龙须菜免疫活性多糖的分离纯化及结构鉴定

利用小鼠淋巴细胞增殖模型,筛选龙须菜中具有免疫活性的多糖,并对其结构进行鉴定。活性筛选与分离纯化相结合,经室温提取,DEAE-Sepharose F.F.离子柱和凝胶Sephacryl S500层析,分离纯化得到具有刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖活性的龙须菜多糖GCpF2-3B。免疫实验表明,GCpF2-3B在较低浓度10μg/mL就表现出刺激作用(增殖率135%),当浓度为50μg/mL时增殖率达到最高(195%)。高效渗透色谱HPSEC层析纯度鉴定和紫外扫描表明GCpF2-3B为均一多糖,分子量约为1.03×105Da。红外光谱扫描显示,GCpF2-3B为典型的含硫酸基团多糖,具有糖类特征峰和总硫酸基吸收峰;13C NMR谱显示GCpF2-3B主要由交替相连的(1→3)-β-D-半乳糖和(1→4)-α-L-3,6-内醚半乳糖重复二糖组成。     

硫酸酯化剂和溶剂对海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯化修饰的影响

比较了以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和吡啶(Py)两种溶剂,氯磺酸-吡啶(CA-Py)和三氧化硫-吡啶(SO3-Py)两种硫酸酯化剂对海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯化的影响。结果表明:以CA-Py为酯化剂可使硫酸基的含量高达50%以上,以SO3-Py为酯化剂,硫酸基的含量仅达到20%左右;DMF为溶剂时可低温反应,Py为溶剂时反应温度必须90℃以上,但产品得率较高。红外光谱分析显示:硫酸酯化后,四种产品硫酸酯的特征吸收峰均显著增强。抗氧化活性实验结果表明:四种硫酸酯化产品对1,1-二苯基-苦肼基自由基的清除效果最好,对羟基自由基的清除效果次之,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除效果最小;以SO3-Py为酯化剂所得产品的抗氧化活性优于CA-Py为酯化剂的产品,DMF为溶剂的产品优于Py为溶剂的产品。因此,操作简便的SO3-Py法更适于海参岩藻聚糖的硫酸酯化。     

薤白多糖的硫酸化修饰及体外抗氧化活性

为探讨薤白多糖硫酸化修饰的最佳条件,以及硫酸化修饰提高薤白多糖活性的可能性,采用氯磺酸-吡啶法对醇沉法得到的薤白多糖和柱层析纯化的3种分级薤白多糖进行硫酸化修饰,以氯磺酸-吡啶配比、反应温度和反应时间为自变量,修饰产物的硫酸基取代度(DS)为响应值,应用响应面设计法确定硫酸化修饰的最佳条件,用H2O2/Fe2+体系法和邻苯三酚自氧化法测定修饰产物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:薤白多糖氯磺酸-吡啶法修饰的最佳条件为氯磺酸∶吡啶=1∶3,反应温度65℃,反应时间2 h,此条件下硫酸根取代度为0.470,硫酸化修饰能提高薤白多糖的体外抗氧化活性。     

香菇多糖的化学修饰及结构表征

为明确改性效果,本文选择适宜的方法对香菇多糖分子结构进行了化学修饰和结构表征.选用氯磺酸-吡啶法和浓硫酸法对香菇多糖硫酸酯化,并进行了比较,利用一氯乙酸法对其进行羧甲基化,借助红外光谱和核磁共振碳谱对样品分别进行了结构表征.结果表明,氯磺酸-吡啶法硫酸化取代度达1.38,产率达79.23%,硫含量达14.59%,效果优于浓硫酸法;1247和807 cm~(-1)的特征吸收峰证明了硫酸基的引入,碳谱δ 79.06附近的峰证明了C2和C4被部分硫酸基取代;羧甲基化碳谱中C2和C4位附近出峰说明其位上羟基被取代,且异头碳为单一β-D-吡喃环糖苷键构型.通过红外光谱和核磁共振碳谱对香菇多糖结构表征证实,硫酸酯化和羧甲基化二种化学修饰方法对香菇多糖分子结构改性是可行的,且氯磺酸-吡啶法更适合香菇多糖硫酸化.     

羊肚菌多糖提取、分离纯化及免疫调节活性

对羊肚菌多糖的结构和免疫调节活性进行初步探究,采用热水浸提法提取羊肚菌粗多糖,DEAE纤维素柱层析法对粗多糖进行分离纯化,CCK-8法检测羊肚菌多糖免疫调节能力。结果显示:分离纯化后的羊肚菌多糖(ME-X)重均分子量为1. 635×10~4。ME-X能显著提高免疫细胞增殖能力,当其质量浓度为10μg/mL时,淋巴细胞T、B的增殖效果最佳,增殖率分别达到31. 18%、63. 02%;质量浓度为20μg/mL时,巨噬细胞增殖效果最好,增殖率高达63. 12%,同时该浓度值的ME-X刺激巨噬细胞吞噬中性红能力也最强,吞噬率为22. 49%。ME-X的活性探究实验表明,ME-X能有效促进免疫细胞增殖,同时能显著促进巨噬细胞的吞噬作用。     

龙须菜多糖提取工艺优化及其体外免疫活性研究

本文对龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）50℃下水提的粗多糖进行冻融,将其分成胶体和非胶体部分,比较了他们的溶出率、多糖含量、蛋白含量和体外免疫活性,并在此基础上应用正交实验对非胶体粗多糖的提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明,胶体部分的溶出率和多糖含量均显著高于非胶体部分,但是非胶体部分的免疫活性极显著高于胶体部分（P〈0．01）;尽管提取次数对溶出率有着较大的影响,但提取次数、料水比和提取时间对非胶体粗多糖的多糖含量、蛋白含量、免疫活性均无显著影响,综合正交实验结果和实际生产中的能耗因素,确定50℃条件下的最佳提取工艺为：料水比1：40（质量比）,提取2次,每次浸提3h。     

昆布多糖硫酸酯化修饰及抗肿瘤活性的研究

对昆布多糖进行硫酸酯化修饰,考察修饰前后多糖结构及抗肿瘤活性的变化。采用氯磺酸-吡啶法进行多糖硫酸酯化修饰,考察了昆布多糖及其硫酸酯的红外光谱、核磁光谱特征,扫描电镜观察了表面形态,采用MTT比色法进行抗肿瘤活性评价。结果表明,昆布多糖及其硫酸酯都具有典型的多糖红外吸收,昆布多糖硫酸酯具有硫酸基的特征吸收峰;昆布多糖及其硫酸酯均是以β-(1→3)糖苷键为主链的多糖,昆布多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基取代位置在C2-OH与C6-OH。昆布多糖及其硫酸酯表面立体形态差异显著,昆布多糖表面呈云雾状或海绵状,昆布多糖硫酸酯表面呈片状或块状。昆布多糖及其硫酸酯对人肠癌细胞LOVO生长都具有明显的抑制作用,并且昆布多糖硫酸酯的抗肿瘤作用强于昆布多糖。     

硫酸酯化川芎多糖的制备及其抗氧化活性研究

以三种川芎多糖组分和淀粉为原料采用氯磺酸-吡啶法制备硫酸酯化产物,紫外和红外光谱对其进行结构表征,氯化钡-明胶比浊法测定硫酸酯化川芎多糖的取代度,分别考察试样在硫酸酯化前后对邻苯三酚自氧化反应产生的超氧阴离子和1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)自由基的体外清除率。实验结果表明:川芎粗多糖和硫酸酯化川芎多糖对两种自由基的清除作用远低于阳性对照维生素C,但硫酸酯化修饰有助于提升川芎多糖对DPPH自由基的清除作用,对超氧阴离子自由基无明显影响;硫酸基的引入能够提高淀粉对O2-.的清除作用,但清除作用很弱。     

不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的合成及理化性质初步研究

目的:对昆布多糖进行不同硫取代度的硫酸酯化修饰,并对其产物的硫酸基含量、糖含量与分子量进行检测,为研究不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的生物活性奠定物质基础。方法:采用氯磺酸-吡啶法对昆布多糖进行硫酸化修饰,通过改变硫酸化修饰条件,来制取不同硫酸基取代度的昆布多糖硫酸酯;利用盐酸水解-硫酸钡比浊法测定昆布多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基含量,并通过公式求得其硫取代度;用苯酚-硫酸法测定昆布多糖硫酸酯的多糖含量,并使用HPGPC法测定其分子量。结果:两种不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基含量分别为37.8%、45.92%,取代度分别为1.07、1.51,糖含量分别为44.52%、37.19%,分子量分别为13000、16000。结论:利用氯磺酸-吡啶法对昆布多糖进行硫酸酯化修饰,该方法可以获取不同取代度产物,酯化率高。     

海洋红酵母多糖提取及其对日本蟳血清中部分免疫活性因子的影响

以海洋红酵母为材料, 通过化学抽提法得到多糖, 用经典的Sevag 法进行脱蛋白处理, 经多级沉淀得到纯糖并采用硫酸-蒽酮法测得其中葡萄糖含量; 考马斯亮蓝法分析蛋白质含量。以定量海洋红酵母多糖人工注射日本蟳, 注射等量生理盐水为对照, 定时测定其血清中部分免疫活性因子的活性; 实验表明: 提取多糖为蛋白多糖, 其中葡萄糖含量为3.6%, 蛋白质含量1.9%, 含有多种氨基酸, 其中天冬氨酸含量最多; 注射后12 h 日本蟳血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD) 活力达到最高, 酸性磷酸酶(ACP) 活力在注射后24 h 达到最高, 碱性磷酸酶(AKP) 48 h 达到最高, 过氧化氢酶(CAT) 48 h 达到最高, 溶菌酶(LZM) 12 h 即达到最高, 最高点分别高于对照组24%、43%、25%、35%、95%; 72 h 后都恢复至对照组水平。结论: 海洋红酵母多糖注射48 h 内日本蟳体内免疫活性因子均有不同程度的提高, 对日本蟳有较强免疫刺激作用。     

Solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates with dimethyl sulfoxide containing water or methanol.

A solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates was developed by treatment of their pyridinium salts with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of water or methanol at 80-100 degrees. Chemical and physical studies showed that the solvolytic desulfation is a useful method applicable to all the known glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates without producing depolymerization or unfavorable chemical changes in the polysaccharide molecules. An almost completely desulfated, N-acetylated heparin (S: 0.12%) was obtained by treatment of an N-desulfated and N-acetylated heparin with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of methanol for 2 h at 100 degrees.     

Desulfation of sulfated galactans with chlorotrimethylsilane. Characterization of beta-carrageenan by 1H NMR spectroscopy

A desulfation method using chlorotrimethylsilane for treatment of pyridinium salts of sulfated galactans was developed. It proved to be appropriate for desulfation of polysaccharides of both agar and carrageenan families. In order to evaluate its efficiency in presence of the maximum content of 3,6-anhydrogalactose, it was applied to commercial kappa-carrageenan, leading to obtention of a product mainly composed by beta-carrageenan. Best experimental conditions for achieving desulfation of kappa-carrageenan--in terms of low sulfate content, high recovery and low degradation of the product--were found. In addition, the complete assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of beta-carrageenan was achieved by means of 1D and 2D NMR techniques.     

Repetitive somatic embryogenesis in peanut cotyledon cultures by continual exposure to 2,4-d

Somatic embryos from immature cotyledons in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) were initiated on media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d). Over 90% primary embryogenesis and 41–46% repetitive embryogenesis were obtained 12 weeks after initiation by maintaining embryogenic cultures on medium containing 20 mg 1^-1 2,4-d. Maintenance of cultures on medium with 30 or 40 mg I^-1 2,4-d resulted in lower primary and secondary embryogenesis, and proliferation of nonembryogenic callus. Transfer of embryogenic cultures to a secondary medium with 10 or 20 mg I^-1 2,4-d significantly enhanced secondary embryogenesis compared to basal medium without the growth regulator. The use of Murashige & Skoog versus Finer's media had no significant effect on embryogenesis (85–95%), repetitive embryogenesis (11–37%) or mean embryo number. Secondary embryogenesis was also maintained for over one year by repeated subculture of isolated somatic embryos on medium with 20 mg I^-1 2,4-d.Abbreviations B5 Gamborg et al. medium (Gamborg et al. 1968) - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - FN Finer & Nagasawa medium (Finer & Nagasawa 1968) - MS Murashige & Skoog medium (Murashige & Skoog 1962)     

Oxidation of the capsular polysaccharide of pneumoccal type IX by periodate

1. The pneumococcal type IX polysaccharide (polysaccharide S IX) has been oxidized by sodium metaperiodate and reduced by sodium borohydride. Of the constituent monosaccharides, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine remain unaltered, whereas 40% of the glucose and 90% of the glucuronic acid are oxidized. 2. The effect of oxidation and subsequent reduction on the precipitation of polysaccharide S IX in anti-(pneumococcal) sera is described and interpreted in structural terms. 3. Oligosaccharides produced by oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis with dilute acid have been isolated and partially characterized. 4. The results in this paper and the preceding one (Higginbotham et al., 1972) are used to postulate a possible structure for polysaccharide S IX.     

塔拉种子多糖脱蛋白的正交优化及其抗氧化性研究

以塔拉（Caesalpinia spinosa）种子为原料,研究了塔拉种子多糖的脱蛋白工艺及塔拉多糖的抗氧化性质。以多糖损失率和蛋白脱除率为评价指标,比较Sevage法、三氯乙酸法和木瓜蛋白酶法对塔拉多糖的脱蛋白效果。利用正交优化组合实验设计原理,采用四因素三水平的正交分析法,对木瓜蛋白酶法脱蛋白进行正交优化。结果表明：塔拉多糖最佳脱蛋白工艺条件为酶添加量0.15mL、酶解时间90min、酶解温度60℃、酶解pH=6,蛋白脱除率95.19%,多糖保留率75.02%。通过对塔拉多糖抗氧化性的研究,发现塔拉多糖总抗氧化性较好,对DPPH自由基有较强的清除作用。     

Analysis of pyruvylated beta-carrageenan by 2D NMR spectroscopy and reductive partial hydrolysis

A polysaccharide rich in 4',6'-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-substituted (i.e., pyruvylated) beta-carrageenan has been prepared by solvolytic desulfation of a polysaccharide containing predominantly pyruvylated alpha-carrageenan, which was extracted from the red seaweed, Callophycus tridentifer. The 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts of pyruvylated beta-carrageenan have been fully assigned using 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The 4',6'-O-(1-methoxycarbonylethylidene) group, generated during chemical methylation of the polysaccharide, has been shown to survive under the conditions of acidic hydrolysis that cleave the 3,6-anhydro-alpha-D-galactosidic bonds in permethylated samples of both pyruvylated beta- and pyruvylated alpha-carrageenans. As a result, two novel pyruvylated carrabiitol derivatives have been prepared.     

Antigens similar to major histocompatibility complex B-G are expressed in the intestinal epithelium in the chicken

A monoclonal antibody directed against the erythrocytic B-G antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the chicken, an antiserum raised against purified erythrocytic B-G protein, and a cDNA probe from the BeckmanB-G subregion were used to look for evidence of the expression ofB-G genes in tissues other than blood. Evidence has been found in northern hybridizations, in immunoblots, and in immunolabeled cryosections for the presence of B-G-like antigens in the duodenal and caecal epithelia. Additional B-G-like molecules may be expressed in the liver as well. The BG-like molecules in these tissues appear larger and somewhat more heterogeneous than the B-G antigens expressed on erythrocytes. Further characterization of these newly recognized B-G-like molecules may help to define a function for the enigmatic B-G antigens of the MHC. al. 1977; Miller et al. 1982, 1984; Salomonsen et al. 1987; Kline et al. 1988), and in the multiplicity of B-G restriction fragment patterns found in genomic DNA from different haplotypes (Goto et al. 1988; Miller et al. 1988; Chaussé et al. 1989). The B-G antigens have contributed, together with the B-F (class I) and B-L (class II) antigens, to the definition of over 27 B system haplotypes in experimental flocks (Briles et al. 1982). Yet the function of the B-G antigens remains entirely unknown. No mammalian counterparts have been identified, although the possibility remains that there may be similar antigens among the blood group systems of mammals. In an effort to define a function of the B-G antigens, a recently cloned B-G sequence (Miller et al. 1988; Goto et al. 1988) and antibodies to the B-G polypeptides (Miller et al. 1982, 1984) were used to examine other tissues for evidence of B-G expression.     

Molecular conformation of bovine A1 basic protein, a coiling macromolecule in aqueous solution.

Aqueous solutions of bovine A1 protein, the major component of the basic protein fraction of myelin, were studied by small angle X-ray diffraction. The experimentally determined molecular weight, 17,800, is within 3% of that corresponding to the amino acid sequence, 18, 395, and the radius of gyration was found to be 46.3 A. No equivalent scattering particle of uniform electron density could be found which was compatible with all parameters evaluated from the diffraction measurements. The possibility of a coiled shape was therefore investigated using a worm-like chain model. This yielded a contour length of 439 A and a persistence length of 15.7 A. The radius of gyration of this model chain, 47.1 A, is in quite reasonable accord with the experimental value. The latter, after correction for excluded volume effects and finite chain length, yields for the characteristic ratio, ro2/nplp-2, 5.4. This may be compared with the value, 6.1, obtained after applying a correction for finite chain length to the viscosity data given by Tanford et al. for 12 proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 0.1 M beta-mercaptoethanol. These two experimental values fall in the expected order, since the 15% glycine content of the A1 protein is considerably higher than the average for other proteins, which is about 8%. The corresponding values predicted from conformational calculations by Miller et al. for random copolymers of the L-alanine-glycine type are 5.9 (18% glycine) and 7.0 (8% glycine). We conclude that the A1 protein exists predominately, if not exclusively, as a random coil in aqueous solution.     

Epstein-Barr virus DNA XII. A variable region of the Epstein-Barr virus genome is included in the P3HR-1 deletion.

The P3HR-1 subclone of Jijoye differs from Jijoye and from other Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cell lines in that the virus produced by P3HR-1 cultures lacks the ability to growth-transform normal B lymphocytes (Heston et al., Nature (London) 295:160-163, 1982; Miller et al., J. Virol. 18:1071-1080, 1976; Miller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:4006-4010, 1974; Ragona et al., Virology 101:553-557, 1980). The P3HR-1 virus was known to be deleted for a region which encodes RNA in latently infected, growth-transformed cells (Bornkamm et al., J. Virol. 35:603-618, 1980; Heller et al., J. Virol. 38:632-648, 1981; King et al., J. Virol. 36:506-518, 1980; Raab-Traub et al., J. Virol. 27:388-398, 1978; van Santen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1930-1934, 1980). This deletion is now more precisely defined. The P3HR-1 genome contains less than 170 base pairs (and possibly none) of the 3,300-base pair U2 region of EBV DNA and is also lacking IR2 (a 123-base pair repeat which is the right boundary of U2). A surprising finding is that EBV isolates vary in part of the U2 region. Two transforming EB viruses, AG876 and Jijoye, are deleted for part of the U2 region including most or all of a fragment, HinfI-c, which encodes part of one of the three more abundant cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNAs of growth-transformed cells (King et al., J. Virol. 36:506-518, 1980; King et al., J. Virol. 38:649-660, 1981; van Santen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1930-1934).     

一株耐辐射新菌种的分离鉴定及其多糖的抗氧化研究

【目的】确定新疆辐射污染土样中分离筛选获得的一株产多糖的耐辐射菌株W36-1的分类学地位和抗氧化特性。【方法】对该菌株进行的60Co辐照,结合菌落形态和菌丝特征显微观察、Biolog鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析。采用苯酚硫酸法测定其多糖含量,采用Fenton法测定多糖的粗提物对超氧阴离子清除率;用DPPH法测定抗氧化性;采用邻苯三酚自氧化法测定对超氧阴离子的清除率。【结果】W36-1可耐5 kGy辐照,为一株欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)新种;其粗多糖含量为53.17%,该多糖对超氧阴离子清除率为75.63%,对DPPH清除率为62.43%,羟基自由基去除率为54.89%。【结论】菌株W36-1产的多糖具有抗氧化性。