高低频强直刺激诱导大鼠视皮层长持续长时程增强后突触超微结构的变化

在发育期大鼠视皮层上以2与100 Hz强直刺激诱导长持续长时程增强(long-lasting long-term potentiation,L-LTP),然后观察突触超微结构的变化.在L-LTP形成后,运用电子显微镜及图像分析技术分析突触形态的变化.实验中观察到,突触界面曲率、突触数密度以及突触后致密物厚度在2与100 Hz组较对照组均显著增加,而突触间隙宽度减小.在100 Hz强直刺激诱导L-LTP组中,单位体积的活性区面积显著增加.100 Hz强直刺激诱导L-LTP组较2 Hz强直刺激诱导L-LTP组中单个突触活性区的面积大.以上结果表明100 Hz强直刺激诱导L-LTP组中新形成的突触较2 Hz强直刺激诱导L-LTP组中的突触大,提示100 Hz强直刺激引起的L-LTP可能伴随有突触后细胞骨架蛋白重组或合成的增加.     

哺乳动物视皮层的长时程增强效应

目前一般认为长时程增强效应（ｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎ,ＬＴＰ）和哺乳动物大脑学习记忆的机制有关。本文简述了视皮层中ＬＴＰ的诱导,产生的关键期以及ＬＴＰ在脑皮层功能柱的不同层中的差异。讨论了Ｎ－甲基－Ｄ－氨基丁酸（Ｎ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－Ｄ－ａｓｐａｒｔａｔｅ,ＮＭＤＡ）受体、低阈值Ｇａ２＋通道（ｌｏｗ－ｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄＣａ２＋ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ,ＬＴＣｓ）在ＬＴＰ诱导过程中的作用,以及视皮层ＬＴＰ和海马ＬＴＰ的差异。     

长时程增强翻转的研究进展

长时程增强(LTP)是突触传递功能可塑性的重要表现形式,是大脑内信息储存和记忆形成的细胞机制。近年来的研究资料表明,LTP诱导后,神经元的某些活动可使其翻转(LTP reversal),或称为去强化(depotentiation)。LTP翻转在一些生理功能的完成中具有重要作用,早时相LTP翻转参与了神经环路的细化过程,而晚时相LTP翻转可能是消除有害的或病理性记忆(如痛觉记忆、成瘾记忆)的重要机制之一。因而近年来LTP翻转研究成为神经科学领域的研究热点。本文对引起LTP翻转的条件与机制方面的研究资料予以综述。     

一氧化氮在长时程增强中作用的研究进展

长时程增强（ＬＴＰ）是神经突触可塑性和突触传递的一种表现形式,被认为是学习和记忆的细胞学基础,但有关ＬＴＰ的形成机制仍存有争论。普遍认为ＬＴＰ的维持需要逆行信使的参与,本文就ＮＯ作为逆向信使以及其在ＬＴＰ学习和记忆中的作用做了简要综述。     

与长时程增强相关的基因表达的研究进展

长地程增强（long-term potentiation,LTP)现象在细胞水平和分子水平反映突触的可塑性,它被认为是记忆过程中神经元活动的客观电生理指标。对其机制的研究表明,伴随着LTP的产生,有基因表达和蛋白质成分的改变。揭开LTP形成过程中所伴随的基因表达的改变,也许是探讨LTP形成机制的关键。     

Ca2+及其信号转导途径与长时程增强的关系

Ca2 作为信号转导过程中的第二信使,参与机体的各种反应,尤其在神经突触可塑性方面,突触前后Ca2 浓度的变化发挥了重要的信息传递作用.Ca2 在长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)过程中也发挥重要作用.它不仅是LTP产生的触发器,而且能通过激活下游的蛋白激酶、磷酸化ERK,以及活化即刻早期基因(IEGs)等促进基因转录和蛋白质合成,最终参与LTP的维持.     

脊髓背角Ⅱ板层长时程增强诱导及维持过程中的突触形态计量学研究

本研究和体视学方法探讨了在C纤维诱发电位长时程增强(long—-term potentiation,LTP)的诱导及维持过程中的脊髓背角Ⅱ板层的突触形念变化。结果显示(1)在LTP形成后30min,Ⅱ板层内的突触后致密物质(postsynaptic density,PSD)增厚,突触间隙增宽;(2)在LTP形成后3h,PSD厚度、突触间隙宽度及突触界面曲率都有明显增加;(3)在LTP诱导和维持全过程中,总突触的数密度比对照组有明显增高。(4)在LTP形成后3h和5h,穿孔性突触的数密度与对照组比较有明显增高。上述结果显示：PSD增厚是LTP诱导阶段的主要形态学变化。突触界面曲率增人及穿孔突触数目增多是LTP维持阶段的主要形态学基础。     

C57BL/6小鼠听皮层脑片的长时程增强特性

采用脑片细胞外记录群体细胞兴奋性突触后电位方法,在成年C57BL／6小鼠听皮层上,研究长时程增强(10ng-termpotentiation,LTP)特征。用100Hz高频电脉冲刺激听皮层白质,可在听皮层灰质Ⅱ/Ⅲ层记录到明显的LTP。根据条件刺激后LTP的变化特征,将其分为缓慢上升(A类)和短暂快速上升(B类)两种类型。使用模拟的θ节律刺激参数,可更有效地诱导听皮层LTP,其群体细胞兴奋性突触后电位斜率增加更为明显(P＜0．01),诱导成功率也更高。     

长时程增强效应与逆信使一氧化氮

长时程增强效应(LTP)是神经元可塑性的反映和记忆过程中神经元生理活动的指标,一氧化氮(NO)在 LTP 产生过程中,可能作为逆信使作用于突触前区,增加递质释放,维持 LTP.     

关于长时程增强形成机理的研究进展

长时程增强（ＬＴＰ）现象是信息贮存的客观指标。其形成主要与突触后机制有关。本文就近年来关于ＬＴＰ形成过程中膜受体特征及受体被激活后细胞内的级联反应研究进行了综述，主要包括钙离子道通、蛋白激酶Ｃ以及早期诱导基因与ＬＴＰ的关系。     

How the mechanisms of long-term synaptic potentiation and depression serve experience-dependent plasticity in primary visual cortex

Donald Hebb chose visual learning in primary visual cortex (V1) of the rodent to exemplify his theories of how the brain stores information through long-lasting homosynaptic plasticity. Here, we revisit V1 to consider roles for bidirectional ‘Hebbian’ plasticity in the modification of vision through experience. First, we discuss the consequences of monocular deprivation (MD) in the mouse, which have been studied by many laboratories over many years, and the evidence that synaptic depression of excitatory input from the thalamus is a primary contributor to the loss of visual cortical responsiveness to stimuli viewed through the deprived eye. Second, we describe a less studied, but no less interesting form of plasticity in the visual cortex known as stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP). SRP results in increases in the response of V1 to a visual stimulus through repeated viewing and bears all the hallmarks of perceptual learning. We describe evidence implicating an important role for potentiation of thalamo-cortical synapses in SRP. In addition, we present new data indicating that there are some features of this form of plasticity that cannot be fully accounted for by such feed-forward Hebbian plasticity, suggesting contributions from intra-cortical circuit components.     

Impaired long-term potentiation in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2-deficient mice

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are thought to be involved in regulating synaptic plasticity. We therefore investigated the specific role of JNK2 in modulating long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus during development, using JNK2-deficient mice. The morphological structure and the numbers of both NeuN, a specific neuronal marker, and GABA-positive neurons in the hippocampal areas were similar in wild-type and Jnk2(-/-) mice. Western blot analysis revealed that JNK2 expression was higher and stable at 1 and 3 months of age, but JNK1 levels were lower at 1 month of age and almost undetectable in 3-month-old wild-type mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, there was a significant increase in JNK1 expression in JNK2 mutant mice, especially at 1 month of age. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that LTP was impaired in both the CA1 and CA3 regions in 1-month-old, but not in adult, Jnk2(-/-) mice, probably owing to decreased presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Moreover, late-phase LTP, but not early-phase LTP, was impaired in the Jnk2(-/-) adult mice, suggesting that JNK2 plays a role in transforming early LTP to late LTP. Together, the data highlight the specific role of JNK2 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity during development.     

Effects of Chronic Stress and Phenytoin on the Long-term Potentiation （LTP） in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region

Stress is the response to stimulation from inside andoutside with complicated effects on organisms. Appropri-ate stressful reactions are helpful in resisting diseases byactivating unspecific modulation system, while severe orprolonged stresses are harmful and even induce mentaland physical disorders such as recurrent depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Alzheimer’s disease andepilepsy [1]. Hippocampus, a main brain region of keyimportance for learning, memory and emotion, is t…     

Functional MRI of long-term potentiation: imaging network plasticity

Neurons are able to express long-lasting and activity-dependent modulations of their synapses. This plastic property supports memory and conveys an extraordinary adaptive value, because it allows an individual to learn from, and respond to, changes in the environment. Molecular and physiological changes at the cellular level as well as network interactions are required in order to encode a pattern of synaptic activity into a long-term memory. While the cellular mechanisms linking synaptic plasticity to memory have been intensively studied, those regulating network interactions have received less attention. Combining high-resolution fMRI and in vivo electrophysiology in rats, we have previously reported a functional remodelling of long-range hippocampal networks induced by long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic plasticity in the perforant pathway. Here, we present new results demonstrating an increased bilateral coupling in the hippocampus specifically supported by the mossy cell commissural/associational pathway in response to LTP. This fMRI-measured increase in bilateral connectivity is accompanied by potentiation of the corresponding polysynaptically evoked commissural potential in the contralateral dentate gyrus and depression of the inactive convergent commissural pathway to the ipsilateral dentate. We review these and previous findings in the broader context of memory consolidation.     

Lithium enhances long-term potentiation independently of hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus

We measured the temporal and spatial profiles of neural precursor cells, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and signaling molecules in neurogenesis-induced adult rats. Chronic lithium treatment produced a significant 54% and 40% increase in the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU(+)] cells after 12 h and 28 days, respectively, after treatment completion in the dentate gyrus (DG). Both LTP obtained from slices perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF-LTP) and LTP recorded in the presence of bicuculline (bicuculline-LTP) were significantly greater in the lithium group than in the saline controls. Although the number of BrdU(+) cells, approximately 90% of which were double-labeled with a neural marker neuronal nuclear protein, were markedly increased in the granule cell layer (GCL) 28 days after the completion of the 28-day lithium treatment, the magnitude of LTP observed at this time was similar to that observed 12 h after completing the 28-day lithium treatment. However, protein levels of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, p-Elk and TrkB were highly elevated until 28 days after the 28-day lithium treatment. Acute lithium treatment for 2 days also enhanced LTP, which was accompanied by the elevated expression of p-CREB, but not by neurogenesis. Our results suggest that the enhancement of LTP is independent of the increased number of neurons per se and it is more closely associated with key molecules, which are probably involved in neurogenesis.     

双电极绑定技术记录在体大鼠海马CA1区长时程增强

目的:探讨双电极绑定条件下记录大鼠在体海马CA1区长时程增强的可行性。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠乌拉坦麻醉;脑立体定位仪上埋置脑室导管;安装自制的刺激/记录绑定电极;引导基础性场兴奋性突触后电位(fEP-SP);强直刺激诱导长时程增强(LTP)。结果:绑定后的刺激和记录电极能可靠地引起海马CA1区fEPSP,fEPSP的出现率几乎100%;基础性fEPSP记录可保持长时间稳定;高频刺激成功诱导出LTP并维持达3h以上,诱导率约67%;双脉冲易化记录稳定、可靠;脑室注射β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对LTP显示出明显的压抑作用。结论:采用双电极绑定技术进行在体海马LTP记录简便易行、节省资源、引导fEPSP和诱导LTP的成功率较高,有望成为一项重要的研究学习和记忆机制的电生理辅助手段。     

Effects of adrenocortical steroids on long-term potentiation in the limbic system: Basic mechanisms and behavioral consequences

Summary Hippocampal structures are a major target for adrenal steroid hormones, and hence these neural regions are some of the most likely mediators of the effects of adrenocortical steroids on behavior. Memory disturbance, in particular biasing toward negative contents, are part of the symptomatology presented by depressive patients. In turn, a sizeable subset of depression also presents with hypercortisolemia. Adrenocortical hormones are also known to affect memory processes. Hippocampal formatio is essential for declarative memory. We thought it appropriate then to study the effects of adrenal steroids on long-term potentiation, a putative memory mechanism in the hippocampus. Two clearly distinguished components of the evoked response to perforant path stimulation can be studied in the hippocampus: the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which denotes the graded depolarization of the somadendritic region of the neuron and the population spike (PS), a manifestation of the all-or-none-discharge of the cell action potential. Corticosterone had a significant depressant effect on the EPSP component of the evoked response immediately and 15 min after injection. Thereafter EPSP amplitudes were within normal values. Corticosterone significantly decreased the PS immediately after the train, the component remaining low 30 min after the train. 5-Dihydrocorticosterone (a ring A-reduced metabolite of corticosterone) significantly reduced the PS component of the response at all times after injection. 18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and deoxycorticosterone significantly decreased both EPSP and PS components of the evoked response from the time of infusion. Contrary to expectation, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone was ineffective in decreasing and if anything, enhanced the development of long-term potentiation. 18-Hydroxydeoxycorticosterone 21-acetate behaved like vehicle, except for the first 30 min after injection when the EPSP was decreased. Allotetrahydroprogesterone decreased all EPSP's values and had no effect in the PS development in comparison with vehicle. The suggestion is made that the study of steroidal effects on hippocampal LTP can serve as a preclinical model of some aspects of depression in a specific subset of the disease.     

Age-related effects of the neuromodulator D-serine on neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation in the CA1 hippocampal area of the rat

The effects of the co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) D-serine on glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation were studied in the CA1 hippocampal field of young (3-5 months old) and aged (25-27 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats using ex vivo extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques. Exogenous d-serine depressed fast neurotransmission mediated by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate subtype of glutamate receptors in young but not in aged rats by acting on inhibitory glycinergic interneurons. In contrast, D-serine dose-dependently enhanced NMDAr-mediated synaptic responses in both groups of animals, but with a larger magnitude in aged rats, thus preventing the age-related decrease in NMDAr activation. D-serine also increased the magnitude of long-term potentiation in aged but not in young rats. Finally, D-serine levels were dramatically reduced in hippocampal tissues of aged rats. Taken together, these results indicate a weaker activation of the NMDAr glycine modulatory site by endogenous D-serine in aged animals, which accounts for a reduced NMDAr contribution to synaptic plasticity in ageing.