入侵性红耳滑龟与土著乌龟幼体游泳、翻身及心率表现的差异

为检验入侵性龟类是否在某些功能表现上较土著龟类具显著优势,将相同孵化环境中孵出的红耳滑龟和乌龟幼体在不同测试温度下测定其运动（游泳和翻身）和心率表现。结果显示：所检测的两种龟幼体功能指标均随测试温度的变化而变化;红耳滑龟幼体比乌龟幼体具有较快的游泳速度和心率,但较慢的翻身速度。此外,通过比较来自不同养殖群体的两种龟幼体发现：低纬度的海口养殖群个体比高纬度的海宁养殖群个体具有较快的心率、较好的运动表现。结合已发表的临界高低温数据对不同指标构建热功能曲线发现：红耳滑龟幼体游泳速度的热表现宽度大于乌龟幼体,翻身反应的热表现宽度反而较小;海宁养殖群的游泳速度和翻身反应的热表现宽度大于海口养殖群个体。表明：较强游泳能力及能在较宽的热范围内实现较好的游泳表现、较高代谢水平可能有助于入侵性红耳滑龟在新环境中快速扩散、与其它物种竞争取胜并实现其成功入侵。红耳滑龟未表现出较快的翻身速度可能与因其相对较扁平的体型而导致的翻身较难有关。     

根田鼠母体摄食经历对幼体食物选择的影响

社会学习是动物的一种可塑性行为表型,能使动物个体获得提高其适合度的行为模式。母体对幼体的食性形成具有重要的影响。本文以栖息于青藏高原的根田鼠作为研究对象,在实验室条件下,根田鼠母体怀孕后期及哺乳期分别供给以0.01%糖精或0.1%橘子汁处理的食物,当幼体断乳时,同时供给断乳幼体糖精和橘子汁分别处理的食物,测定其食物选择。结果表明:根田鼠母体在怀孕期和哺乳期摄食经橘子汁处理的食物,断乳幼体在同时供给经橘子汁处理的食物和糖精处理的食物时,断乳幼体喜食经橘子汁处理的食物;而母体在怀孕期和哺乳期摄食经糖精处理的食物,断乳幼体在同时供给根田鼠断乳幼体经橘子汁处理和糖精处理的食物时,断乳幼体喜食经糖精处理的食物。说明根田鼠在断乳后仍喜食母体在怀孕期和哺乳期摄食过的食物种类。根田鼠栖息于季节性变化剧烈的环境中,幼体通过母体尽早学习食物选择是一种可塑性表型方式,利于其获得适应栖息地的行为模式。     

捕食风险对红瘰疣螈幼体生长发育的影响

捕食风险是两栖动物幼体表型和生活史进化重要的选择压力之一。红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing为云南山地环境中典型的有尾两栖类,山地环境水体水量的迅速减少常导致红瘰疣螈在幼体发育阶段捕食风险增加。本研究通过实验,观察红瘰疣螈幼体的体长和体质量在不同捕食风险环境中的变化、变态时体型以及完成变态发育的时间差异,探讨捕食风险对红瘰疣螈幼体个体早期发育的影响。实验设计4个不同的捕食风险处理:无任何捕食者的无捕食组、有同种个体化学信号的同种异体组、有同种尾受伤个体化学信号的断尾组、有入侵物种——克氏原螯虾Procambarus clarkii信息的外来物种组。结果显示,红瘰疣螈幼体在不同捕食风险环境中的生长发育过程不同。在生长发育前期,所有处理组的幼体生长均相似,而在中后期,有捕食风险存在的3个处理组生长发育显著加快,最终变态时的体长和体质量要比无捕食风险组更长和更重,体型更大。幼体在有捕食风险存在的处理组完成变态的时间要比无捕食风险组显著更短。这表明,红瘰疣螈幼体在面对捕食风险增加时,通过在胚后发育后期加快生长和缩短发育时间,尽快完成变态,离开幼体发育水体来适应高捕食风险的水环境。     

温度、盐度和食物条件对西藏拟溞摄食强度的影响

报道了不同温度、盐度和饵料条件下西藏拟溞的摄食强度、西藏拟溞对不同饵料生物蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidesa)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、新月拟菱形藻(Nitzschiella closterium)的选择性以及摄食节律。结果表明,在适温范围(2 20℃)内,西藏拟溞的滤水率、摄食率随着温度的升高而增加,14 16℃为西藏拟溞的适宜温度。在盐度20时,西藏拟溞的摄食率最高,幼、成溞对等鞭金藻的摄食率分别为1.88 ng C/(ind.h)和3.46 ng C/(ind.h)。西藏拟溞对角毛藻的滤水率和摄食率均随着龄期增加而增加,而对等鞭金藻呈相反趋势,但二者的日粮均随体长增大而减小。幼、成溞的滤水率和摄食率随食物密度变化的趋势基本一致,均是在盐藻密度为1×106 ind./L时均最高,分别为0.194、0.221 mL/(ind.h)和0.030μgC/(ind.h)和0.034μgC/(ind.h)。幼溞对6种藻的食物选择性为角毛藻小球藻盐藻扁藻金藻拟菱形藻;成溞为扁藻角毛藻盐藻金藻小球藻拟菱形藻。幼溞、成溞均对角毛藻和盐藻的选择性较好。西藏拟溞的幼溞和成溞对牟氏角毛藻的摄食有相同的节律,在15:00 17:00和01:00 03:00时有两个摄食高峰,在09:00 11:00和23:00 01:00有两个低谷。     

食物条件对日本蟳幼体存活与变态的影响

This paper studied the effects of different kind and density of baits and different starvation duration on Charybdis japonica larvae. The results showed that the preferable baits of zoaea-1 were Chaetoceros sp. and Isochysisgalbana, and their proper feeding density were 20 × 10^4 cell· ml^-1. The preferable bait of the larvae after zoaea-1 was Artemia salina nauplius, and its proper feeding density for zoaea-2 and zoaea-3 was 2 - 3 ind· ml^-1. The point of no-return for zoaea-1 of Charybdisjapoptica was about 66 hours. 18 hours starvation did not affect the growth of the larvae, but their livability would be decreased, and their metamorphism would be suspended along with the starvation duration.     

亚硝酸盐暴露对红耳龟与中华条颈龟幼体的慢性毒性效应

对比研究了亚硝酸盐4个浓度NaNO2(0、100、200、500 mg/L)暴露对红耳龟(平均体重13.89 g±1.67 g,n=224)和中华条颈龟(平均体重13.12 g±1.83 g,n=236)机体慢性毒性效应的影响.结果 表明,红耳龟各暴露组肠中亚硝酸盐含量均低于中华条颈龟,且胁迫20 d时差异极显著(P＜...     

摄食对印度蜓蜥代谢率的影响

通过测定摄食后印度蜓蜥雌性成体的耗氧量变化 ,研究摄食特殊热动力作用 (SDA)。动物分为摄食黄粉虫幼虫实验组和禁食对照组 ,两组蜥蜴平均体重无显著差异。测定耗氧量前 ,将所有动物在 3 0℃恒温室内禁食 3d。用容积为 3 0 0ml的封闭式呼吸室测定两组蜥蜴在 3 0℃条件下连续 3d的耗氧量 ,测定间隔时间为 4～ 2 5h。禁食组动物实验期间的耗氧量无显著的时间变异 ,实验组动物耗氧量的时间变异显著 ,这些结果表明摄食影响印度蜓蜥的代谢率。实验组动物摄食 8h后耗氧量已显著大于禁食组 ,摄食 3 0h后两组动物的耗氧量无显著差异。印度蜓蜥达到SDA峰值的平均时间约为 1 2 7h ,SDA峰值耗氧量是禁食对照组动物耗氧量的 1 6倍。印度蜓蜥单次摄食实验中的SDA具有进食后耗氧量迅速增加 ,达到峰值后下降至摄食前水平的典型模式。     

Metabolic response to feeding in the Chinese striped-necked turtle, Ocadia sinensis

We measured oxygen consumption in juvenile Chinese striped-necked turtles (Ocadia sinensis) after they ingested food, either as a single meal or as double meals, to examine the influence of meal type and feeding frequency on specific dynamic action (SDA). Temporal variation in oxygen consumption after feeding was evident in the ingesting turtles but not in the unfed control turtles. In the single-meal experiment, the peak metabolic rate and the integrated SDA response (the whole energetic cost for the processes of digestion) both did not differ between turtles ingesting mealworms and shrimps when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed, and the time to reach peak metabolic rate was not affected by meal type and the amount of food ingested. Turtles in the double-meal experiment ingested more energy and hence had a prolonged duration of SDA response than did those in the single-meal experiment, but the integrated SDA response did not differ between both experimental treatments when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed. Our results show that meal type and feeding frequency have important consequences on the SDA response of juvenile O. sinensis. As the integrated SDA response remained remarkably constant either between turtles ingesting different food or between turtles ingesting the same food but at different frequencies when the influence of variation in ingested energy was removed, we therefore conclude that the energetic cost associated with ingestion is primarily determined by energy content of food ingested in juvenile O. sinensis.     

摄食水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼餐后代谢特征的影响

以新鲜泥鳅(Misgurus anguillicanndotus)肉块为饵料,采用麻醉灌喂的方法,在(25.0±0.5)℃条件下,研究了瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)幼鱼[体重(7.03±0.15)g,n=42]不同摄食水平(饵料分别为体重的0%、1%、2%、4%和8%)对餐后代谢反应的影响.结果显示,在不同摄食水平下,瓦氏黄颗鱼摄食代谢均呈现先上升后下降的整体变化趋势;摄食水平由1%增加到8%,实验鱼的SDA耗能、SDA时间和摄食代谢峰值(PMR)分别从3.09 kJ/kg、8 h和56.08 mg O_2/kg·h增加到47.21 kJ/kg、36 h和97.25 mgO_2/kg·h;其中,8%(饱足摄食水平)和4%摄食水平组的代谢率在峰值水平能够持续20 h左右.瓦氏黄颡鱼最大运动代谢率(MMR)为166.5 mg O_2/kg·h,显著大于饱食组PMR(P＜0.05).本研究还表明,随摄食水平上升,瓦氏黄颡鱼通过PMR的增加和SDA时间的延长来满足SDA耗能增加的需求;从摄食4%组和8%组相似的梯形摄食代谢曲线,可以看出瓦氏黄颡鱼在高摄食水平条件(＞4%)下限制了摄食代谢的上升;PMR相对于静止代谢上升倍率较小,暗示其摄食占据的代谢空间较小,进而保留了大量剩余代谢空间用于运动和其他生理活动,这可能与其活跃的觅食活动习性有关.     

Incubation temperature and energy expenditure during development in loggerhead sea turtle embryos

The choice of a suitable nest habitat by oviparous reptiles that deposit eggs into a nest and provide no subsequent parental care is likely to play a major role in the survival of the offspring. In particular variations in nest temperature may influence the rate at which embryos utilise their yolk energy.The effects of nest temperature on total energy use are however complex. High temperatures may advance development and shorten the time to hatching, thereby reducing energy use, but they also stimulate metabolic rate increasing energy use. The net effect of temperature on total energy demands is therefore uncertain.Oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) were measured by open-flow respirometry during the incubation of loggerhead sea turtle eggs at three temperatures (27.6, 30.0 and 31.8 °C).At each temperature, VO₂ and VCO₂ showed a peak followed by a decline to hatching. Incubation temperature was negatively related to incubation duration and positively related to the maximum metabolic rate of the embryos. Peak VO₂ was 74.8 ml/egg/day at 27.6 °C, 91.9 ml/egg/day at 30.0 °C, and 97.9 ml/egg/day at 31.8 °C. Peak VO₂ occurred closer to hatching in eggs incubated at higher temperatures.Total energy expenditure was greatest at the lowest incubation temperature and lowest at the highest temperature. Total VO₂ and VCO₂ were 1777 ml/egg and 1226 ml/egg, respectively, at 27.6 °C, 1680 ml/egg and 1235 ml/egg at 30.0 °C, and 1613 ml/egg and 1191 ml/egg at 31.8 °C. Using the actual RQ values, this corresponds to a cost of development of 34,963 J/egg at 27.6 °C, 33,403 J/egg at 30.0 °C, and 32,107 J/egg at 31.8 °C.At all temperatures, the calculated respiratory quotient values did not suggest that yolk substrates were oxidised proportionately, but more likely indicated their sequential use.Nest temperatures may play a key role in energy use, with cooler temperature nests increasing the overall energy demands placed on developing embryos.     

Effects of body lipid content on the resting metabolic rate and postprandial metabolic response in the southern catfish Silurus meridionalis

We assessed the effects of body lipid content on the resting metabolic rate and specific dynamic action (SDA) of the southern catfish Silurus meridionalis. Obese and lean fish were obtained by feeding the fish with two different feeds at 27.5 °C for 4 weeks prior to the experiment. The fish were fed with experimental diets with a meal size of 4% by body mass. A continuous-flow respirometer was used to determine the oxygen consumption rate at 2-h intervals until the postprandial oxygen consumption rate had returned to the preprandial level. The body lipid content of the obese fish was significantly greater than that of the lean fish. The metabolic parameters evaluated (resting metabolic rate, peak metabolic rate (R_peak), factorial ratio, time to peak, duration, energy expended on SDA (SDA_E), or SDA coefficient) were not significantly affected by body fat content in terms of the whole-body or mass-specific values. Increased body fat content did not decrease the resting metabolic rate in the southern catfish, which might be due to the higher levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids in these fish. The results also suggest that the body composition does not appear to affect the SDA response.