人体骨骼肌肉层对心电传导和体表电位标测的影响

应用电磁场数值计算方法求解三维心电图正问题,重点考察了人体骨骼肌肉层的各向异性导电性对心电传导的影响。推导了描述人类心电场的有限元模型和边界元模型,以及二者结合的形式,并在一个包含异性导电肌肉层的三维人体模下进行了模拟计算。     

一种处理人体骨骼肌肉层各向异性导电性的数值方法

重点讨论了应用电磁场数值计算方法求解心电图正问题和逆问题中人体骨骼肌肉层的各向异性导电性的处理方法．文中应用有限元和边界元结合的方法,构造了一个包含不同的纤维方向组合的骨骼肌肉层的三维胸腔模型,并在此模型下引入了局部坐标内的各向异性导电率向整体坐标转换的方法．据此进行的模拟计算结果以图像的方式清晰地展示了各向异性导电性对体表电位图的影响．     

改善心电图逆问题病态条件的两个有效方法

本文对应用数值方法求解三维心电图逆问题时出现的解的不稳定现象,提出了两种有效的解决办法,即提高电导率值和选用包含适当的正则因子的阻尼最小二乘法。文中应用有限元和边界元结合的方法,在一个包含各向异性导电性肌肉层的三维人体模型下进行了心外膜电位的重构计算。其结果证明这种方法对提高心电图逆问题的数值稳定性和解的精度非常有效。     

等参变换在人体左心室三维有限元机械模型中的应用

基于人体左心室的纤维结构和可以真实反映心电兴奋传播过程的心脏电模型,建立了采用复合材料分析方法的左心室三维等参有限元机械模型,本文主要介绍了等参变换思想、方法在建模分析中的特色应用,如基于纤维结构的等参有限单元离散,考虑非均匀性的材料参数和等参变换、层和数值积分和考虑复杂边界条件及负载特性的逆变换等均是运用等参变换的思路来复杂的生理结构问题,最后给出了基于该方法的模型应用。     

骨骼肌肉建模及其仿真

该文首先对骨骼肌肉模型进行探讨,并且在Zajac肌肉力学模型下,通过仿真软件"Virtual Muscle 3.1.5"对骨骼肌进行仿真.根据不同的肌肉性状和肌肉骨骼运动状态进行了不同的仿真实验,并且得到很好的模拟结果.本实验主要针对老年人和受伤肌肉,研究其特性与正常肌肉的异同,通过仿真实验的最终结果,分析得出了肌肉性状变化,特别是长肱二头肌,会对肌肉施力功能产生很大的影响.     

三维胶原培养模型中MRC-5细胞的生长状态及病毒感染

该研究以鼠尾I型胶原为支架构建了人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC-5三维立体培养模型,探索在此模型中常规培养液和PDGF(platelet-derived growth factor)培养液对MRC-5细胞生长状态的影响,以及这两种培养液对细胞在胶原表面上生长状态的影响。应用此模型初步观察了人巨噬细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)的感染。结果显示,常规培养液和PDGF培养液均能使细胞相互交错,形成多层的三维立体网状结构。PDGF培养液有利于早期促进细胞呈树突状伸展,常规培养液更有利于细胞在较长时间内维持多层立体的网状结构。常规培养液可促进细胞在胶原表面聚集,PDGF培养液则有利于细胞以单个细胞方式进行迁移。三维胶原体系内生长的MRC-5细胞感染HCMV病毒后,也能呈现明显的细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect,CPE)。由此提示,鼠尾I型胶原与MRC-5细胞构成的三维培养模型,有望进一步应用于细胞生物学、形态学以及病毒感染的研究。     

基于GIS和地统计学的黄泛区土壤磷空间变异——以周口为例

土壤中的磷是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,其含量的高低对土壤理化性质、植物生长以及微生物的活动等都有重要影响.本文以周口黄泛区土壤为例,通过土样采集和室内试验分析,运用地统计分析及GIS空间模拟等方法,分析土壤全磷和速效磷的空间分布特征.结果表明: 研究区土壤全磷和速效磷含量比较高,且表层(0～20 cm)含量均高于第二层含量(20～40 cm).两层土壤全磷和速效磷均属于中等程度变异,并且速效磷的变异程度高于全磷;两层土壤全磷为中等程度的各向异性,最适模型为高斯模型,表层具有较强的空间相关性,第二层则具有中等的空间相关性. 两层土壤速效磷的各向异性均较弱,最适模型为线性模型,两层均呈现较弱的空间相关性. 两层全磷含量从西南到东北方向呈现缓慢上升的变异趋势,而从西北到东南方向呈逐渐下降的变异趋势. 表层速效磷含量在西南到东北方向先升后降,在东南到西北方向呈先降后升的变异趋势;第二层速效磷含量在西南到东北方向上呈现先降后升的趋势,而在西北到东南方向则呈上升趋势.表层土壤全磷含量较高,第二层含量属于中等水平;表层速效磷含量较高,而第二层含量较低.土地利用方式、耕作制度和施肥等人为因素是影响该区土壤磷分布趋势和空间变异的主要因素.     

沙疗温度对骨重建实验的影响及传热数值模拟研究

目的研究沙疗温度对骨重建实验的影响及传热数值模拟研究。方法采用CT扫描的手段分别进行4次扫描(建立实验对象OA模型前后各1次、进行沙疗第1周和第2周后各1次)。将扫描数据导入MIMICS软件,分析了各股质层骨量的变化,将肌肉、股骨和骨髓,装配后划分网格,把建立的三维模型的STL格式导入到COMSOL软件进行传热模拟及分析温度场产生的应力对骨重建的影响。结果分析4次CT扫描数据的变化和热应力模拟,在沙疗温度产生的热应力环境下,软质骨体积减少,而密、硬质骨体积增加。传热数值模拟很好的体现了大腿及股骨部位的温度分布。结论沙疗温度对股骨产生的热应力对骨重建起促进作用。     

DMD的ATP酶组织化学研究

目的观察DMD(Duchenne muscular dystrophy)患者病变肌肉的酶组织化学病理改变,加深对其发病机制和预后的认识.方法对5例Duchenne型肌营养不良症患者进行肌肉活检,标本经处理,分别在HE染色、改良Gomori三色染色以及ATP酶染色(pH9.4和pH4.3)下进行观察,研究病变肌肉酶组织化学的病变特征及其意义.结果在DMD组织中肌纤维大小不等,肌纤维圆形化,炎性细胞浸润,并可见到不透光纤维.在再生肌纤维中可见到IIc型纤维.结论 DMD病变组织中纤维坏死显著,伴有不同程度的再生,故临床症状严重,病程短,预后较差.     

体外冲击波碎石焦点区域声压分布的时域有限差分法仿真研究

目的:研究体外冲击波碎石(Extracorporeal shock wave lithotropisy,ESWL)治疗中不同厚度人体组织对ESWL焦点区域大小、位置和声压分布的影响,为ESWL治疗计划的制定提供理论依据.方法:以Reichenberger的ESWL水中实验为参照例,分别建立三维单一人体组织和多层复合人体组织仿真模型,用时域有限差分(Finite Difference Time Domain,FDTD)数值仿真法,数值仿真ESWL治疗中形成的焦点区域.结果:高强度聚焦超声波在人体脂肪、肌肉层中形成的实际焦点区域大小、位置和焦点区域声压分布随着人体脂肪、肌肉层厚度的变化而变化.结论:ESWL治疗过程中由于人体组织厚度的不同,高强度聚焦超声非线性传播而形成的焦距和最大声压不同,对于不同体态的患者在ESWL治疗时,应该采用不同的焦距设定方法.     

有限元法计算各向异性介质球头模型电位分布

在脑电正问题研究中,脑神经元所产生的电活动可用电流偶极子来模拟.本文提出把大脑看作各向异性介质球,即同时考虑电容效应、电导效应对脑内电流偶极子产生的电位的影响,并用有限元法推导出偶极子在各向异性介质球模型中的电位分布计算公式.结果表明介质的电容效应对电位分布是有影响的,反映了大脑活组织电特性,对外来不同频率的信号刺激有不同的响应.同时有限元法对大脑内某一区域内电位分布求解表明,测量较深层组织的电特性变化敏感的特点,可获得更多的测量信息.     

Finite element modeling for predicting the contact pressure between a foam mattress and the human body in a supine position

In this paper, we generated finite element (FE) models to predict the contact pressure between a foam mattress and the human body in a supine position. Twenty-year-old males were used for three-dimensional scanning to produce the FE human models, which was composed of skin and muscle tissue. A linear elastic isotropic material model was used for the skin, and the Mooney–Rivlin model was used for the muscle tissue because it can effectively represent the nonlinear behavior of muscle. The contact pressure between the human model and the mattress was predicted by numerical simulation. The human models were validated by comparing the body pressure distribution obtained from the same human subject when he was lying on two different mattress types. The experimental results showed that the slope of the lower part of the mattress caused a decrease in the contact pressure at the heels, and the effect of bone structure was most pronounced in the scapula. After inserting a simple structure to function as the scapula, the contact pressure predicted by the FE human models was consistent with the experimental body pressure distribution for all body parts. These results suggest that the models proposed in this paper will be useful to researchers and designers of products related to the prevention of pressure ulcers.     

Steady state temperature distribution in dermal regions of an irregular tapered shaped human limb with variable eccentricity

The investigators in the past have developed some models of temperature distribution in the human limb assuming it as a regular circular or elliptical tapered cylinder. But in reality the limb is not of regular tapered cylindrical shape. The radius and eccentricity are not same throughout the limb. In view of above a model of temperature distribution in the irregular tapered elliptical shaped human limb is proposed for a three dimensional steady state case in this paper. The limb is assumed to be composed of multiple cylindrical substructures with variable radius and eccentricity. The mathematical model incorporates the effect of blood mass flow rate, metabolic activity and thermal conductivity. The outer surface is exposed to the environment and appropriate boundary conditions have been framed. The finite element method has been employed to obtain the solution. The temperature profiles have been computed in the dermal layers of a human limb and used to study the effect of shape, microstructure and biophysical parameters on temperature distribution in human limbs. The proposed model is one of the most realistic model as compared to conventional models as this can be effectively employed to every regular and nonregular structures of the body with variable radius and eccentricity to study the thermal behaviour.     

A mathematical model for calculating the vector magnetic field of a single muscle fiber.

A mathematical model is described for calculating the volume-conducted magnetic field from active muscle fibers in an anisotropic bundle. With earlier models, the azimuthal magnetic field of a nerve bundle was calculated and the results were compared with the fields measured by toroidal pickup coils. The present model is capable of evaluating all three of the magnetic field components and is thus applicable for analyzing SQUID magnetometer recordings of fields from a muscle bundle. The component of the magnetic field parallel to the fiber axis is more than an order of magnitude smaller than either of the other two components. The amplitude of the magnetic signal is strongly dependent upon the anisotropy of the muscle bundle, the intracellular conductivity, the radius of the muscle fiber, the radius of the muscle bundle, and the location of the fiber in the muscle bundle. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the single-muscle-fiber action field increases linearly with increasing intracellular conductivity, as the square of the radius of the muscle fiber, and exponentially with the distance between the location of the fiber and the center of the bundle.     

Computational Study on Subdural Cortical Stimulation - The Influence of the Head Geometry,Anisotropic Conductivity,and Electrode Configuration

Subdural cortical stimulation (SuCS) is a method used to inject electrical current through electrodes beneath the dura mater, and is known to be useful in treating brain disorders. However, precisely how SuCS must be applied to yield the most effective results has rarely been investigated. For this purpose, we developed a three-dimensional computational model that represents an anatomically realistic brain model including an upper chest. With this computational model, we investigated the influence of stimulation amplitudes, electrode configurations (single or paddle-array), and white matter conductivities (isotropy or anisotropy). Further, the effects of stimulation were compared with two other computational models, including an anatomically realistic brain-only model and the simplified extruded slab model representing the precentral gyrus area. The results of voltage stimulation suggested that there was a synergistic effect with the paddle-array due to the use of multiple electrodes; however, a single electrode was more efficient with current stimulation. The conventional model (simplified extruded slab) far overestimated the effects of stimulation with both voltage and current by comparison to our proposed realistic upper body model. However, the realistic upper body and full brain-only models demonstrated similar stimulation effects. In our investigation of the influence of anisotropic conductivity, model with a fixed ratio (1∶10) anisotropic conductivity yielded deeper penetration depths and larger extents of stimulation than others. However, isotropic and anisotropic models with fixed ratios (1∶2, 1∶5) yielded similar stimulation effects. Lastly, whether the reference electrode was located on the right or left chest had no substantial effects on stimulation.     

Computational Study of Subdural Cortical Stimulation: Effects of Simulating Anisotropic Conductivity on Activation of Cortical Neurons

Subdural cortical stimulation (SuCS) is an appealing method in the treatment of neurological disorders, and computational modeling studies of SuCS have been applied to determine the optimal design for electrotherapy. To achieve a better understanding of computational modeling on the stimulation effects of SuCS, the influence of anisotropic white matter conductivity on the activation of cortical neurons was investigated in a realistic head model. In this paper, we constructed pyramidal neuronal models (layers 3 and 5) that showed primary excitation of the corticospinal tract, and an anatomically realistic head model reflecting complex brain geometry. The anisotropic information was acquired from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) and then applied to the white matter at various ratios of anisotropic conductivity. First, we compared the isotropic and anisotropic models; compared to the isotropic model, the anisotropic model showed that neurons were activated in the deeper bank during cathodal stimulation and in the wider crown during anodal stimulation. Second, several popular anisotropic principles were adapted to investigate the effects of variations in anisotropic information. We observed that excitation thresholds varied with anisotropic principles, especially with anodal stimulation. Overall, incorporating anisotropic conductivity into the anatomically realistic head model is critical for accurate estimation of neuronal responses; however, caution should be used in the selection of anisotropic information.     

Effect of load position on muscle forces,internal loads and stability of the human spine in upright postures

A novel kinematics-based approach coupled with a non-linear finite element model was used to investigate the effect of changes in the load position and posture on muscle activity, internal loads and stability margin of the human spine in upright standing postures. In addition to 397 N gravity, external loads of 195 and 380 N were considered at different lever arms and heights. Muscle forces, internal loads and stability margin substantially increased as loads displaced anteriorly away from the body. Under same load magnitude and location, adopting a kyphotic posture as compared with a lordotic one increased muscle forces, internal loads and stability margin. An increase in the height of a load held at a fixed lever arm substantially diminished system stability thus requiring additional muscle activations to maintain the same margin of stability. Results suggest the importance of the load position and lumbar posture in spinal biomechanics during various manual material handling operations.     

Magnetic field of a single muscle fiber. First measurements and a core conductor model.

We present the first measurements of the magnetic field from a single muscle fiber of the frog gastrocnemius, obtained by using a toroidal pickup coil coupled to a room-temperature, low-noise amplifier. The axial currents associated with the magnetic fields of single fibers were biphasic and had peak-to-peak amplitudes ranging between 50 and 100 nA, depending primarily on the fiber radius. With an intracellular microelectrode, we measured the action potential of the same fiber, which allowed us to determine that the intracellular conductivity of the muscle fiber in the core conductor approximation was 0.20 +/- 0.09 S/m. Similarly, we found that the effective membrane capacitance was 0.030 +/- 0.011 F/m2. These results were not significantly affected by the anisotropic conductivity of the muscle bundle. We demonstrate how our magnetic technique can be used to determine the transmembrane action potential without penetrating the membrane with a microelectrode, thereby offering a reliable, stable, and atraumatic method for studying contracting muscle fibers.