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大气一氧化碳浓度升高对植物生长的影响 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18
大气CO2浓度同对植物生长有促进作用,对C3植物生长的促进作用最大。短期CO2浓度升高时,植物光和速率增加;在长期CO2浓度升高条件下,植物光鸽上降并发生光合适应现象。这可能是植物在长期CO2浓度升高条件下植物源库关系不平衡引起的反馈抑制作用以及营养吸收不能满足光合速率增加的需要所引起Rubiseo活必和含量下降。在CO2浓度升高条件下植物的呼吸也会发生变化,根的分枝和数量增多,根系的分泌量和吸收 相似文献
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大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
现代人类的活动,特别是矿场燃料的大量使用和植被的破坏,导致大气CO2浓度持续上升。该文阐述了CO2浓度升高对植物的形态、生理、产量和品质,种群消长,群落组成,生态系统结构与功能的影响。 相似文献
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全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响蒋高明(中国科学院植物研究所,北京100044)THEIMPACTOFGLOBALINCREASINGOFCO_2ONPLANTSJiaingGao-ming(InstituteofBotany,Academia,... 相似文献
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生境破碎化对植物-昆虫及昆虫之间相互关系的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
生境破碎化对生物多样性和生态系统功能影响是当前国内外生态学家研究的热点问题之一。文章针对生境破碎化的内涵、量度指标进行介绍,着重分析生境破碎化对植物-昆虫关系的影响,包括植物与植食性昆虫的关系、植物与传粉昆虫的关系、种子与种子捕食者的关系,植物及其分解者的关系,还分析生境破碎化对昆虫-昆虫关系的影响,包括昆虫及其拟寄生物的关系、捕食者与猎物的关系。通过对上述方面的阐述,旨在更好地理解生境破碎化对动植物群落相互关系产生的深刻影响,并提出今后研究中应注意的问题和研究热点。 相似文献
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大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18
自人类进入工业化时代以来,由于化石燃料的燃烧和森林的大面积破坏,大气中CO2的浓度已由工业革命以前的280μl·L-1增加到现在的350μl·L-1,仅从1957年至今的几十年间,大气中CO2的浓度就增加了20%,预计到下个世纪下半叶,大气中CO2的... 相似文献
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稻田水体中细菌(尤其是其中的大肠菌群)数量的多少及活性深刻影响着水体质量和物质循环,然而大气CO2浓度升高对它们的影响至今鲜有报道.为此,借助国际上唯一的稻麦复种FACE(free air CO2 enrichment)试验(位于江苏省江都市,始于2004年),于2006年对稻田水体中细菌数量、大肠菌群数量、总有机碳量和总氮量等进行了动态监测.结果表明,大气 CO2浓度升高显著提高了以上各指标在稻田水体中的含量(P <0.01),在整个水稻生育期,与对照相比,水体中的细菌数量、大肠菌群数量、总有机碳量和总氮量平均分别提高了45.9%、68.8%、31.2%和25.9%,不同生育期之间上述各指标存在显著差异(P<0.01).可见,大气CO2浓度升高不仅可通过改变稻田水体质量的方式来影响水稻的安全生产,而且还可能通过田间排水尤其是水稻生长前期的暴雨导致的洪涝来加重稻田生态系统向周边居民井水和其它水域的细菌和大肠菌群的输出量,从而可能影响周边水体质量及人体健康. 相似文献
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大气二氧化碳浓度升高对银杏叶片内源激素的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用开顶箱系统,研究了银杏叶片内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA3)对大气CO2浓度升高(环境CO2浓度+350 μmol·mol-1,EC)的响应.结果表明,EC处理能使ABA含量降低,与对照(CK)相比, ABA含量最大降低63.0%(处理后120 d).EC处理使叶片IAA和ZR含量增加,而且随着处理时间的延长,差异均达显著水平;IAA含量在处理后100 d为CK的2倍,ZR含量在处理后80 d时为CK的2.5倍.EC处理使叶片GA3峰值提前出现. (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA比值随着银杏的生长逐渐降低,在处理后期(处理后40~120 d)明显高于CK,表明大气CO2浓度升高可促进银杏的生长发育. 相似文献
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Long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide stimulates methane emission in tropical paddy rice 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
L. H. ZISKA† T. B. MOYA R. WASSMANN‡ O. S. NAMUCO R. S. LANTIN J. B. ADUNA E. ABAO Jr. K. F. BRONSON H. U. NEUE§ D. OLSZYK¶ 《Global Change Biology》1998,4(6):657-665
Recent anthropogenic emissions of key atmospheric trace gases (e.g. CO2 and CH4) which absorb infra-red radiation may lead to an increase in mean surface temperatures and potential changes in climate. Although sources of each gas have been evaluated independently, little attention has focused on potential interactions between gases which could influence emission rates. In the current experiment, the effect of enhanced CO2 (300 μL L–1 above ambient) and/or air temperature (4 °C above ambient) on methane generation and emission were determined for the irrigated tropical paddy rice system over 3 consecutive field seasons (1995 wet and dry seasons 1996 dry season). For all three seasons, elevated CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in dissolved soil methane relative to the ambient control. Consistent with the observed increases in soil methane, measurements of methane flux per unit surface area during the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons also showed a significant increase at elevated carbon dioxide concentration relative to the ambient CO2 condition (+49 and 60% for each season, respectively). Growth of rice at both increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature did not result in additional stimulation of either dissolved or emitted methane compared to growth at elevated CO2 alone. The observed increase in methane emissions were associated with a large, consistent, CO2-induced stimulation of root growth. Results from this experiment suggest that as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, methane emissions from tropical paddy rice could increase above current projections. 相似文献
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Increased mercury in forest soils under elevated carbon dioxide 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fossil fuel combustion is the primary anthropogenic source of both CO2 and Hg to the atmosphere. On a global scale, most Hg that enters ecosystems is derived from atmospheric Hg that deposits
onto the land surface. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may affect Hg deposition to terrestrial systems and storage in soils through CO2-mediated changes in plant and soil properties. We show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments, that soil Hg concentrations are almost 30% greater under elevated atmospheric CO2 in two temperate forests. There were no direct CO2 effects, however, on litterfall, throughfall or stemflow Hg inputs. Soil Hg was positively correlated with percent soil organic
matter (SOM), suggesting that CO2-mediated changes in SOM have influenced soil Hg concentrations. Through its impacts on SOM, elevated atmospheric CO2 may increase the Hg storage capacity of soils and modulate the movement of Hg through the biosphere. Such effects of rising
CO2, ones that transcend the typically studied effects on C and nutrient cycling, are an important next phase for research on
global environmental change. 相似文献
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双向标记培养植物测定大气二氧化碳稳定碳同位素组成 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于植物能够利用体内的碳酸酐酶来催化碳酸氢根离子生成二氧化碳和水作为底物进行光合作用的特性,采用两种δ13CPDB值差值大于10‰的碳酸氢钠分别作为外源碳酸氢根离子的碳同位素标记物,通过室内双向水培诸葛菜和芥菜型油菜实验,分别向水培处理液里添加已知δ13CPDB值的碳酸氢钠并培养24 h,利用同位素比值质谱(IRMS)技术,测定并计算了两个时间、两种环境下的大气二氧化碳稳定碳同位素日平均组成。结果表明:在环境1(不同浓度的Na HCO3处理液)下所得到的δCa值与添加到处理液中的碳酸氢根离子的浓度有关;在环境2(不同浓度的PEG处理液)下所得到的δCa值与添加到处理液中的PEG的浓度无关;两种环境下所测得的大气二氧化碳稳定碳同位素日平均组成δCa值与实验中培养的植物种类无关,而与添加到培养液中碳酸氢根离子的浓度及植物的生长速率有关。数据重现性好,结果准确可靠,可以高精度的测定不同待测环境下大气二氧化碳稳定碳同位素比值,其可为以后监测不同时间、不同地点的大气二氧化碳碳同位素组成及来源提供非常有效的方法和信息。 相似文献
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Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on aphid oviposition preference and birch bud exudate phenolics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
PETRI A. PELTONEN † RIITTA JULKUNEN-TIITTO ELINA VAPAAVUORI† JARMO K. HOLOPAINEN‡ 《Global Change Biology》2006,12(9):1670-1679
The effect of atmospheric change on birch aphid ( Euceraphis betulae Koch) oviposition preference was examined and plant characteristics that are possibly responsible for the observed effects were investigated. It was hypothesized that the increasing concentrations of CO2 and O3 affect singly or in combination the oviposition of birch aphids via changes in host plant characteristics. Two genotypes of field-growing silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth) trees (clones 4 and 80), which were exposed to doubled ambient concentration of CO2 and O3 , singly and in combination, in a 3-year open-top chamber experiment, were used in an aphid oviposition preference test. It was found that elevated CO2 , irrespective of ozone concentration, increased the number of aphid eggs laid on clone 4, but not in clone 80. Several flavonoid aglycones were identified from the exudate coating of birch buds. Although elevated CO2 and O3 affected these phenolic compounds in clone 4, the effects did not correlate with the observed changes in aphid oviposition. It is suggested that neither bud length, which was not affected by the treatments, nor surface exudate phenolics mediate birch aphid oviposition preference. 相似文献
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Effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on seed-set and yield of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. V. Vara Prasad Kenneth J. Boote L. Hartwell Allen Jr †Jean M. G. Thomas 《Global Change Biology》2002,8(8):710-721
It is important to quantify and understand the consequences of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on reproductive processes and yield to develop suitable agronomic or genetic management for future climates. The objectives of this research work were (a) to quantify the effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on photosynthesis, pollen production, pollen viability, seed‐set, seed number, seeds per pod, seed size, seed yield and dry matter production of kidney bean and (b) to determine if deleterious effects of high temperature on reproductive processes and yield could be compensated by enhanced photosynthesis at elevated CO2 levels. Red kidney bean cv. Montcalm was grown in controlled environments at day/night temperatures ranging from 28/18 to 40/30 °C under ambient (350 µmol mol?1) or elevated (700 µmol mol?1) CO2 levels. There were strong negative relations between temperature over a range of 28/18–40/30 °C and seed‐set (slope, ? 6.5% °C?1) and seed number per pod (? 0.34 °C?1) under both ambient and elevated CO2 levels. Exposure to temperature > 28/18 °C also reduced photosynthesis (? 0.3 and ? 0.9 µmol m?2 s?1 °C?1), seed number (? 2.3 and ? 3.3 °C?1) and seed yield (? 1.1 and ? 1.5 g plant?1 °C?1), at both the CO2 levels (ambient and elevated, respectively). Reduced seed‐set and seed number at high temperatures was primarily owing to decreased pollen production and pollen viability. Elevated CO2 did not affect seed size but temperature > 31/21 °C linearly reduced seed size by 0.07 g °C?1. Elevated CO2 increased photosynthesis and seed yield by approximately 50 and 24%, respectively. There was no beneficial interaction of CO2 and temperature, and CO2 enrichment did not offset the negative effects of high temperatures on reproductive processes and yield. In conclusion, even with beneficial effects of CO2 enrichment, yield losses owing to high temperature (> 34/24 °C) are likely to occur, particularly if high temperatures coincide with sensitive stages of reproductive development. 相似文献
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Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on gas exchange, growth and productivity were investigated on an important grassland species, Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca. Pure stands of this species were cultivated over an entire growing season in small acrylic greenhouses with an artificial atmosphere of ±367 or ±620 ppm CO2, respectively. Effects on growth and development were examined in a functional growth analysis, while consequences for gas exchange were determined by photosynthesis and transpiration measurements on canopy level. The stands were regularly clipped for production assessment. Canopies grown at high CO2 levels showed an average increase in productivity of almost 75%. Growth analysis indicated development of a larger foliage area as the major cause, particularly in the first days of regrowth after cutting. The growth advantage that began in this stage was maintained or bettered during the following weeks. The difference between gas exchange measurements expressed per unit leaf area and per unit ground area suggested that changes in net photosynthesis and respiration did not contribute to the increase in total yield. Transpiration declined under high CO2 if expressed on a leaf area basis but total canopy transpiration was at least as large as in ambient CO2 due to the larger leaf area. Water-use efficiency calculations on the summer data indicated a 35% improvement with a doubling of CO2 concentration. 相似文献
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We studied seedling growth responses to ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μL L?1) of three maternal families of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), raised both individually and in high-density stands. Seedlings in competitive, dense stands exhibited markedly lower average CO2-induced growth enhancements than individually grown plants (16% vs. 49%). Maternal families differed in their growth responses to elevated CO2. However, differences among families were contingent upon density; families which exhibited the greatest CO2-induced growth at low density exhibited the least CO2-responsiveness at high density. These data are discussed in two separate contexts; the reliability of estimates of the CO2 fertilization potential of forest species based solely on individually grown plants, and the potential evolutionary consequences of rising CO2 on regenerating forest tree populations. 相似文献
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A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide 总被引:19,自引:7,他引:19
P. S. CURTIS 《Plant, cell & environment》1996,19(2):127-137
The response of trees to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) is of concern to forest ecologists and global carbon modellers and is the focus of an increasing body of research work. I review studies published up to May 1994, and several unpublished works, which reported at least one of the following: net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf dark respiration (Rd) leaf nitrogen or specific leaf area (SLA) in woody plants grown at <400 μmol mol?1 CO2 or at 600–800 μmol mol?1 CO2. The resulting data from 41 species were categorized according to growth conditions (unstressed versus stressed), length of CO2 exposure, pot size and exposure facility [growth chamber (GC), greenhouse (GH), or open-top chamber (OTC)] and interpreted using meta-analytic methods. Overall, A showed a large and significant increase at elevated [CO2] but length of CO2 exposure and the exposure facility were important modifiers of this response. Plants exposed for < 50 d had a significantly greater response, and those from GCs had a significantly lower response than plants from longer exposures or from OTC studies. Negative acclimation of A was significant and general among stressed plants, but in unstressed plants was influenced by length of CO2 exposure, the exposure facility and/or pot size. Growth at elevated [CO2] resulted in moderate reductions in gs in unstressed plants, but there was no significant effect of CO2 on gs in stressed plants. Leaf dark respiration (mass or area basis) was reduced strongly by growth at high [CO2] > while leaf N was reduced only when expressed on a mass basis. This review is the first meta-analysis of elevated CO2 studies and provides statistical confirmation of several general responses of trees to elevated [CO2]. It also highlights important areas of continued uncertainty in our understanding of these responses. 相似文献
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A. H. Fitter G. K. Self J. Wolfenden M. M. I. van Vuuren T. K. Brown L. Williamson J. D. Graves D. Robinson 《Plant and Soil》1995,187(2):299-306
An essential component of an understanding of carbon flux is the quantification of movement through the root carbon pool. Although estimates have been made using radiocarbon, the use of minirhizotrons provides a direct measurement of rates of root birth and death. We have measured root demographic parameters under a semi-natural grassland and for wheat. The grassland was studied along a natural altitudinal gradient in northern England, and similar turf from the site was grown in elevated CO2 in solardomes. Root biomass was enhanced under elevated CO2. Root birth and death rates were both increased to a similar extent in elevated CO2, so that the throughput of carbon was greater than in ambient CO2, but root half-lives were shorter under elevated CO2 only under a Juncus/Nardus sward on a peaty gley soil, and not under a Festuca turf on a brown earth soil. In a separate experiment, wheat also responded to elevated CO2 by increased root production, and there was a marked shift towards surface rooting: root development at a depth of 80–85 cm was both reduced and delayed. In conjunction with published results for trees, these data suggest that the impact of elevated CO2 will be system-dependent, affecting the spatio-temporal pattern of root growth in some ecosystems and the rate of turnover in others. Turrnover is also sensitive to temperature, soil fertility and other environmental variables, all of which are likely to change in tandem with atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Differences in turnover and time and location of rhizodeposition may have a large effect on rates of carbon cycling. 相似文献