的林木资源并获得最大的企业效益,就要注意紧抓木材检验工作。本文论述了木材检验工作的重要性,并提出了合理化措施。     

探讨临床医学检验技术质量管理

如今随着现代临床医学的发展,推动了临床医学检验朝着系统化、规划化、精细化的方向发展,其为临床疾病的诊断和治疗提供了科学的依据。由于临床检验质量会受到多方面的因素影响,导致其检验质量很难得到有效的控制,致使临床生化检验质量存在普遍较低的现象,因此我们必须对其影响因素进行分析,并采取相应的措施给予解决,从根本提高对临床生化检验质量的控制。     

搞好生化检验质控的几点体会

目的:分析讨论如何搞好生化检验质控,并总结给出几点体会。方法:首先介绍生化检验质控的重要性,其次提出生化检验质控血清时的注意事项,然后讲解生化检验质控的操作流程及其规范,接着给出生化检验质控中出现失控情况的应急处理,最后总结讨论搞好生化检验质控。结果:生化检验质控为临床提供可靠的临床诊断依据,需加强对其的质量控制。结论:对于生化检验质控应当建立标准化检查分析流程,注重质检过程中容易出错地方,做好防护措施。     

浅谈药品检验中数据结果及质量的控制

药品在人们的实际生活中发挥着十分重要的作用,其质量安全将直接影响人们的日常生活和身体康复程度,因此,我们必须对药品的质量安全进行严格的把关,对药品检验中的数据结果进行严格的控制,以确保药品的检验结果符合相关要求。本文对药品检验数据的控制进行了研究,同时,也对药品的质量控制进行了分析,并提出了一些解决措施,希望通过这些措施来加强对药品质量的控制。     

Register-based predictors of violations of animal welfare legislation in dairy herds

The assessment of animal welfare can include resource-based or animal-based measures. Official animal welfare inspections in Denmark primarily control compliance with animal welfare legislation based on resource measures (e.g. housing system) and usually do not regard animal response parameters (e.g. clinical and behavioural observations). Herds selected for welfare inspections are sampled by a risk-based strategy based on existing register data. The aim of the present study was to evaluate register data variables as predictors of dairy herds with violations of the animal welfare legislation (VoAWL) defined as occurrence of at least one of the two most frequently violated measures found at recent inspections in Denmark, namely (a) presence of injured animals not separated from the rest of the group and/or (b) animals in a condition warranting euthanasia still being present in the herd. A total of 25 variables were extracted from the Danish Cattle Database and assessed as predictors using a multivariable logistic analysis of a data set including 73 Danish dairy herds, which all had more than 100 cows and cubicle loose-housing systems. Univariable screening was used to identify variables associated with VoAWL at a P-value<0.2 for the inclusion in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Backward selection procedures identified the following variables for the final model predictive of VoAWL: increasing standard deviation of milk yield for first lactation cows, high bulk tank somatic cell count (⩾250 000 cells/ml) and suspiciously low number of recorded veterinary treatments (⩽25 treatments/100 cow years). The identified predictors may be explained by underlying management factors leading to impaired animal welfare in the herd, such as poor hygiene, feeding and management of dry or calving cows and sick animals. However, further investigations are required for causal inferences to be established.     

An epidemiological analysis of equine welfare data from regulatory inspections by the official competent authorities

Determining welfare status in a population is the first step in efforts to improve welfare. The primary objective of this study was to explore a new epidemiological approach for analysis of data from official competent authorities that pertain to compliance with animal welfare legislation. We reviewed data already routinely collected as part of Swedish official animal welfare inspections for 2010–13, using a checklist containing 45 checkpoints (CPs). These covered animal-, resource- and management-based measures of equine welfare. The animal-based CPs were measures that directly related to the animal and included social contact, body condition, hoof condition and cleanliness. Non-compliance with one or more of the animal-based CPs was used as a binary outcome of poor equine welfare; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the exact binomial distribution. Associations were determined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clustering on premises. Resource- and management-based CPs (model inputs) were reduced by principal component analysis. Other input factors included premises characteristics (e.g. size, location) and inspection characteristics (e.g. type of inspection). There were 30 053 premises with horses from 21 counties registered by the Swedish Board of Agriculture. In total 13 321 inspections of premises were conducted at 28.4% (n=8532) of all registered premises. For random inspections, the premises-prevalence of poor equine welfare was 9.5% (95% CI 7.5, 11.9). Factors associated with poor equine welfare were non-compliance with requirements for supervision, care or feeding of horses, facility design, personnel, stable hygiene, pasture and exercise area maintenance, as well as the owner not being notified of the inspection, a previous complaint or deficiency, spring compared with autumn, and not operating as a professional equine business. Horses at premises compliant with stabling and shelter requirements had significantly better welfare if they also complied with documentation requirements. We present a novel approach for analysis of equine welfare data from regulatory inspections by the official competent authorities, and propose on-going analyses and benchmarking of trends in animal-based measures over time. We also suggest how such a database could be further improved to facilitate future epidemiological analyses of risk factors associated with poor equine welfare. The study has implications for other competent authorities and researchers collaborating in the area of animal welfare epidemiology.     

A comparative field evaluation of six medicine quality screening devices in Laos

BackgroundMedicine quality screening devices hold great promise for post-market surveillance (PMS). However, there is little independent evidence on their field utility and usability to inform policy decisions. This pilot study in the Lao PDR tested six devices’ utility and usability in detecting substandard and falsified (SF) medicines.Methodology/principal findingsObservational time and motion studies of the inspections by 16 Lao medicine inspectors of 1) the stock of an Evaluation Pharmacy (EP), constructed to resemble a Lao pharmacy, and 2) a sample set of medicines (SSM); were conducted without and with six devices: four handheld spectrometers (two near infrared: MicroPHAZIR RX, NIR-S-G1 & two Raman: Progeny, Truscan RM); one portable mid-infrared spectrometer (4500a), and single-use paper analytical devices (PAD). User experiences were documented by interviews and focus group discussions.Significantly more samples were wrongly categorised as pass/fail with the PAD compared to the other devices in EP inspections (p<0.05). The numbers of samples wrongly classified in EP inspections were significantly lower than in initial visual inspections without devices for 3/6 devices (NIR-S-G1, MicroPHAZIR RX, 4500a). The NIR-S-G1 had the fastest testing time per sample (median 93.5 sec, p<0.001). The time spent on EP visual inspection was significantly shorter when using a device than for inspections without devices, except with the 4500a, risking missing visual clues of samples being SF. The main user errors were the selection of wrong spectrometer reference libraries and wrong user interpretation of PAD results. Limitations included repeated inspections of the EP by the same inspectors with different devices and the small sample size of SF medicines.Conclusions/significanceThis pilot study suggests policy makers wishing to implement portable screening devices in PMS should be aware that overconfidence in devices may cause harm by reducing inspectors’ investment in visual inspection. It also provides insight into the advantages/limitations of diverse screening devices in the hands of end-users.     

Effectiveness of bed bug monitors for detecting and trapping bed bugs in apartments

Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., are now considered a serious urban pest in the United States. Because they are small and difficult to find, there has been strong interest in developing and using monitoring tools to detect bed bugs and evaluate the results of bed bug control efforts. Several bed bug monitoring devices were developed recently, but their effectiveness is unknown. We comparatively evaluated three active monitors that contain attractants: CDC3000, NightWatch, and a home-made dry ice trap. The Climbup Insect Interceptor, a passive monitor (without attractants), was used for estimating the bed bug numbers before and after placing active monitors. The results of the Interceptors also were compared with the results of the active monitors. In occupied apartments, the relative effectiveness of the active monitors was: dry ice trap > CDC3000 > NightWatch. In lightly infested apartments, the Interceptor (operated for 7 d) trapped similar number of bed bugs as the dry ice trap (operated for 1 d) and trapped more bed bugs than CDC3000 and NightWatch (operated for 1 d). The Interceptor was also more effective than visual inspections in detecting the presence of small numbers of bed bugs. CDC3000 and the dry ice trap operated for 1 d were equally as effective as the visual inspections for detecting very low level of infestations, whereas 1-d deployment of NightWatch detected significantly lower number of infestations compared with visual inspections. NightWatch was designed to be able to operate for several consecutive nights. When operated for four nights, NightWatch trapped similar number of bed bugs as the Interceptors operated for 10 d after deployment of NightWatch. We conclude these monitors are effective tools in detecting early bed bug infestations and evaluating the results of bed bug control programs.     

Behavioral indices of estrus in a group of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana)

This study investigated behavioral signals of estrus by systematically monitoring the interactions of one male with four female African elephants housed in a naturalistic outdoor enclosure at Disney's Animal Kingdom over a period of 11 months. We measured changes in five spatial behaviors and 22 tactile‐contact behaviors, as well as changes in serum progestagen and LH concentrations, across three ovarian cycles for each female. Two females did not cycle during the study. Three different phases of the ovarian cycle were identified: mid luteal, anovulatory follicular, ovulatory follicular. The male followed more and carried out more genital inspections, flehmen, and trunk‐to‐mouth behaviors toward cycling females during their ovulatory phase. Genital inspections by the male peaked above baseline levels on the day of an LH surge, and up to 9 days before, in both cycling females and, thus, might be a useful behavioral index of estrus. The male also carried out more genital inspections, flehmen, and trunk touches to the back leg toward ovulatory cycling than noncycling females. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) a single subadult African elephant male could discriminate two females in the ovulatory phase of their cycle (i.e., during the 3 weeks preceding ovulation) from the mid luteal phase; 2) the male also discriminated two cycling females in the ovulatory and anovulatory follicular phases from two noncycling females; 3) two females in the ovulatory phase of the cycle displayed a greater variety of tactile‐contact behavior toward the male compared to the other cycle phases. Zoo Biol 0:1–19, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Statement of Possible Relation With New Variant Creutzfeldt--Jakob Disease: Effects on the Welfare of United Kingdom Cattle

Although measures to control bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) had been in force in the United Kingdom for many years and had resulted in a marked decline in clinical cases, the announcement by the Secretary of State for Health on March 20, 1996, that a new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease may be linked with exposure to BSE, resulted in the introduction of several new control measures. These measures included a scheme banning human consumption of meat from cattle who were more than 30 months old (the so-called "over 30-month scheme;" OTMS), a subsidy for slaughter of calves, and additional inspections of abattoirs. The altered slaughter procedures and lack of rendering facilities meant an initial backlog of OTMS animals having to remain on farms. This placed pressures on accommodation and feed stocks, the latter being in short supply because of a poor grass growth the previous summer. Initially, the long delay before the removal of casualty animals from the farm resulted in increased summer mastitis problems for nonlactating cows. The export of calves to the European Union for veal production was banned, thereby allowing the cessation of a previously legal trade that was considered distasteful by many members of the general public. Financial concerns disturbed and continue to disturb affected farmers.     

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy statement of possible relation with new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: effects on the welfare of United kingdom cattle

Although measures to control bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) had been in force in the United Kingdom for many years and had resulted in a marked decline in clinical cases, the announcement by the Secretary of State for Health on March 20, 1996, that a new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease may be linked with exposure to BSE, resulted in the introduction of several new control measures. These measures included a scheme banning human consumption of meat from cattle who were more than 30 months old (the so-called “over 30-month scheme; ”OTMS), a subsidy for slaughter of calves, and additional inspections of abattoirs. The altered slaughter procedures and lack of rendering facilities meant an initial backlog of OTMS animals having to remain on farms. This placed pressures on accommodation and feed stocks, the latter being in short supply because of a poor grass growth the previous summer. Initially, the long delay before the removal of casualty animals from the farm resulted in increased summer mastitis problems for nonlactating cows. The export of calves to the European Union for veal production was banned, thereby allowing the cessation of a previously legal trade that was considered distasteful by many members of the general public. Financial concerns disturbed and continue to disturb affected farmers.     

Verification of cleaning efficiency and its possible role in programmed hygiene inspections of food businesses undertaken by local authority officers

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the assessment of surface cleanliness could make a contribution to visual inspections of food premises. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five premises were studied with both rapid (ATP) and traditional microbiological swabbing being used to test surfaces that either come into direct contact with prepared foods or were likely to be touched by hands during food preparation. A significant link was found between aerobic colony counts and ATP measurements. In most cases, the visual appearance of surfaces could not be used to accurately predict either microbial or ATP results. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that ATP testing is a useful indicator of surface cleanliness and could be helpful to local authority officers as part of risk assessment inspections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides further evidence that visual inspection alone may not always be adequate to assess surface cleanliness. In high-risk premises, ATP could, if appropriately targeted, help identify potential problem areas. The results are available at the time of the inspection and can be used as an on-the-spot teaching aid.     

Animal welfare official inspections: farmers and inspectors shared concerns

Official inspections to check the compliance of farms with European legislation to protect farm animals are often perceived negatively by farmers. In addition, the inspections have a limited effect on improving farm compliance. We looked at the perceptions of both farmers and their inspectors about animal welfare and the inspections in a case study of dairy production in France. The identification of gaps and commonalities between both parties should help us to propose improvements in the inspection method by which inspections could more likely encourage compliance with animal welfare legislation. To achieve this aim, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 dairy farmers and their 19 inspectors. Both farmers and inspectors described animal welfare in terms of the state of the animal and of the living conditions and care provided to them. The majority of farmers found that the official checklist used by the inspectors is inappropriate to assess the welfare of their animals; inspectors themselves reported that they often use their own criteria and indicators (often based on the observation of animals) in addition to the official checklist. Both groups disagreed with some requirements of the legislation. These findings suggest that the content and background of the legislation to protect animals should be made clearer to both farmers and inspectors and that these two groups of actors should be involved in the definition of key points to be checked on farms, with special attention to animal-based indicators. All this could improve farmers' engagement with the results of the inspections and, hopefully, could lead to better compliance with legislation and improvements in animal welfare on farms.     

Efficient floret inspection by honeybees in capitula of Carduus acanthoides

Abstract. 1. The floret inspection by honeybees Apis mellifera ligustica on inflorescences of Carduus acanthoides was studied in a natural patch. First-day stage capitula were protected with a net hood against insect visits. The next day, the net hood was removed at the time of maximal nectar accumulation, allowing a bee to visit the inflorescence. Walking trajectories on the capitula, the number of florets inspected and the duration of the visit were recorded. After the bee's departure, the inflorescence was cut off and analysed in the laboratory to determine the presence or absence of nectar in each of its florets.
2. Bees made inspection trajectories without a defined systematic pattern.
3. The number of floret inspections performed represented a high percentage of the available florets (57.37 ± 2.81%; mean ± SE; n = 8).
4. The number of depleted florets coincided with the number of floret inspections.
5. The number of times a floret is visited in a bee's trajectory is non-random.
6. Strategies that might account for this high foraging efficiency are discussed.