泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2活性及稳定性调控的研究进展

泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2(Murine double minute 2)具有癌基因活性, MDM2高表达会导致抑癌基因p53失活而诱发肿瘤, 但在至少7%的肿瘤中p53基因正常而mdm2异常扩增, 表明MDM2还具有其他底物分子, 以p53不依赖的方式促进肿瘤的发生。鉴于MDM2的重要作用, 文章在基因水平、转录水平、翻译后修饰水平、相互作用分子的调节等方面系统总结了目前对MDM2调控的主要研究机制及其进展。     

Long isoform of ErbB3 binding protein, p48, mediates protein kinase B/Akt-dependent HDM2 stabilization and nuclear localization

p48 is a long isoform of the ErbB3 binding protein that has oncogenic functions including promotion of carcinogenesis and induction of malignant transformation through negative regulation of tumor suppressor p53. Here, we show that high level of p48 protein expression leads to enhance HDM2 phosphorylation by Akt and inhibits the self-ubiquitination of HDM2 by up-regulation of Akt activity, thereby promoting its protein stability. Moreover, p48 expression leads to accumulated nuclear localization of HDM2, whereas p48 depletion disturbs its nuclear localization. Hence, higher expression of p48 in cancer cells reduces p53 levels through modulation of HDM2 nuclear localization and protein stability via regulation of its Akt-mediated phosphorylation.     

p53 mutation heterogeneity in cancer

The p53 gene is inactivated in about 50% of human cancers and the p53 protein is an essential component of the cell response induced by genotoxic stresses such as those generated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It is therefore highly likely that these alterations are an important component in tumor resistance to therapy. The particular characteristics of these alterations, 80% of which are missense mutations leading to functionally heterogeneous proteins, make p53 a unique gene in the class of tumor suppressor genes. A considerable number of mutant p53 proteins probably have an oncogenic activity per se and therefore actively participate in cell transformation. The fact that the apoptotic and antiproliferative functions of p53 can be dissociated in certain mutants also suggests another level of complexity in the relationships between p53 inactivation and neoplasia.     

大肠癌P21,P53蛋白表达和k—ras基因,P53基因突变研究

用免疫组化技术和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ技术对高、中、低分化大肠腺癌、癌旁粘膜、正常粘膜及大肠腺癌型息肉的Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３蛋白表达和ｋ－ｒａｓ基因、Ｐ５３基因突变进行检测。结果,大肠腺癌Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３蛋白表达比大肠腺瘤增多,但增加不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）,二组均比癌旁粘膜和正常粘膜Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,大肠腺癌ｋ－ｒａｓ基因和Ｐ５３基因突变率比大肠腺瘤、癌旁粘膜和正常粘膜组显著增加     

The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53

The E6 protein encoded by the oncogenic human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 is one of two viral products expressed in HPV-associated cancers. E6 is an oncoprotein which cooperates with E7 to immortalize primary human keratinocytes. Insight into the mechanism by which E6 functions in oncogenesis is provided by the observation that the E6 protein encoded by HPV-16 and HPV-18 can complex the wild-type p53 protein in vitro. Wild-type p53 gene has tumor suppressor properties, and is a target for several of the oncoproteins encoded by DNA tumor viruses. In this study we demonstrate that the E6 proteins of the oncogenic HPVs that bind p53 stimulate the degradation of p53. The E6-promoted degradation of p53 is ATP dependent and involves the ubiquitin-dependent protease system. Selective degradation of cellular proteins such as p53 with negative regulatory functions provides a novel mechanism of action for dominant-acting oncoproteins.     

An unexpected role for p53 in augmenting SV40 large T antigen-mediated tumorigenesis

Simian virus 40 large T antigen transforms cells by sequestration and inactivation of the tumor suppressor proteins p53, retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), and the pRb-related proteins p107 and p130. Thus, the absence of functional p53 is expected to promote T antigen-mediated tumorigenesis. However, in a transgenic mouse model of T antigen-mediated beta cell carcinogenesis (Rip1Tag2), tumor volumes are significantly diminished when these mice are intercrossed with p53-deficient mice. Whereas the incidence of beta tumor cell apoptosis is unaffected, their proliferation rate is reduced in p53-deficient beta cell tumors in vivo and in cell lines established from these tumors in vitro. Biochemical analyses reveal higher levels of T antigen in wild-type tumor cells as compared to p53-deficient tumor cells. The data indicate that p53 stabilizes SV40 large T antigen, thereby augmenting its oncogenic potential as manifested by increased proliferation rates in wild-type beta tumor cells as compared to p53-deficient beta tumor cells.     

The retinoblastoma protein is required for Ras-induced oncogenic transformation

Most human cancers involve either mutational activation of the Ras oncogenic pathway and/or inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway. Paradoxically, tumors that harbor Ras mutations almost invariably retain expression of a wild-type pRB protein. We explain this phenomenon by demonstrating that Ras-induced oncogenic transformation surprisingly depends on functional pRB protein. Cells lacking pRB are less susceptible to the oncogenic actions of H-RasV12 than wild-type cells and activated Ras has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of pRB-deficient human tumor cells. In addition, depletion of pRB from Ras-transformed murine cells or human tumor cells that harbor Ras pathway mutations inhibits their proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. In sharp contrast to pRB-/- 3T3 cells, fibroblasts deficient in other pRB family members (p107 and p130) are more susceptible to Ras-mediated transformation than wild-type 3T3 cells. Moreover, loss of pRB in tumor cells harboring a Ras mutation results in increased expression of p107, and overexpression of p107 but not pRB strongly inhibits proliferation of these tumor cells. Together, these findings suggest that pRB and p107 have distinct roles in Ras-mediated transformation and suggest a novel tumor-suppressive role for p107 in the context of activated Ras.