蜗牛生物制品的提取方法

蜗牛生物制品的提取方法瞿伯以（浙江师范大学生物系金华３２１００４）在蜗牛消化液中有纤维素酶、蛋白质水解酶等３０余种酶的混合酶，统称为“蜗牛酶”，蜗牛酶能溶解植物细胞壁，在培育新植株的研究中有重要作用；有溶解酵母菌细胞壁，提取线粒体等细胞器的特异功效。...     

蜗牛酶

蜗牛酶是蜗牛消化液中的一类混合酶,其中包括纤维素酶、蛋白水解酶、果胶酶等,有三、四十种之多。它能溶解酵母和植物的细胞壁,因此近年来日益广泛地应用于细胞生物学的研究。例如:用蜗牛酶溶解酵母细胞壁,从中提取线粒体;或用它去除植物细胞壁,使细胞互相融合,从而培育新的杂交植株。过去,蜗牛酶依赖进口。最近,由于工作需要,我们从我国南方的一种体形较大而分布普     

去壁酶与酶解方式对曲霉原生质体释放的影响

研究了纤维素酶、蜗牛酶、溶菌酶以及菌丝体培养方式和酶解方式对黑曲霉和米曲霉菌丝释放原生质体的效应。发现黑曲霉菌丝原生质体制备最佳条件为固体透析培养菌丝体,2%纤维素酶,在平皿中,28℃和80r/min条件下酶解3h;米曲霉原生质体制备最佳条件为2%纤维素酶+1%蜗牛酶+5mmol/L二硫苏糖醇,酶解时间6h,其它条件与黑曲霉的相同。     

关于皮状丝孢酵母（Trichosporon cutaneum）ST851破壁条件的研究

用脱壁酶（纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和蜗牛酶）作用于皮状丝孢酵母ＳＴ８５１制备原生质体。本文就酶的种类、酶液浓度、酶作用时间与温度、酶混合时间、混酶作用效果、酵母细胞的不同生长期诸因素对ＳＴ８５１原生质体形成的影响,进行了较为详尽的探讨。结果表明采用混酶作用（即先用纤维素酶和半纤维素酶预处理后再用蜗牛酶作用）是较理想的破壁条件,在ｐＨ５．８、３７℃条件下作用３．５－４ｈｒ,破壁率最高可达９５－９８％。     

提取北方土壤真菌DNA的一种方法

由于土壤理化性质的复杂性和真菌细胞壁结构的特殊性,从土壤样品中提取真菌基因组DNA比较困难.中国北方土壤与其它地区土壤相比有其自身的特点,因此,有必要优化一种适合于北方土壤真菌DNA提取的方法.本实验向灭菌黑土中分别投加12种在系统分类上差别较大的真菌,以传统土壤总DNA提取方法及纯菌DNA提取方法为基础,分别与蜗牛酶,纤维素酶进行组合、优化,得到7种不同的土壤真菌基因组DNA提取方法.利用真菌28S rDNA通用引物U1/U2-GC PCR-DGGE分析方法分别考察了7种不同方法所提取土壤真菌基因组DNA的多样性和代表性.结果表明:1)液氮研磨,纤维素酶、蜗牛酶和溶菌酶(浓度分别为6 、3和1 mg·ml-1)37 ℃作用60 min,2% SDS于65 ℃裂解30 min;2)-65 ℃～65 ℃冻融3次,纤维素酶、蜗牛酶和溶菌酶(浓度分别为6、3和1 mg·ml-1)37 ℃作用180 min,2%SDS于65 ℃裂解30 min的组合具有较好的提取效果.利用后一种方法分别对3种理化性质差异较大的中国北方自然土壤样品真菌DNA进行提取并分析,表明所提取土壤基因组DNA真菌特异性PCR-DGGE图谱条带丰富,该方法可用于多种北方土壤真菌多样性研究.     

酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮及抗氧化性研究

本文采用纤维素酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮,即先用纤维素酶酶解透骨草,再用乙醇回流法提取透骨草中的总黄酮。分别固定提取剂乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1∶20 g/m L,初步探究了纤维素酶浓度、酶解p H、酶解温度、酶解时间四个单因素对透骨草总黄酮提取率的影响。设计正交实验确定了酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮的较佳条件:纤维素酶浓度为2 U/m L、酶解p H=4.5、酶解温度为45℃、酶解时间2 h,总黄酮提取率为1.27%。本文初步探究了透骨草总黄酮提取液对羟自由基的清除活性,对照实验结果表明透骨草提取液对羟自由基清除活性要高于相同浓度的芦丁与二丁基羟基甲苯。     

黄芩甙提取工艺研究

本文研究了纤维素酶在黄芩甙提取工艺上的应用。纤维素酶的比活力为1500个活力单位,酶解温度为50℃、pH值为5.0、酶解时间为18 h、煎煮时间为40 min。实验结果表明:加酶提取黄芩甙比不加酶提取的产率提高16.3%,产物中黄芩甙的纯度有明显的提高。     

纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮

以黄芩总黄酮的得率为指标,比较了乙醇回流提取、酶-缓冲水溶液提取、纤维素酶-乙醇提取等方法对黄芩总黄酮提取的影响,发现纤维素酶对细胞壁的水解和乙醇溶液对黄酮类物质的浸出产生了协同效应。采用单因素实验法,优化了纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮的工艺条件。结果表明,乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度50℃,提取时间6 h,加酶量50U/g(干原料),液固比15时,纤维素酶-乙醇回流法提取黄芩总黄酮的得率达19.85%,较单一的乙醇回流法提取提高了1.38%。纤维素酶-乙醇回流法可用于黄芩总黄酮的提取。     

酶法提取桑葚多糖的工艺研究

利用纤维素酶从桑葚中提取桑葚多糖,通过单因素实验和L9(34)正交实验研究酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度对桑葚多糖提取率的影响。实验结果表明:纤维素酶能够显著提高桑椹多糖的提取率,并且提取温度是最重要的影响因素,其次是酶解时间,酶用量在此实验范围内对测定结果的影响最小,提取的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度45℃,酶解时间150 min,酶用量4.0 mL。     

纤维素酶-超声波协同提取黑木耳黑色素工艺及其抗氧化活性分析

黑色素是黑木耳的主要活性成分之一,在黑木耳的药理活性上发挥着重要作用。为了提高黑木耳黑色素的提取得率,实验采用正交法和响应面法对纤维素酶-超声波协同提取黑木耳黑色素的提取工艺进行了优化,并对最优条件下提取的黑木耳黑色素体外抗氧化活性进行了分析。实验结果表明,纤维素酶-超声波协同提取黑木耳黑色素的最优条件为:酶添加量12mg,酶解温度40℃,酶解pH 5.0,酶解时间120min,NaOH浓度1.27mol/L,料液比1:40,超声功率300W,超声时间52min,超声温度60℃。在最优条件下,黑木耳黑色素提取得率可达到10.48%,相比于实验设置的未添加纤维素酶的超声波组黑色素提取得率提高了12.93%。抗氧化结果表明,采用纤维素酶-超声波协同提取的黑色素相比于未加纤维素酶提取的黑色素清除ABTS、DPPH和羟基自由基的能力更强。研究结果为黑木耳黑色素的高效提取及其产品的应用开发奠定了基础。     

复合水解酶黑曲霉HD—1固体发酵工艺研究

黑曲霉HD-1是一株分泌高单位酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶、糖化酶等多种水解酶的生产菌,本研究采用单因素搜索和正交试验对其固体发酵工艺进行优化,并采用中心组合设计进行扩大生产试验,结果表明酶活可达:酸性蛋白酶1.1万U左右,果胶酶9千u以上,纤维素C_X酶1.1万U左右,纤维素C_L酶4千U以上,糖化酶7千U左右。同时说明数理统计方法设计实验,工作量小,优化结果准确。     

氨基化硅胶载体固定化纤维素酶的研究

用硅胶作载体,戊二醛作交联剂,制备了固定化的纤维素酶。对制备固定化纤维素酶的偶联剂浓度、pH、给酶量3个影响因素进行了研究,通过正交试验优化得出最佳的固定化条件:交联剂戊二醛浓度为1%,固定化pH值为5,固载量为每克载体100mg纤维素酶。     

Cellulase and cell differentiation in Acer pseudoplatanus

Summary Homogenates of differentiating xylem and phloem tissue have higher cellulase activities than cambial samples; the highest activity is always found in phloem. Callus tissue, in which no vascular differentiation occurs, contains only low cellulase activity. The results suggest that cellulase is involved in vascular differentiation. Different pH optima of cellulase activity were found: in cambium, xylem and phloem tissue, cellulase activity with an optimum at about pH 5.9 is predominantly membrane-bound; it is sedimentable at 100,000 g and releasable by Triton X-100. The same may be true of activity with an optimum at pH 5.3. Phloem tissue also contains a soluble, cytoplasmic cellulase of high activity at pH 7.1, and xylem tissue contains cytoplasmic cellulase with an optimum at pH 6.5. Low cellulase activity with a pH optimum similar to that of xylem homogenates was found in xylem sap. Cellulase activity in abscission zones increases greatly just before leaf abscission. Abscission zone cellulase has two pH optima, et 5.3 and 5.9; both activities are increased by Triton treatment of homogenates. The possible existence of several different cellulases forming part of a cellulase complex, and the rôle of the enzymes in hydrolysing wall material during cell differentiation are discussed.     

高产纤维素酶枯草芽胞杆菌S-16的筛选及其发酵工艺优化

利用刚果红鉴别培养基及基础液体筛选培养基进行菌种筛选,从新疆盐碱地分离得到的16株菌株中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶活力较高的菌株S-16,对该菌株进行16SrDNA鉴定,确定该菌为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。对S-16发酵产纤维素酶的主要影响因素进行研究,分别考察了碳源、氮源、培养基初始pH和接种量等因素对发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结合单因素影响实验得到优化后的培养基配方为:羧甲基纤维素钠1.5%,酵母粉1%,NaCl 1%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 2‰,KH_2PO_4·3H_2_O 1‰。优化后的发酵条件为:初始pH为8,接种量1%,种龄8h,培养时间48h。经过发酵工艺优化,S-16产生的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)和滤纸酶活(FPase)分别达到4.64IU/mL和0.46IU/mL,与初始培养条件下的酶活相比分别提高了3.14倍和1.30倍。本研究得到的枯草芽胞杆菌S-16及其优化发酵工艺为秸秆的快速腐熟和高产纤维素酶的应用奠定了基础。     

响应面法优化灰色链霉菌产纤维素酶的工艺研究

以灰色链霉菌为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法试验,优化灰色链霉菌产纤维素酶活性的发酵条件。结果表明,单因素试验灰色链霉菌产纤维素酶活性的最适发酵条件:碳源为CMC-Na,氮源为明胶,温度为28℃,pH为7.0,转速为130 r/min。响应面法试验优化灰色链霉菌产纤维素酶活性最佳发酵条件为:温度27.7℃,pH值6.9,转数130.3 r/min,在此优化条件下,灰色链霉菌产纤维素平均酶活性为6.103 U/mL(n=3),与模型的预测值(6.217 U/mL)比较接近,误差为1.83%,证明了该响应面模型具有可靠性。     

产中性纤维素酶耐碱芽孢杆菌的筛选及酶学性质研究

采用CMC碱性平板筛选方法,从造纸厂碱性淤泥中获得产中性纤维素酶的耐碱枯草芽孢杆菌C3004。根据其形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,并命名为Bacillus subtilis C3004。液体摇瓶培养24 h产生CMC酶活力达46.6 U/mL。酶学性质初步研究显示,CMC酶反应的pH值以7.0左右为适;在弱酸和碱性条件下也具有较高的酶活和一定的稳定性;反应温度以50℃左右为宜;且具有较好的热稳定性。Mn~(2+)与Fe~(3+)对酶反应有促进作用,Cu~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对酶反应有抑制作用。该菌可在碱性(pH 8.5～10)条件下培养,具有不易被杂菌污染的特点。     

碳纳米管固定化纤维素酶的最佳工艺研究

纤维素酶在环保、医药、食品等领域都具有广泛的应用前景,但由于纤维素酶的生产成本较高,生物活性较低,使得纤维素酶的应用受到了限制。为了寻找一种固定化纤维素酶的方法,使酶可以重复多次使用,首次以多壁碳纳米管为载体固定化纤维素酶,研究功能化的多壁碳纳米管固定化纤维素酶的固定化条件,采用正交试验对酶固定化中的主要条件进行优化,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对多壁碳纳米管（multiwalled carbon nanotube,MWCNTs）、纤维素酶及固定化纤维素酶的结构进行表征。结果表明,固定化纤维素酶的最佳工艺条件为：酶浓度5 mg·mL-1,温度40 ℃,pH 5.0,固定化时间3 h;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱证实纤维素酶成功固定到多壁碳纳米管上。     

Use of enzymatic cell wall degradation for improvement of protein extraction from Chondrus crispus,Gracilaria verrucosa and Palmaria palmata

The effect of polysaccharidases (κ-carrageenase, β-agarase, xylanase, cellulase) on the protein extraction from three rhodophytes has been studied. The kinetic parameters (apparent V _m, apparent K _m) and the optimum activity conditions (pH, temperature) of each enzyme were determined by using pure substrates. All the tested enzymes possess Michaelis Menten mechanism with estimated substrate saturating concentrations of 8 000 mg l⁻¹(carrageenan) for κ-carrageenase, 8 000 mg l⁻¹ (agar) for β-agarase, 5000 mg l⁻¹ (xylane) for β-xylanase and 6 000 mg l⁻¹ (carboxymethylcellulose) for cellulase. The optimum activity conditions are pH 6.5–6.8 at 45°C for carrageenase, pH 6–6.5 at 55°C for agarase, pH 5 at 55°C for xylanase and pH 3.8 at 50°C for cellulose. Different alga/enzymes couples (κ-carrageenase/Chondrus crispus, β-agarase/Gracilaria verrucosa, β-xylanase/Palmaria palmata) were tested under the optimum activity conditions. Alga/cellulase + specific enzyme (e.g. Chondrus crispus/carrageenase + cellulase) systems were also studied at the optimum activity conditions of a specific enzyme (e.g. carageenase). The use of the only cellulose was also tested on each alga. Except for Palmaria palmata, the highest protein yields were observed with the procedures using cellulase coupled with carrageenase or agarase for an incubation period limited to 2 h. The Chondrus crispus/carrageenase + cellulose and Gracilaria verrucosa/agarase + cellulase systems gave ten-fold and three-fold improvements, respectively, in protein extraction yield as compared to the enzyme-free blank procedure. The combined action of xylanase and cellulose on protein extraction from Palmaria palmata does not significantly improve protein yield. The best overall protein yield for P. palmata is for P. palmata/xylanase with a 14-h incubation time. This study shows the interest in the use of a polysaccharidase mixture for improving protein extractibility from certain rhodophytes. This biotechnology approach, adapted from procedures for protoplast production or enzymatic liquefaction of higher plants, could be tested as an alternative method to obtain proteins from seaweeds of nutritional interest.     

Oszillierende-fed-batch-Technik bei der Cellulasegewinnung

From different fungal genera some mutant strains were selected which in cellulase formation exhibit reduced catabolite-repression related to several soluble carbon sources. The cellulase production by these mutant strains on the basis of soluble carbon sources is possible if a fed-batch-technique is used for feeding the substrate. The optimum procedure is an oscillating-fed-batch-technique (OFB) with feed-back-controlled intermittent addition of the substrate. The substrate concentration in the medium is adjusted in such a manner to realize oscillations between a limitation for mycelium growth and non-limiting conditions under a substrate concentration which is yet below the repressing concentration for cellulase formation. A suitable feed-back-parameter for the control of substrate addition is the specific CO₂-formation of the mycelium. Using OFB the growth in cellulase activity is nearly proportional to the feeded substrate whereas the growth in mycelium is reduced. The productivity of cellulase formation is enhanced in comparison to continuous substrate addition as well as under limiting and non-limiting conditions for growth of mycelium.     

壳聚糖固定化纤维素酶的研究

以蟹壳为原料提取壳聚糖,用戊二醛作交联剂,将纤维素酶固定于壳聚糖上．同时探讨了一定量干壳聚糖载体与交联剂浓度、给酶量等关系的最适固定化酶条件,并对固定化酶的热稳定性、操作稳定性、米氏常数、最适温度、离子强度的影响及使用半衰期等理化性质进行了探讨．