Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in horse erythrocytes

Four individual patterns of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) from horse red cells were found by starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data of two Swedish horse breeds were consistent with the theory that the PHI types were controlled by three codominant, autosomal alleles designated PHI^F, PHI^I and PHI^S( F , I and S ).     

Variation of acidic prealbumins in the donkey (Equus asinus)

Starch gel electrophoresis of 55 donkey serum samples revealed three prealbumin (Pr) phenotypes temporarily designated PrM, PrMT and PrT. The distribution was in agreement with a genetic theory of two codominant alleles of frequencies, Pr^M= 0.87 and Pr^T= 0.13. Variation was also observed for proteins migrating with the same rate as the Xh zones in the horse.     

Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in Swedish horses

Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in horse erythrocytes was studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis.
Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal, codominant alleles PGM ^F and PGM ^S controlling the variation.
The gene frequencies were estimated to 0.28 and 0.72, respectively, in the North-Swedish Horse breed and to 0.13 and 0.87, respectively, in the Swedish Trotter Breed.
The probabilities of excluding a falsely assigned stallion in the PGM system were calculated to 0.16 and 0.10, respectively, in the two breeds.     

Equine markers genes. Polymorphism for group-specific component (Gc)

Polymorphism of equine Gc protein was demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis with a goat anti-human Gc antibody. Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal co-dominant alleles, Gc^F and Gc^S. Both alleles occurred in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses and in Shetland ponies. A frequency of 0.23 for Gc^S in the American Standardbred horse indicates the system should be useful for problems of identification and parentage.     

An additional locus controlling liver esterases of chickens

Starch gel electrophoresis of liver extracts of chickens revealed six regions, designated I to VI, of esterase activity. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were found in esterases in region I. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by a pair of codominant autosomal alleles, Es -5^A and Es -5^B.     

The genetics of colour-patterns in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus

Several alleles were found to determine the colour of the dorsal pronotum in Chorthippus brunneus; there was evidence for at least two loci ( C and V ). Brown ( C^B )was the universal recessive and green ( C^C ) was dominant to all other colours. The white allele ( C^W )was codominant with green( C^G )and purple ( C^P ). Wing-patterns were determined by a separate, probably linked locus ( W ). A dominant plain wing-pattern ( W^P ) was associated with colours other than brown. Striped( W^S )and mottled( W^mo ) were codominant and a plain recessive allele ( W^P ) was also found. All three alleles were associated with the brown phenotype. A purple-sided allele ( S^Pu ) was sometimes obmd with C^pu.. S ^Pu was dominant to brown sides ( S^B ), A series of markings on the dorsal and lateral pronotum ( linea intermedia, fascia postocularis, linea media, carina media and zona lateralis ) were investigated and found to be controlled at separate loci which may be linked to W . These characters were expressed by dominant alleles.
Epistatic effects by modifier loci were shown to have an important effect on the determination of wing phenotype. Allele Wo⁺ , for example, suppressed the stripe-wing pattern, linea media, carina media and zona lateralis .
It was concluded that colour patterns appear to be under genetic control and that dominant alleles were rare in the wild. Changes in shades of colours were shown to be age-dependent and minor.     

A third allele at the phosphoglucose isomerase locus of the Japanese quail

Phosphoglucose isomerase electrophoretic patterns of the Japanese quail were found to be controlled by three alleles at an autosomal locus. In the laboratory quail population, the frequency of the alleles PGI^F, PGI^S1 and PGI^S2 was 0.175, 0.465 and 0.360, respectively.     

The genetic control of arylesterase activity in the serum of Gotland Sheep

Esterase activity was determined in 955 serum samples of Gotland sheep. The activities showed a wide range and could be distinguished in six types. Family data were in agreement with the theory of three multiple alleles controlling the esterase activities (Lee, 1966). The following gene frequencies were estimated: Es ^a= 0.15, Es ^b= 0.75 and Es ^c= 0.10. The Es ^a allele controlled an enzym with high hydrolysis rate of α-naphthyl acetate, medium high of β-naphthyl acetate and low of indophenyl acetate. The enzym controlled by the Es ^b allele had medium high hydrolysis rate of α- and β-naphthyl acetate and relatively high of indophenyl acetate. The enzym of the Es ^c allele had low activities for all three substrates. The hydrolysis rate was increased by the addition of calcium. In starch-gel electrophoresis the esterase types could be divided in four groups due to the staining intensity of the arylesterase zone but no difference in migration rates was observed.     

Studies on bovine serum amylase; evidence for two loci

Two genetically controlled polymorphic systems of amylase enzymes are described in sera from Friesian, Jersey, Guernsey, Hereford, Ayrshire and Charolais cattle. One of these Ami has been described previously and is controlled by two codominant alleles in British cattle, AmI ^B and AmI ^C. Evidence presented here suggests that it could be a gamma.amylase. The other enzyme which is described here for the first time has many of the properties of an alpha amylase. It is also polymorphic and controlled by two codominant alleles AmII ^A and AmII ^B. AmII ^A is only present in low frequency. The inheritance of both enzyme systems has been studied in 419 families.     

Electrophoretic types of leucine aminopeptidase in sheep serum

Leucine aminopeptidase in sheep serum was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Two phenotypes, A and B, were observed, of which the former was present in 70–90 % of all the sheep examined. These two phenotypes have been shown to be controlled by a single autosomal locus, with two alleles Lay^A and Lap^B . The Lap^A allele is dominant. The frequencies of Lap phenotypes and alleles were determined in eleven Spanish and two foreign breeds. Serum alkaline phospatase and serum leucine aminopeptidase are electrophoretically distinct.     

The blood group factor Kf and allele Kae in the pig

By means of alloimmune reagents used in the indirect Coombs test and the dextran test a new factor Kf in the K bloodgroup system of pigs was found, controlled by alleles K ^acf, K ^acef and K ^bf. A new allele K ^ae was also detected.
The K system with 6 alleles, 11 phenotypes and 21 combinations of genotypes remains (from the genetic point of view) an open system.     

Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) in pig plasma determined by agarose isoelectrofocusing

Genetic polymorphism of the pig plasma vitamin D binding protein Gc was demonstrated by agarose isoelectrofocusing followed by either autoradiography or immunofixation with specific human Gc antiserum. Three different types F, FS and S were observed. Family data supported the genetic theory that the Gc types are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles Gc^F and Gc^s . Both alleles are present in Yorkshire and Duroc. In Danish Landrace and Hampshire only the Gc^F allele was observed.     

Genetic variants of phosvitin in egg yolk of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

Summary. Phosvitin polymorphism in egg yolk of the Japanese quail was found by horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Six phenotypes of yolk phosvitin designated A, B, C, AB, AC, and BC were observed in a population of 281 birds. Analysis of family data revealed that the phenotypic variation of quail yolk phosvitins was controlled by an autosomal Pv locus with three codominant alleles, Pv^a, Pv^b and Pv^c. The gene frequencies of Pv^a, Pv^b and Pv^c were 0.064, 0.824 and 0.112, respectively.     

Studies on the transferrins of goats. 3. Evidence for a third transferrin allele

A new allele Tf ^c in serum transferrin of goats is postulated. It was considered that serum transferrins in goats classified into six phenotypes are genetically controlled by three codominant alleles, Tf ^A, Tf ^B and Tf ^c. Frequencies of Tf ^c were low in native goats in Korea, Philipines and Thailand, and this allele is yet to be observed in other breeds of goats.     

Plasma esterase polymorphism in the Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, in Britain

Three hundred and eighty-three Clethrionomys glareolus from 20 localities in England, Wales and Scotland were typed for plasma esterase and a genetic polymorphism was discovered. The esterase was named Es-1. Breeding tests suggested that three alleles were segregating: Es-1^o when homozygous results in complete absence of enzyme activity. The active alleles Es-1^f and Es-1^s code for enzyme variants which migrate more rapidly and less rapidly, respectively, under starch gel electrophoresis. Of these active alleles, Es-1^f is morc common in the north of Britain and Es-1⁸ in the south. A 23-month field study on two areas at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, suggested that animals possessing Es-1^s survived less well at high population densities, perhaps through their being more likely to emigrate.     

Polymorphism of red cell acid phosphatase in dogs

In fresh red cell haemolysates from Labrador retriever dogs three acid phosphatase (Pac) phenotypes were found by starch gel electrophoresis. Family data were consistent with the theory that the Pac phenotypes are controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles, designated Pac ^F and Pac ^S.     

Genetic polymorphism of the sixth component of complement (C6) in dogs

Using agarose gel isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with rabbit anti-rabbit C6, a genetic polymorphism was found in the sixth component of complement (C6) in 18 Asian native breeds or populations and three European breeds of dog. The C6 locus was highly polymorphic. The phenotype distribution data indicated that dog C6 phenotypes were controlled by seven codominant alleles, C6 ^A, C6 ^B, C6 ^C, C6 ^D, C6 ^E, C6 ^F and C6 ^G, at a single autosomal locus. Breed differences were observed among the gene frequencies, especially between Asian and European breeds. Two gene flows from the adjacent areas into Japanese native dogs were postulated.     

Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinea tinea), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench ( Tinea tinea ), crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ) and carp ( Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electro-phoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B¹, B², A¹, A²and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B¹, B², A, C¹and C²and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B²in crucian carp, and the loci B¹, C¹and C²in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B¹and C¹loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.     

Polymorphism of canine serum albumin

Three serum albumin phenotypes were observed in a population of 257 dogs consisting of 18 breeds and breed crosses. Canine serum albumins are controlled by an autosomal locus with two codominant alleles Alb^F and Alb^S. Separation of the albumin types was possible by using buffer solutions with a pH of about 4.     

Further contribution to the H blood group system in pigs

The haemolytic reagent allowing direct serological detection of He homozygous pigs was obtained by the immunization of a Landrace sow. Another monospecific reagent prepared from immune serum of a Miniature pig made possible the evidence for a new factor of the H system - He. This factor is genetically controlled by the allele H ^be. Its frequency in Miniature pigs was 0.099.
The H system with alleles H ¹=H^a, H²= H^b, H³= H^ab, H⁴=H^cd, H⁵= H^bd, H⁶=H^be and H⁷= H- continues to be a genetically open system.