百合LbCAT和LbGPX基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum)‘卡瓦纳’cDNA为模板,克隆了过氧化氢酶(LbCAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(LbGPX)基因。序列分析表明,这2个基因分别包含1 479 bp和519 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码492个和172个氨基酸。进化分析结果表明,LbCAT蛋白与岷江百合CAT蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(99.19%),且亲缘关系最近;LbGPX蛋白与油棕GPX蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(78.61%),亲缘关系最近。qRT PCR结果显示,LbCAT和LbGPX在百合根、鳞茎、叶和花中都有表达。LbCAT在叶中表达量最高,LbGPX在花中表达量最高。这2个基因在百合花蕾的生长发育过程中均有表达,且表达量逐渐增加;在PEG处理后2个基因的转录水平升高,但独角金内酯(SLs)处理却显著降低了这2个基因的转录水平;该结果为百合抗逆性机理研究以及抗逆育种奠定了基础。     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.     

Detection of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma DNA in Ixodes (Exopalpiger) trianguliceps Bir. ticks in Tyumen Province

This paper presents data of study (PCR with fluorescent hybridization probes) of Ixodes (Exopalpiger) trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province. DNA of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma was detected in ticks of this species for the first time. Cases of mixed infection were also observed.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

百合黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因LhSorF3H的克隆与表达

为了探究百合花色的调控机制,以东方百合品种‘索邦’(Sorbonne)的花蕾为试验材料,根据前期转录组测序结果,成功克隆出黄烷酮3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)基因的编码序列和基因组序列,其中,编码序列全长1 110bp,可编码369个氨基酸;基因组序列全长1 438bp,包含3个外显子和2个内含子,命名该基因为LhSorF3 H(GenBank登录号为MF614135)。生物信息学分析结果显示,黄烷酮3-羟化酶在进化上具有较高的保守性。LhSorF3 H编码的蛋白与郁金香(Tulipafosteriana)最为相似。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,LhSorF3H在花被、柱头以及花柱中表达明显,在花丝、子房、嫩茎、茎生根及上部叶片中表达较弱,而在花药和中下部叶片中基本不表达。LhSorF3 H在不同发育阶段的花被片中均有表达(S2和S6阶段除外);黑暗处理使LhSorF3 H表达降低,黑暗处理2h的LhSorF3 H表达量降到最低,之后表达量开始上升;转入光照条件后,LhSorF3H的表达水平持续增加。研究表明,LhSorF3 H基因对昼夜节律和光照具有双重响应的特性。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Negative chemotaxis in Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium

A method has been described to measure negative chemotaxis in the cellular slime molds directly and to purify the repellents. Conclusive evidence is given that negative chemotaxis exists in the cellular slime molds and that it occurs generally in Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium. Amoebae respond shortly after their exposure to repellents, which are secreted by vegetative and not by preaggregative cells. The amoebae are sensitive to repellents in both development stages and contain enzyme(s) to inactivate them. Cross reactions of different species indicate that there is more than one repellent, although it cannot be excluded that the variability in response depends on the balancing effect of attractants and repellents.     

枯草芽孢杆菌L-脯氨酸合成途径中glnA、proB、proA基因功能探究

【目的】从基因水平探究枯草芽孢杆菌渗透压调节因子L-脯氨酸合成途径中glnA、proB、proA基因的功能,通过分子改造实现对代谢途径的人工扰动。【方法】从枯草芽孢杆菌WB600出发,通过向胞内引入一系列基因敲除或过表达,分别构建了proB和proA基因过表达的重组菌WB601和WB602、glnA基因缺失的重组菌WB603以及在此基础之上过表达proB基因的重组菌WB604。借助菌株胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸积累的表型分析影响途径的关键节点。【结果】在非胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的2.21倍和2.82倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的4.09倍和9.80倍,胞内游离脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.91倍和3.34倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量上升至1221.43 mg/L,是原始菌的6.28倍,单位细胞胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸得率分别为原始菌的9.13倍和3.66倍;而重组菌WB604胞外脯氨酸含量最高达1391.65 mg/L,相比菌株WB603,其胞外脯氨酸含量及单位细胞得率分别提高了13.94%和14.10%,且胞内游离脯氨酸含量提高了32.60%。在5%Na Cl胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602的胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.94倍和1.54倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的2.15倍和2.19倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别是原始菌的4.16倍和7.29倍;相同条件下,相比于重组菌WB603,重组菌WB604的胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别提高了32.61%和5.54%。此外,实验组菌株的胞内游离脯氨酸含量均高于非胁迫时,并达到相对平衡状态。【结论】proB和proA基因的过表达均能显著提升细胞合成脯氨酸的能力,并且能增强细胞的耐盐性;glnA基因的缺失能增强脯氨酸合成途径,提高脯氨酸的积累;两种效应的正向叠加可进一步提升细胞脯氨酸合成能力。     

地涌金莲MlCCD8b基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究以地涌金莲(黄色苞片型YN01和红色苞片型RD05)为材料,采用RACE技术克隆获得地涌金莲CCD8b基因的cDNA全长,进行氨基酸序列比对及系统进化树构建,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MlCCD8b基因在不同地涌金莲类型和不同组织中的表达模式。结果表明：(1)序列分析显示,MlCCD8b的ORF全长1 671 bp,编码556个氨基酸,存在1个类胡萝卜素加氧酶家族的典型保守结构域RPE65,推测其相对分子量为61 574.26 Da,等电点6.61,亚细胞定位于叶绿体基质中的类囊体上,所编码的MlCCD8b蛋白为亲水性蛋白。(2)同源对比分析及构建系统进化树发现,地涌金莲MlCCD8b蛋白与小果野蕉亚种、凤梨等单子叶植物的CCD8b蛋白遗传关系最近。(3)荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,MlCCD8b在吸芽数量多的黄色苞片型YN01的所有组织中均有表达,而在吸芽数量少的红色苞片型RD05中,其苞片内未能检测到MlCCD8b的表达,但其他组织中皆有表达;MlCCD8b在2种类型地涌金莲中呈现一致的组织表达特异性,即在花序轴中的表达量最高,其次是吸芽芽点、根尖和叶片,在苞片中的表达量最低或不表达。(4)2种类型地涌金莲同一组织部位比较结果显示,RD05的花序轴、吸芽芽点、根尖和叶片中的MlCCD8b相对表达量分别是YN01的4.47、4.67、2.09和1.10倍。(5)利用高效液相色谱 串联质谱法测得RD05根尖部位的5 脱氧独脚金醇含量是YN01的15.57倍,与MlCCD8b在根尖的表达趋势一致。研究认为,MlCCD8b基因可能通过调控独角金内酯的合成,促进或抑制地涌金莲吸芽的萌生。该研究结果可为MlCCD8b基因的生物学功能研究提供依据,并为今后通过分子辅助育种调控MlCCD8b的表达,从而控制地涌金莲吸芽数量提供理论支持。     

GFP基因在新疆小拟南芥和拟南芥中的表达分析

以质粒pMCB30为模板,扩增GFP基因,连接到载体pCMBIA2300-35S-OCS上,构建过量表达载体p35S:GFP,将其转入农杆菌GV3101.通过农杆菌介导法将p35S:GFP载体分别转入新疆特色植物小拟南芥和拟南芥中.T0代经含有卡那霉素的1/2MS培养基筛选,获得了T1代转基因小拟南芥2株,T1代转基因拟南芥9株.通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,在转基因小拟南芥和拟南芥的根尖细胞中均可检测到GFP绿色荧光蛋白;对转基因植株进行PCR扩增,均可检测到GFP基因,表明GFP基因已成功转入小拟南芥和拟南芥中.该研究建立了小拟南芥的遗传转化体系,为进一步利用GFP基因和进一步研究小拟南芥的功能基因奠定基础.     

The relation of the genes envA and ftsA in Escherichia coli

Summary The sequence of three genes involved in cell division in E. coli has been determined to be ftsA-envA-azi by three-point transduction experiments. An ftsA envA double mutant strain forms filaments at the restrictive temperature of 42° C, and not chains, but, like the chain forming envA parent strain, is hypersensitive to rifampicin.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Doc and copia instability in an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock

A high degree of heterogeneity and an overall increase in number of insertion sites of the mobile elements Doc and copia were revealed in one substock of an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock, while in two other substocks the distribution of copia sites was highly homogenous, but that of Doc sites was again heterogenous. We therefore concluded that copia was unstable in one of the substocks and Doc was unstable in all. Doc instability presumably arose earlier than copia instability. Doc and copia transpositions were directly observed in experiments with one substock. An abundance of copia insertions was revealed in the X chromosome where insertions with deleterious effects are exposed to selection in hemizygous condition. The locations of many other mobile elements (mdg1, mdg2, mdg3, mdg4, 297, B104, H.M.S. Beagle, I, P, BS, FB) were found to be conserved in each substock and did not differ between them, indicating that these mobile elements were stable. This homogeneity is a strong argument against any possibility of inadvertent contamination.     

Antifungal activity in vitro of Baccharis glutinosa and Ambrosia confertiflora extracts on Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antifungal properties of Baccharis glutinosa and Ambrosia confertiflora extracts against Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides, and to isolate the group of compounds that are responsible for the antifungal activity. Samples of aerial parts from each plant were extracted with 70% methanol and sequentially partitioned with hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The partitioned fractions were evaluated in their capacity to inhibit the radial growth of the three species of fungi. The active fraction was used for an assay-guided chromatography of antifungal extracts. The results showed that the extract from B. glutinosa partitioned in ethyl acetate (Bea) showed the highest antifungal activity against the three fungi. Bea completely inhibited the growth of F. verticillioides at 0.8 mg/ml, whereas the radial growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was inhibited 70% at 1.5 mg/ml. The purified antifungal fraction from Bea showed 72, 54, and 52% of antifungal activity, respectively.     

百合LbKCS5和LbKCS17基因的克隆与表达分析

β 酮脂酰辅酶A合成酶(KCS)是超长饱和脂肪酸链(VLCFAs)生物合成中的限速酶,该研究以百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker.)‘黄天霸’cDNA为模版, 采用RT PCR方法克隆了LbKCS5和LbKCS17基因的CDS序列,并进行序列分析,采用qRT PCR方法分析其基因表达以及胁迫诱导特征。结果表明：(1)LbKCS5和LbKCS17分别包含689和1 238 bp完全阅读框(ORF), 编码186和291个氨基酸;进化分析显示, LbKCS5与油棕KCS5、LbKCS17与莲KCS17序列相似性最高,分别为82.61%和77.62%。(2)基因表达分析结果显示, LbKCS5和LbKCS17 在百合营养器官中均有表达,二者在叶中表达量最高,在根中最少;在花器官中,LbKCS5的表达量在雄蕊中最高,LbKCS17在花药中最高,在花瓣中二者的表达量最低;在花蕾生长发育过程中,花瓣中2个基因的表达均先升高后下降,并于黄蕾期达到峰值;叶中LbKCS5表达量在黄蕾期达到最高,而LbKCS17在叶中的表达整体较低。(3)失水胁迫能提高这2个基因的转录表达,低温诱导LbKCS5表达量的增加,但却降低了LbKCS17的表达。研究表明,LbKCS5和LbKCS17在百合不同器官中均有表达,且均响应失水和低温胁迫,这为研究百合耐失水和低温胁迫以及新品种选育提供了理论支持。     

Suitability of the predatory mites Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Euseius concordis in controlling Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Tetranychus bastosi on Jatropha curcas plants in Brazil

One of the most promising plant species for biofuel production in Brazil is the physic nut Jatropha curcas. Major phytosanitary problems include the attack of two pest mite species, the broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus and the spider mite Tetranychus bastosi. Owing to pesticide-related problems, there is an increasing demand for sustainable environmental-friendly control methods such as biological control. In this study we evaluated the suitability of the predatory mite species Iphiseiodes zuluagai and Euseius concordis in controlling P. latus and T. bastosi on J. curcas. The number of T. bastosi killed by I. zuluagai was lower than the number of P. latus consumed. Euseius concordis preyed upon both T. bastosi and P. latus but the number of prey killed was always lower in comparison with I. zuluagai. However, P. latus and T. bastosi are suitable for the development of I. zuluagai and E. concordis as oviposition of both predators did not differ in relation to prey species. The preference of I. zuluagai for leaves of plants infested by either P. latus or T. bastosi, combined with the higher values for predation obtained by this predatory mite when fed on P. latus, compared to those values obtained by E. concordis, suggests that I. zuluagai can be more efficient than E. concordis in reducing populations of P. latus and T. bastosi under field conditions. Furthermore, we report here on the first record of predatory mites associated with P. latus and T. bastosi on native J. curcas plants in Brazil. In conclusion, we emphasize the crucial importance of predatory mites as agents of natural biological control of mite pests on J. curcas in small farms.     

Interspecies recA protein substitution in Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis

Summary With the help of recombinant plasmids carrying the recA gene of Escherichia coli or of Proteus mirabilis the ability of the recA gene products to substitute functionally for each other was studied. The recA protein of each can function in recombination, repair, induction of mutations and prophages and in regulation of its own synthesis within the foreign host nearly equally well as in the natural host. It is, therefore, suggested that recA-dependent processes act similarly in E. coli and P. mirabilis.