Partitioning of Symbiotic Bacteria between Generations of an Insect: a Quantitative Study of a Buchnera sp. in the Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) Reared at Different Temperatures

The population of symbiotic Buchnera bacteria in parthenogenetic females of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum was determined by quantitative hybridization of a DNA probe (groESL) to aphid homogenates. The aphids bore 1 x 10(sup7) to 2 x 10(sup7) bacterial cells per mg (fresh weight). In teneral aphids (i.e., aphids that had moulted to adulthood but that had not initiated reproduction), >75% of the bacteria were in the embryos, and the density of bacteria in the embryos was consistently greater than that in the maternal tissues. The bacterial density in teneral aphids increased from 1.3 x 10(sup7) to 2.0 x 10(sup7) cells mg (fresh weight) of aphids(sup-1) with temperature between 15 and 25(deg)C. This variation could be attributed to a temperature-dependent increase in both the density of bacteria in the embryos and embryo content of the aphids.     

海南岛南湾半岛猕猴(Macaca mulatta)种群数量动态及分布

自1981年以来,对海南岛南湾半岛猕猴进行了连续5年的调查研究。归纳1965年到1984年底的材料,该种群从100只发展到930只,其间种群的年均增长率为13％,种群增长率受着种群密度的制约,密度与增长率间存在着关系式y=-0.0003x~2+0.0857x+0.3534。该种群生长曲线可表示为指数函数式y=0.1253e~(0.1046x)或为Logistic曲线N=1850/1+e~(11.28-0.13x)。该半岛猕猴最大容纳量为1850只。各猴群的弹性核域受猴群密度和植被质量的影响,绘出了它们之间的关系图。     

异色瓢虫对白毛蚜捕食作用的研究

试验研究了异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)各龄幼虫和戌虫对白毛蚜Chaitophorus po-pulialbae无翅成蚜的捕食功能反应及其成虫的寻找效应。功能反应均属Holling II型。异色瓢虫成虫寻找效应和自身密度之间的关系用Hasell & arley(1969)模型E=QP-m 和Beddington(1975)模型E=aT/［1+btm(P-1)]进行了模拟,Beddington模型更好地反映寻找效应和瓢虫密度之间的 关系。寻找效应与瓢虫成虫自身密度和蚜虫密度之间的关系用Bcddington(1995)模型E＝aT/[1+aT_mN十bt_m(P-1)]进行描述,表明寻找效应(E)随瓢虫密度(P)和猎物蚜虫密度(N)的增大而下降     

葱属植物物种生物学研究 Ⅰ.葱属6种材料的核型研究

分析了葱属(Allium L.)5个种6个居群的细胞学特征。这些种是太白韭(A.prattii C.H.Wright apud Forb.et Hemsl.),该种包括两个居群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)。居群Ⅰ:K(2n)=2x=16=9m+1m(SAT)+4sm+2st,居群Ⅱ:K(2n)=2x=16=10m+5sm+1sm(SAT);天蒜(A.paepalanthoides Airy-Shaw):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+3B;多叶韭(A.Plurifoliatum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+1B;合被韭(A.tubiflorum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=12m+2m(SAT)+2sm;峨眉韭(A.omeiense Z.Y.Zhu):K(2n)=2x=22=2m+18sm+2T(SAT)。所研究的6批材料均为二倍体,除合被韭的核型为“1A”型,蛾眉韭的核型为“3A”型外,其余4批材料的核型均为“2A”型。其中峨眉韭和多叶韭的染色体数目为首次报道,天蒜和多叶韭的细胞中首次发现B染色体,并对其相互关系进行了探讨。     

温室瓜蚜种群动态的研究

瓜蚜AphisgossypiiGlover在温室黄瓜上的空间格局为聚集分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,聚集强度随密度的上升而下降;瓜蚜主要分布于中部和下部叶片。瓜蚜在温室黄瓜上呈指数增长,模型为Nt=0.1745e0.7414t(r=0.9676)。应用最优分割法将瓜蚜种群动态划分为3个阶段:初建期、发展期和高峰期。在种群初建期,有翅蚜开始迁入,数量较低,以扩散为主,分布不均匀,聚集强度较高;在发展期,瓜蚜种群不断繁殖扩散,分布日趋均匀,聚集强度逐渐下降;在高峰期,瓜蚜种群数量急剧增长到最高峰,分布至所有植株,聚集强度继续下降,此阶段后由于黄瓜植株受害枯萎,瓜蚜缺少食物而数量急剧下降。     

Sequential sampling of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cotton crop

The goal of this research was to use the sequential probability ratio test to establish a sequential sampling plan for Aphis gossypii Glover and Frankliniella schultzei Trybom infesting cotton. Field work was conducted at the agricultural experimental station of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 agricultural years. Aphid colonies and individual thrips in the sampling area were counted and their numbers were recorded. The spatial distribution pattern of A. gossypii and F. schultzei in the cotton culture was aggregated. Sequential sampling plans were developed for aphids and thrips with type I and type II errors set at 0.1, common Kc = 0.6081 (aphids) and = 0. 9449 (thrips), and safety and management levels of 20% (aphids) and 40% (thrips) of infested plants. The sampling plans resulted in two decision boundaries for each species, as follows: the upper boundary, indicating when management (population control) is recommended: S1 = 4.6546 + 0.2849n (aphids), and S1 = 3.6514 + 0.1435n (thrips); and the lower boundary, indicating when population control is not necessary: S0 = -4.6546 + 0.2849n (aphids) and S0 = - 3.6514 + 0.1435n (thrips). The highest probability of error when making a decision was 3% for aphids and 2% for thrips, respectively. The maximum number of samples required to reach a decision was 63 for aphids and 95 for thrips.     

大沙鼠种群密度与降水量的关系

大沙鼠（Rhombomys opimus）是中亚荒漠、半荒漠草原的典型鼠种,在荒漠草原多呈不连续的岛状分布,多集居于白刺（Nitraria sibirica）、盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）丛生的沙地或风成沙丘上的灌丛之间,是农、林、牧以及卫生防疫的重要害鼠。对其种群数量动态目前只有黄健和张大铭（2004）采用Leslie矩阵进行了研究。本文探讨了大沙鼠种群密度与降水量的关系,为其种群动态提供基础资料。     

松树内含物与松墨天牛种群数量的关系

对不同林分松墨天牛种群密度进行解剖调查,黑松为32.63头/株,马尾松为16.69头/株,湿地松为12.44头/株,黑松与湿地松之间差异显著;对黑松、马尾松、湿地松枝条及韧皮部中蛋白质、可溶性糖、水分、N、P、K、S、Cl、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、16种游离氨基酸和16种水解氨基酸进行测定,并与黑松、马尾松、湿地松上的松墨天牛种群数量(y)之间关系进行数学分析。蛋白质(x1)、可溶性糖(x2)与y的关系为y=-44.07-1.5601x1+6.9355x2,复相关系数为0.8374*;游离氨基酸与y的关系为y=63.24-1.1775x5-0.0680x11+0.1665x12-0.1257x15,复相关系数为0.9999**。x5为甘氨酸、x11为酪氨酸、x12为苯丙氨酸、x15为脯氨酸;水解氨基酸与y的关系为y=37.59-0.1146x10-0.5741x11+0.0112x15+0.1468x16,复相关系数R为0.9955**,x11为酪氨酸、x15为脯氨酸、x16为精氨酸、x10为亮氨酸;矿质元素与y的关系为y=-67.94+409.4696x3+37.4746x6-1004.4480x7+4.2958x8,复相关系数R为0.9826*,x3为K、x6为Ca、x7为Mg、x8为Cu。综合分析14种入选的内含物与y的关系为y=19.94+0.0114x2+0.0457x4-0.5317x5+62.5214x9,复相关系数R为0.9966**,x2为水解酪氨酸、x4为水解脯氨酸、x5为游离酪氨酸、x9为K,综合分析表明水解和游离的酪氨酸、水解脯氨酸和K的含量对松墨天牛种群有重要影响。     

EFFECTS OF HOST PLANTS ON POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALT.) IN THE FIELD

Abstract The population dynamics of alates and apterous of turnip aphid (TA) Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) together with the incidence of parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) on five host vegetable varieties in the field were evaluated. The results showed that the average populations of TA apterous on host vegetable varieties turnip, Chinese kale, leaf mustard, flowering cabbage and Chinese cabbage were 63. 425, 10. 041, 24. 928, 23. 323 and 114. 308 aphids/plant, respectively. The 'critical day' was used to estimate the date when TA population density on host vegetable varieties reaches its economic threshold. The relationship between TA apterous population ( x ) and mummy aphids parasitized by parasitoid D. rapae was significant, and the regression formula is y = 0. 1211 + 0. 01431 (r=0. 9739**).     

香蕉弄蝶着卵株率和卵量关系模型的建立与应用

通过调查研究建立了香蕉弄蝶着卵株率和卵密度之间的关系模型 ,该模型为Y =1 1 4 3 9-8 73 62x+2 0 41 5x2 和Y =0 0 3 46e6 9487x(其中Y表示卵密度 ,x表示着卵株率 )。通过检验 ,两模型拟合值和实测值相关性达极显著水平 ,模型成立。对模型的准确性和应用该抽样方法的工效进行了检验和比较 ,认为该方法是一种有效的估值手段     

Intraspecific variation in the strength of density dependence in aphid populations

Abstract.  1. Experimental evidence is presented for positive, negative, and no density dependence from 32 independent density manipulations of milkweed aphids ( Aphis nerii ) in laboratory and field experiments. This substantial variation in intraspecific density dependence is associated with temperature and host-plant species.
2. It is reported that as population growth rate increases, density dependence becomes more strongly negative, suggesting that the monotonic definition of density dependence used in many common population models is appropriate for these aphids, and that population growth rate and carrying capacity are not directly proportional.
3. For populations that conform to these assumptions, population growth rate may be widely applicable as a predictor of the strength of density dependence.     

Mechanical properties of trabecular bone. Dependency on strain rate.

The effect of strain rate (epsilon) and apparent density (rho) on stiffness (E), strength (sigma u), and ultimate strain (epsilon u) was studied in 60 human trabecular bone specimens from the proximal tibia. Testing was performed by uniaxial compression to 5% specimen strain. Six different strain rates were used: 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 s-1. Apparent density ranged between 0.23 and 0.59 g cm-3. Linear and non-linear regression analyses using strength, stiffness and ultimate strain as dependent variables (Y) and strain rate and apparent density as independent variables were performed using the following models: Y = a rho b epsilon c, Y = rho b(a + c epsilon; Y = (a + b rho)epsilon c, Y = a rho 2 epsilon c, E = a rho 3 epsilon c. The variations of strength and stiffness were explained equally well by the linear and the power function relationship to strain rate. The exponent was 0.07 in the power function relationship between strength and strain rate and 0.05 between stiffness and strain rate. The variation of ultimate strain was explained best using a power function relationship to strain rate (exponent = 0.03). The variation of strength and stiffness was explained equally well by the linear, power function and quadratic relationship to apparent density. The cubic relationship between stiffness and apparent density showed a less good fit. Ultimate strain varied independently of apparent density.     

六种犁头尖属植物(天南星科)的核型研究

报道了 6种 8个居群犁头尖属 ( Typhonium Schott)植物的核型 ,其结果如下 :( 1 )独角莲 ( T.gigan-teum)北京居群 2 n=4 x=5 2 =4 4m+ 7sm+ 1 st;( 2 )鞭檐犁头尖 ( T.flagelliforme)金平居群 2 n=3x=2 4 =3m+ 9sm( 4 SAT) + 1 2 st,河内居群 2 n=4 x=32 =7m+ 2 0 st+ 4sm+ 1 t;( 3)单籽犁头尖 ( T. calcicolum)西畴居群2 n=4 x=5 2 =2 1 sm+ 2 3m( 5 SAT) + 8st;( 4 )犁头尖 ( T.blumei)重庆居群 2 n=4 x=5 2 =4 0 m( 1 SAT) + 1 2 sm( 3SAT) ;( 5 )马蹄犁头尖 ( T.trilobatum)西双版纳居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=4 sm( 2 SAT) + 1 2 m+ 2 st,河内居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=2 st+ 9m+ 7sm;( 6 )金慈菇 ( T. roxburgii)个旧居群 2 n=2 x=1 8=8sm+ 1 0 m( 2 SAT)。其中鞭檐犁头尖 2 n=2 4、32 ,金慈菇 2 n=1 8均为首次报道 ,同时分析讨论了本属植物染色体基数和倍性的多样性及其可能的原始基数     

田间不同品种蔬菜对萝卜蚜种群的影响(英文)

本试验通过利用５个品种蔬菜（萝卜,芥蓝,芥菜,菜芯和白菜）研究萝卜蚜（Ｌｉｐａｐｈｉｓ ｅｒｙｓｉｍｉ）在不同蔬菜上的种群动态以及对寄生于萝卜蚜的菜蚜茧蜂（Ｄｉａｅｒｅｔｉｅｌｌａ　ｒａｐａｅ）种群的影响。研究结果显示,在３０天研究期间,有翅萝卜蚜的平均虫口（蚜虫数／苗）在萝卜、芥蓝、芥菜、菜芯和白菜苗上分别为３．９１８、０．８３１、１．１４９、１．７４３和５．２３头,表明降落在萝卜苗上的有翅蚜数量显著地比在其它蔬菜苗上的高;而无翅萝卜蚜的中均虫口分别为６３．４２１、１０．０４１、２４．９２８、２３．３２３和１１４．３０８头,说明萝卜蚜无翅蚜在白菜上的种群显著地高于其它品种蔬菜上的。由于萝卜蚜在不同品种蔬菜上的种群不同,导致菜蚜茧峰种群在不同品种蔬菜上也不同,其僵蚜虫口分别为１．０５６、０．２５１、０．２７７、０．６５１和１．４４头,显示了在萝卜和白菜上的僵蚜数量显著地比其它蔬菜上的高。分析结果表明,萝卜蚜的种群（ｘ）与菜蚜茧峰的种群（ｙ）呈显著的相关关系：ｙ＝０．１１８８＋０．０１４３ｘ（ｒ＝０．９７３９）。本研究还利用试验结果提出了萝卜蚜无翅蚜种群从蔬菜在田间种植后达到防治指标（５０头／苗）的临界天数（ｃ     

松嫩平原碱化草甸天然翅碱蓬种群的密度制约模型

翅碱蓬是一年生藜科植物,耐碱性极强。本文根据在单—种群落随机取样的调查数据,从种群水平分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸天然翅碱蓬种群的密度制约特征。结果表明,翅碱蓬种群在不同生长期及不同数量性状的密度制约模型均可由多种函数形式同时较好地表达出来。但本文仅以相关性最好的拟合方程作为种群某一性状密度制约特征的模型。孕蕾期的平均植株重和单位面积籽实重的密度制约表现为变形双曲线函数y=a+b/x形式;籽实成熟期的平均植株重、平均植株籽实重、平均植株种子数和单位面积种子数均表现为幂函数y=ax-b形式;地上生物量在孕蕾期为变形双曲线函数y=1/(a+bx)形式,在籽实成熟期为对数函数y=a-blnx形式。     

Estimating the Bioenergetic Cost of a Developing Kiwifruit Berry and its Growth and Maintenance Respiration Components

A response surface was developed by regression analysis to quantifythe seasonal respiratory losses by a kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa(A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv.Hayward] berry growing in Fresno, CA. The equation of the surfacewas LNRESP = 1·622 + 0·0697 x TEMP –0·0472x DAY + 0·000165 x DAYSQ, where LNRESP is the naturallogarithm of the respiration rate (nmol CO₂ g d. wt^–1s^–1), TEMP is fruit temperature (°C), DAY is the numberof days after flowering, and DAYSQ is the square of the numberof days after flowering. Respiratory losses for a fruit witha final dry mass of 18·5 g were calculated to be 5·57and 5·92 g glucose per fruit per season in 1985 and 1986,respectively. Maintenance respiration was estimated to be 2·84and 3·19 g glucose per fruit per season for 1985 and1986, respectively. The total calculated bioenergetic cost ofkiwifruit berry growth and respiration was 25·25 and25·60 g glucose per fruit per season for 1985 and 1986,respectively. Respiratory losses, expressed as a proportionof the total carbohydrate required for fruit growth, were significant(mean 22·6%). The cost of fruit growth was estimatedto be very similar for two cooler sites (Davis and Watsonville)but estimates of maintenance respiration based on Fresno fruitrespiration data were unrealistically low for the Watsonvillesite. Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward, kiwifruit, growth respiration, maintenance respiration, bioenergetic costs, model     

甲胺磷和17β－雌二醇对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

对暴露于不同浓度的甲胺磷(0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、1 000.0和10 000.0 μg·L-1)和17β-雌二醇(0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、和1 000.0 μg·L-1)溶液中的萼花臂尾轮虫的种群动态进行了研究.结果表明:甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对轮虫种群动态的影响存在差异.甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对实验期间轮虫的平均种群增长率均有显著影响,但对轮虫种群中的混交雌体受精率的平均值无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值均有显著影响,而17β-雌二醇则无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫的休眠卵总产量无显著影响,而17β-雌二醇的影响较显著.与对照相比,10.0～10 000.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷和100.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇均使轮虫的平均种群增长率显著提高;0.1～10 000.0和10.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷分别显著地降低了实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值;1 000.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇显著降低了轮虫的休眠卵总产量.在实验浓度范围内,轮虫平均种群增长率(Y,d-1)与甲胺磷浓度(X,μg·L-1)之间的关系为Y=-2×10-8X2 0.0002X 0.3474.种群增长率可用于监测和评价甲胺磷对轮虫种群动态的影响.     

椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布及其抽样技术研究

本文采用多种聚集度指标对椰子树Cocos nuciferaL．上的椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima（Gestro）幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究,结果表明：椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布为聚集分布;其幼虫虫口密度在不同心叶及心叶不同部位上差异极显著,并且第一片心叶上幼虫虫口密度与整株幼虫数量显著相关,利用公式y=5．70＋1．26x可推算整株椰子树的幼虫虫口密度。分析寄主受害斑与虫口密度的关系表明,寄主受害斑的长（x1）、宽（x2）、长与宽交互作用（x3=X1x2）三个因子与椰心叶甲虫口密度（y）成正相关,模型Y=11．81—2．69x2＋0．10x3可预测全树幼虫虫口密度。     

利用脂肪酸生物标记对尖镰孢寄主专化型的快速鉴定

尖镰孢寄主范围广、遗传差异大,其种下存在多种寄主专化型。对尖镰孢寄主专化型的快速鉴定可为科学制定植物病害防控策略提供依据。利用Sherlock MIS脂肪酸鉴定系统对分离自番茄、棉花、黄瓜、茄子等4种寄主专化型的18株尖镰孢进行脂肪酸成分测定,共检测到10种脂肪酸。运用SPSS软件中的PCA法对被检测到的脂肪酸进行主成分分析,确定了18:1CIS9（W9）[X1],18:2 CIS 9,12/18:0a[X2]和18:00[X3]等3个脂肪酸为其主成分。利用Bayes逐步判别法建立了尖镰孢4种不同寄主专化型判别模型为Y1=-157.750+2.809X1+3.391X2+8.099X3;Y2=-178.343+0.586X1+7.587X2- 0.214X3;Y3=-129.132+2.749X1+4.163X2+4.476X3;Y4=-201.307+2.016X1+7.345X2+2.400X3。通过对43株未知寄主专化型菌株主成分脂肪酸的测定,利用判别法对尖镰孢进行判定,结果发现有40株与原寄主来源一致,判对率达93%。表明脂肪酸生物标记法可用于尖镰孢寄主专化型的快速鉴定。     

Over-winter survival in subadult European rabbits: weather effects,density dependence,and the impact of individual characteristics

The survival probability of an individual may be limited by density-dependent mechanisms and by environmental stochasticity, but can also be modified by individual characteristics. In our study, we investigated over-winter survival of subadults of an enclosed European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus population in a temperate zone habitat over the period 1992–2002. We: (1) selected for appropriate models to explain individual variation in over-winter survival and the animals autumn body mass, the latter was used as a measure of the individual pre-winter body condition; and (2) aimed to compare the sensitivity of the target variables on the realised variation of the factors considered. Model selection based on information theory revealed that individual over-winter survival was best explained by the combination of autumn body mass, winter temperature, population density and sex, where the probability of survival was higher in females than in males. According to this model, the probability of survival reacted most sensitively to variation in the autumn body mass and in winter temperature. Individual autumn body mass was best explained by the combination of the date of birth, population density, and weather conditions by means of the percentage of rainy days during the first 2 months after the animals had emerged above ground, where the autumn body mass was negatively related to the percentage of rainy days. The chosen model suggested that the autumn body mass reacted most sensitively to variation in the date of birth. Combining these models, we found that weather conditions during two different periods of time as well as population density, sex and the date of birth operated together to determine the probability of over-winter survival. In particular, the study points out the high impact of environmental stochasticity on over-winter survival: (1) by direct effects of winter temperature conditions, and (2) by the indirect action of weather conditions to which the animals were exposed during the early period of juvenile development.