Changes in the rate of local cerebral blood flow and cytochrome concentration in several areas of the brain of the albino rat during neurotization

In several brain parts of rats with experimental neurosis local circulation rate (LCR) was measured by hydrogen clearence method, and cytochromes content was determined by differential spectrophotometry. In early period of neurotization (up to 15 days) reciprocal LCR changes were observed in the cortex and subcortical structures, and after 18 days were reduced in all the brain parts studied. The maximum reduction was observed after three weeks of neurotization. Neurotization during one week elicited significant decrease of cytochrome a level in the cortex. Its level in the cortex after 3 weeks of neurotization and in the hypothalamus and hippocampus after one and three weeks of neurotization did not differ from its normal content. Neurotization did not influence cytochromes c + c1 levels in the structures examined.     

Changes in energy metabolism in several brain regions and vegetative responses of white rats during neurotization

Changes of vegetative reactions and cytochrome oxidase (CChO) activity in various brain structures were studied in rats during neurotization. One week neurotization led to an increase of arterial blood pressure, respiration rate, cardiac stroke volume and heart rate. In three weeks of neurotization there was a decrease of stroke volume accompanied by an increase of heart rate and some decrease or respiration rate leading to a reduction of oxygen consumption. Neurotization during one and especially three weeks elicited an enhancement of CChO activity in various brain areas, more pronounced in the cerebral cortex. A four week "rest" after neurotization during three weeks normalized the CChO activity. CChO activation during neurotization is supposed to be one of the mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia accompanying neurosis.     

Post-stress correlation of the functional activity of macrophages by tuftsin and its derivatives

The effect of 15 day programmed neurotization on the functional activity of the peritoneal macrophages has been studied. The NBT-test and the adhesion measurements were used. The experimental neurosis resulted in the decrease of the macrophage functional activity and in leukopenia. Tuftsin did not restore the stress induced depression of macrophage activity but led to additional rise of the adrenal glands weight and to pronounced granulocyte-monocytosis. Pentapeptide analog of tuftsin gave the additional inhibition of NBT-activity of the macrophage. Heptapeptide analog favoured the restoration of the macrophage activity after neurotization and stimulated lymphopoiesis.     

Experimental neurosis in developing rats

An experimental neurosis was obtained in thirty, young one-month rats. To reveal age peculiarities of neurotization by the suggested method 5 adult animals were tested. It is shown that 5-7 days were needed for the deterioration of neural processes in developing rats. The neurotization of adult animals required a longer period--up to 20 days. In young animals, the experimental neurosis was elicited and developed more rapidly, with more prominent pathological reactions. Heightened sensitivity to stimuli of moderate intensity, presented in a strict cyclic rhythm of high frequency was characteristic of one-month rats.     

Clinical and neuropathological study about the neurotization of the suprascapular nerve in obstetric brachial plexus lesions

Background

The lack of recovery of active external rotation of the shoulder is an important problem in children suffering from brachial plexus lesions involving the suprascapular nerve. The accessory nerve neurotization to the suprascapular nerve is a standard procedure, performed to improve shoulder motion in patients with brachial plexus palsy.

Methods

We operated on 65 patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), aged 5-35 months (average: 19 months). We assessed the recovery of passive and active external rotation with the arm in abduction and in adduction. We also looked at the influence of the restoration of the muscular balance between the internal and the external rotators on the development of a gleno-humeral joint dysplasia. Intraoperatively, suprascapular nerve samples were taken from 13 patients and were analyzed histologically.

Results

Most patients (71.5%) showed good recovery of the active external rotation in abduction (60°-90°). Better results were obtained for the external rotation with the arm in abduction compared to adduction, and for patients having only undergone the neurotization procedure compared to patients having had complete plexus reconstruction. The neurotization operation has a positive influence on the glenohumeral joint: 7 patients with clinical signs of dysplasia before the reconstructive operation did not show any sign of dysplasia in the postoperative follow-up.

Conclusion

The neurotization procedure helps to recover the active external rotation in the shoulder joint and has a good prevention influence on the dysplasia in our sample. The nerve quality measured using histopathology also seems to have a positive impact on the clinical results.     

The correction of the manifestations of a neurosis-like state in white rats by using the vitamin complex Aekol

Behavior of neurotized white rats was studied in two experimental situations: during training for passive and active avoidance of electroshock applied to the limbs and during testing the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance. It was shown that in behavior of rats in the neurosis-like state the signs of anxiety and fear dominated, the orienting-exploratory behavior was suppressed. The state correction was performed by per os introduction of the natural vitamin complex Aekol during the neurotization of animals.     

Effect of pretuning of the visual analyzer and activation of the brain on the development of experimental neuroses

It is shown that pretuning of analyzer system is a factor initiating a sharpening of the analysis and subsequent development of experimental neurosis resulting from excessively acute differentiation. A number of behavioural and electrophysiological characteristics was recorded in cats in norm and in neurotization. Pathological action was established of both artificially increased and lowered brain activation. The increase was reached by additional electrical stimulation of various cortical and subcortical brain structures. The lowering took place following isolation of the reticular formation from the visual system. In response to artificial increase of excitation in neuroticized animals seizures took place. The obtained facts confirm the suggestion that pathogenesis of neurosis is accompanied by disturbance of normal activity of activation-deactivation mechanism.     

Nerve Transfer in Delayed Obstetrical Palsy Repair

Objective

 When root avulsions are detected in children suffering from obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), neurotization procedures of different nerve trunks are commonly applied in primary brachial plexus repair, to connect distally the nerves of the upper limbs using healthy nerve structures. This article aims to outline our experience of neurotization procedures in OBPP, which involves nerve transfers in the event of delayed repair, when a primary repair has not occurred or has failed. In addition, we propose the opportunity for late repair, focusing on extending the time limit for nerve surgery beyond that which is usually recommended. Although, according to different authors, the time limit is still unclear, it is generally estimated that nerve repair should take place within the first months of life. In fact, microsurgical repair of OBPP is the technique of choice for young children with the condition who would otherwise have an unfavorable outcome. However, in certain cases the recovery process is not clearly defined so not all the patients are direct candidates for primary nerve surgery.

Methods

 In the period spanning January 2005 through January 2011, among a group of 105 patients suffering from OBPP, ranging from 1 month to 7 years of age, the authors have identified a group of 32 partially recovered patients. All these patients underwent selective neurotization surgery, which was performed in a period ranging from 5 months to 6.6 years of age.

Results

 Late neurotization of muscular groups achieved considerable functional recovery in these patients, who presented with reduced motor function during early childhood. The said patients, with the exception of five, would initially have avoided surgery because they had not met the criteria for nerve surgery.

Conclusion

 We have concluded that the execution of late nerve surgical procedures can be effective in children affected by OBPP.     

Stages in the development of neuroses in the dog and effects of preparations with antidepressive and tranquilizing properties

In modelling of neuroses, successive stages of development of this pathology were observed in dogs. The first stage is characterized by circular disturbances of conditioned activity, vegetative shifts of compensatory character and intensification of individual characteristics of behaviour. At the second stage, parallel with sharp disturbances of conditioned reflexes and with vegetative dystonia, a distortion of emotional reactions was observed in dogs. It is essential that resumption of neurotization episodes in experiments on dogs with the second stage of disease promoted a development of depressive-like states. Diazepam corrected the behavioural and vegetative shifts at the first stage of neurosis. Non-typical antidepressants eliminated the manifestation of symptoms complex of the disease, especially at prolonged treatment.     

The protein of glial intermediate filaments in different areas of the rat brain at experimental neurosis

The content and polypeptide composition of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and mesencephalon were studied under conditions of experimental neurosis. Significant changes of the total GFAP content were observed in the hippocampus, mesencephalon, and cerebellum. Both the content and polypeptide composition of soluble GFAP form were markedly modified. These changes of glial filament protein apparently reflect the peculiarities of the reorganization of the astrocyte intermediate filaments at the animal’s long-term neurotization.     

A new surgical technique for the treatment of high common peroneal nerve palsy

In this article, the authors introduce a new procedure for the treatment of high common peroneal nerve palsy. The principle of this technique consists of the neurotization of the anterior tibial nerve (deep peroneal nerve) with the bundle composed of the nerves to the soleus and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscles. The authors used this procedure for eight children who had permanent common peroneal nerve palsy caused by the injection of diclofenac in the gluteal region and for a 25-year-old male patient whose common peroneal nerve was transected near the gluteal region by a stab wound. For the cases in which paralysis was less than 8 months in duration, the results are satisfactory.     

Corrective action of an antioxidant in chronic emotional-pain stress in rats

Chronic emotional painful stress (EPS) in rats brought about blood pressure elevation and changes in the time-course of the heart rate under functional load (hypokinesia for 2 h). There was also an increase in the heart mass and activation of cytochromoxidase in the brain cortex and hippocamp. Chronic administration of the antioxidant F-801 for EPS prevented vegetative disorders, heart hypertrophy and elevation of oxidative activity in the brain. The role of lipid peroxidation and hypoxia in the development of abnormalities caused by neurotization is discussed.     

Possible role of hypoxia and lipid peroxidation in the development of a neurosis-like condition in the rat

The chronic emotional pain stress resulting in a development of neurosis-like state in rats induced an increase of arterial pressure and change of the cardiac rate dynamics under the conditions of functional load. An increase of cardiac mass was also seen without change of masses of the thymus, adrenal glands and the spleen. The rise of activity of cytochromeoxidase and activation of peroxide lipide oxidation (by malonate dialdehyde level) were observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of neurotized rats. Injection of antioxidant F-801 before each emotional pain stress trial prevented vegetative disturbances, cardiac hypertrophy, and increase of oxidative activity in the brain. The role of peroxide lipide oxidation and that of the factor of hypoxia in development of disturbances caused by neurotization were discussed.     

The feasibility of detecting motor and sensory potentials in a sheep model

To investigate the characteristics of motor, sensory and sensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) of thoracic and lumbar roots, and demonstrate the feasibility of assessing axonal regrowth after the neurotization procedure in a sheep model. Six adult sheep were anaesthetized and placed in a sternal position. The thoracic and lumbar roots from T11 to L5 were identified at their emergence from the vertebral foramen and stimulated. Motor and sensory responses were monitored. Thoracic and lumbar roots were easily identified in all cases. Motor potentials were detected for each stimulated nerve without difficulty. The amplitudes were quite variable, ranging from 100 to 5300 microV. Sensory and SEPs were satisfactorily recorded in only three of the six animals. Sensory amplitudes also varied greatly, ranging from 25 to 120 microV. In three cases, SEPs could not be identified due to motor artefacts. The motor pathway after axonal regrowth in neurotized lumbar roots might easily be explored by proximal electric stimulation of the root, close to the sutured area. Detection of sensory and spinal cord evoked potentials might be improved by the use of curve summation techniques. Specific axonal tracing holds promise of being a useful technique for examining sensory and motor pathway recovery after neurotization in the sheep model.     

Possible correlation of polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with psychological aspects of birth stress

The paper presents results of a pilot study of genetic correlates of adaptive strategies characteristic for religious and (or) spiritual people in stress, induced by unusual and (or) extreme conditions. Birth stress, experienced by 79 young normal female urban dwellers Ss in the course of late pregnancy, giving birth, and the immediately following period post partum, was chosen as model of stress in general. Their state, as well as the state of the child, was monitored in each case by professional physicians, and assessed according to standard obstetric procedures. 3 kinds of standard psychological tests, providing assessment of neurotization, creativity, and the scope of religious/spiritual sensations, were conducted. The latter formed focal point of our research. As in has recently been supposed, religious/spiritual people tend to be more adaptive in illness and stress, which is quite important for clinical practice. The first aim of our study was to test whether religious/spiritual sensations in stress tend to occur as part of general neurotization; or, as part of creative response in the service of the ego; or, finally, they form a specific dimension of adaptive strategies. In home to simultaneously assess possible genetic determination of each of these options, we have introduced intro our study a module of assessment of genetic I/D polymorphisms of ACE gene, primarily linked to the status of the renin-angiotensin system. As a result of factor analysis, existence of 3 strong trends was demonstrated. 1. Neurotization, creativity, religious/spiritual processes tend to form 3 independent aspects of response of normal humans to birth stress. 2. Frequency of occurrence of D-allele tends to reveal strong correlation with only one of these 3 options, which is the generall level of neurotization. The latter conclusion corresponds well to what is currently known about the role of renin-angiotensin system primarily in regulation of cardiovascular system, and probably adaptation to stress. 3. Frequency of occurrence of D-allele in the mother tends to reveal inverse correlation with the Apgar index of the child (assessment of its physiological state in the course of the first several minutes after birth, based upon such characteristics as heart beat rate, ability to independent breathing, state of the skin, etc.), and is not linked to usual standard biometric parameters of newborn children. Continuing to work on this model, we intend to formally assess possible impact of heredity via other genes upon psychological, especially religious and spiritual aspects of adaptation to stress of women in birth; and also approach to possible genetic correlates of the state of newborn children.     

Histologic results of neuronal anastomosis of the microvascular latissimus dorsi transplant

Latissimus dorsi transplants have little neuronal regenerative capacity without neuronal anastomosis. Histologic differences between transplants with and without neuronal anastomosis and two distinct types of neurotization are highlighted in this study. Eighteen patients after tumor resection and defect coverage with a latissimus dorsi transplant were examined preoperatively and postoperatively by means of a biopsy for histologic examination. The number of fascicles, degree of scarring, myelinization, and fibrosis were examined. All patients had a mean of 11.8 fascicles preoperatively. Patients without neuronal anastomosis showed an average of 5.0 fascicles, patients with nerve anastomosis to the cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerve showed an average of 6.2 fascicles, and patients with anastomosis to the thoracodorsalis nerve showed an average of 9.2 fascicles postoperatively. In cases of nerve anastomosis, a lesser degree of fibrosis was found, together with good myelinization. Neuronal reanastomosis led to more vital neuronal structures in the postoperative histologic specimen. The highest density of fascicles was found in the case of the well-vascularized thoracodorsalis nerve.     

The open-field behavior of neuroticized rats]

A detailed study has been carried out of the behaviour in the open field of the lines of rats with different functional state of the nervous system after prolonged neurotization in dependence on the phase of circadian rhythm and terms after the end of the influence. Significant changes have been shown by the amplitude of circadian rhythms of emotionality and motor activity. It is established that the reaction of the rats lines to prolonged neuroticizing action depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm, the time after its termination and on genetically determined level of excitability of the nervous system.     

Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus

Reconstruction of shoulder stability and movement in cases with complete paralysis of the brachial plexus was performed to improve the outcomes for universal function of prehension after double free-muscle transfer (Doi's procedure). In cases in which the C5 or C6 nerve root was available as a donor, neurotization of the supra-scapular nerve was performed with a nerve graft. If the C5 or C6 nerve root was not available, then the contralateral C7 nerve root was chosen as the donor motor nerve and was transferred to the suprascapular nerve by using a vascularized ulnar nerve graft. Seven cases with ipsilateral C4, C5, or C6 nerve root transfer to the suprascapular nerve and one with contralateral C7 transfer were evaluated, and the functional outcomes for the range of shoulder motion were compared with those for patients who had undergone arthrodesis of the humeroscapular joint or had undergone no procedures for shoulder function reconstruction. The patients who underwent supra-scapular nerve repair demonstrated statistically significantly better ranges of motion for flexion and abduction of the shoulder, compared with the other two groups. Shoulder function is important for achieving prehensile function among patients with complete paralysis of brachial function, when they undergo double free-muscle transfer.     

Correction by succinic acid of behavioral and physiological parameters of neurosis-like condition in white rats

The neurosis-like state of white rats is accompanied by development of cerebral hypoxia. Negative symptoms of the neurosis-like state (behavioral, anatomic and energy) were decreased by per os administration of succinate (30 mg/kg) during the second half of the neurotization process. Succinate provided chiefly the delayed action on the system arterial tension, on the succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase activity. The effects depended on the propensity of a rat to the catatonic "freezing". The "freezing" was detected by a specific breathing pattern: a short inhale and a long pause. In "freezing" rats succinate corrected the system tension to a greater extent, while in "non-freezing" animals it corrected to a greater extent the succinate and NADH dehydrogenase activities. The positive effect of succinate administration is probably associated with its antihypoxic properties.     

The influence of chronic neurotization on the monoaminergic systems of various brain structures in rats with various typological characteristics

Typological behavioral features of Wistar rats were tested in the open field and in Porsolt test. Rats were assigned to groups with high (HAct), medium (MAct), and low (LAct) behavioral activities. The same rats were assigned to high (HDep), medium (MDep) and low depressive (LDep) groups. The release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in homogenates obtained from the hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala was assessed by microdialysis and HPLC. In these groups, the monoamine concentrations were different: the level of serotonin was higher in the hypothalamus and norepinephrine and 5-HIAA levels were lower in the hippocampus of MAct - MDep rats as compared to LAct - HDep. Chronic neurotization caused changes in monoamine concentrations in the hypothalamus and amygdala in rats of all groups, whereas in the hippocampus and frontal cortex monoamine changes were observed in HAct - LDep and LAct -HDep rats. The most prominent changes in monoamines levels in neurotized rats with different types of behavior were found in the frontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. The results show a correlation between the typological of behavioral characteristics and the reaction to stress of monoaminergic systems of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala.