Effect of irradiance, temperature and salinity on growth and toxin production by Nodularia spumigena

The object of this work was to determine, using a full-factorial experiment, the influence of temperature, irradiance and salinity on growth and hepatotoxin production by Nodularia spumigena, isolated from Lake Alexandrina in the south-east of South Australia. Higher levels of biomass (determined as particulate organic carbon, POC), toxin production and intracellular toxin concentration per mg POC were produced under light limited conditions (30 mol m^–2 s^–1) and at salinities equal to or greater than those experienced in Lake Alexandrina. Both highest biomass and total toxin production rates were recorded at temperatures equal to or greater than those of the lake (20 and 30°C). The temperature at which maximum biomass and toxin production was recorded decreased from 30°C for cultures grown at 30 mol m^–2 s^–1 to 20°C when grown at 80 mol m^–2 s^–1. In contrast, intracellular toxin per mg POC was highest at the lowest growth temperature, 10°C, at both 30 and 80 mol m^–2 s^–1. It appears that the optimum temperature for biosynthetic pathways used in the production of toxin is lower than the optimum temperature for those pathways associated with growth. Intracellular toxin levels were higher in cells cultured at 10°C/30 mol m^–2 s^–1 whereas the majority of the toxin was extracellular in cells grown at 30°C/30 mol m^–2 s^–1. This implies that the highest concentration of toxin in lake water would occur under high temperature and high irradiance conditions. Individual environmental parameters of salinity, irradiance and temperature were all shown to influence growth and toxin production. Notwithstanding, the overall influence of these three parameters on toxin production was mediated through their effect upon growth rate.     

Nitrogen fixation by Nodularia spumigena Mertens (Cyanobacteriaceae). 2: Laboratory studies

The effects of changes in diurnal light patterns, salinity, and phosphorus on nitrogen fixation (as measured by acetylene reduction) by Nodularia spumigena Mertens were examined. As well, the effects of added inorganic nitrogen on growth, nitrogen fixation and heterocyt frequencies, and changes in nitrogen fixation and heterocyst frequencies during the growth cycle of Nodularia in cultures were determined.The diurnal pattern of nitrogenase activity in Nodularia was primarily light-induced, though dark activity did occur. Nitrogenase activity following a period of darkness exceeded the normal light rate (> 90 compared to 50 nmol · C₂H₂ reduced · ml^–1 · h^–1). Nitrogen fixation was reduced by high and very low salinities (5 to 10 was the optimum range), and added phosphorus stimulated nitrogenase in P-starved cells. Added nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) had no effect on the growth of Nodularia, but in short term studies, ammonium completely inhibited nitrogenase activity. Heterocyst frequencies were greatest in the log phase of growth (to 40 per mm). During stationary phase, nitrogenase activity was negligable.     

Effect of salinity on photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of total dissolvedsolids/salinity (mg L^-1 TDS) on photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena strain 001E isolated from Lake Alexandrina, SouthAustralia, using photosynthesis-irradiance (PI) curves. N. spumigena001E cultures were grown in ASM medium at a range of TDSconcentrations (360, 6,600, 13,200, 19,800, 26,400 mg L^-1)at an irradiance of 30 mol m^-2 s^-1 (PAR, 400–700 nm) at 25 °C. The PI relationship was determined at 25 °Cfor irradiances between 0 and 500 mol photon m^-2s^-1 (PAR). The initial slope of PI curve, , a function of lightharvesting efficiency and photosynthetic energy conversion, decreasedproportionally with an increase in salinity from 360 to 26,400 mgL^-1 TDS. The maximum rate of photosynthesis (P_max),occurred at 6,600 mg L^-1 TDS. No influence of salinity onI_k, the irradiance at which P_max was measured, or on R_d, the dark respiration rate, was identified.     

Nitrogen fixation by Nodularia spumigena Mertens (Cyanobacteriaceae). 1: Field studies and the contribution of blooms to the nitrogen budget of the Peel-Harvey Estuary,Western Australia

Variations in nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by Nodularia spumigena blooms in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system were examined with respect to spatial (sampling station location, and depth) and temporal (seasonal and diurnal) distribution. The annual contributions of nitrogen fixation by the blooms to the nitrogen budget of the estuary were estimated to range from 309 to 713t. Contributions by nitrogen fixation were similar to the riverine inputs in the Harvey Estuary, but lower in the Peel Inlet.The Harvey Estuary had higher biomass and total fixation rates (to 0.4 nmol C₂H₂ · ml^–1 h^–1), but the heterocyst nitrogen fixation rates were greater in the Peel Inlet (to 9 × 10^–1 nmol C₂H₂ · heterocyst^–1 · h^–1). Nitrogen fixation decreased with depth in response to light, though other factors also appeared to be involved. The rates of fixation decreased concurrently with increasing bloom age, total soluble inorganic nitrogen and salinities. Maximum daily fixation rates occurred in the early morning.     

Phosphatase activities in relation to phosphorus nutrition in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae)

Alkaline phosphatase activities were examined in blooms of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system, Western Australia. Variations in phosphatase activity occurred geographically and diurnally, as well as over the duration of a bloom. These variations were well correlated with differences in the phosphorus nutritional status of the Nodularia. In the laboratory, Nodularia phosphatase production was inversely proportional to cellular phosphorus, but not to external soluble reactive phosphorus.     

Effect of carbon source and dissolved oxygen level on cell growth and pullulanase production byBacillus stearothermophilus G-82

Cell growth and extracellular pullulanase production ofBacillus stearothermophilus G-82 were investigated in batch culture using a defined medium with glucose, maltose, pullulan or amylopectin as carbon source. Maximum enzyme activity was with pullulan or amylopectin. Cell growth in batch culture was better under oxygen unlimited conditions, while higher total and specific enzyme activities, using pullulan or amylopectin, were obtained in oxygen-limited conditions. Enzyme accumulation took place in the late growth phase. The highest enzyme production of 300 U/I was reached when pullulan was used as carbon source in conditions of oxygen limitation.     

Toxicity and isolation of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from the southern Baltic Sea in 1986

Three water bloom samples were collected in August 1986 from the southern Baltic Sea. Acute toxicity of the samples was determined by mouse bioassay and the toxins were further studied by HPLC. The bloom samples contained equal amounts of cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and were hepatotoxic. Two hepatotoxic Nodularia spumigena strains were isolated from the samples. The isolates produce a toxic peak indistinguishable from the bloom material in the HPLC analysis. The toxicity of the fractions was verified by mouse bioassay. Thus the toxicity of the bloom samples was in all likelihood caused by Nodularia spumigena.     

Improvement in growth and toxin production of Alexandrium tamarense by two-step culture method

The growth and toxin content of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense ATHK was markedly affected by culture methods. In early growth phase at lower cell density static or mild agitation methods were beneficial to growth, but continuous agitation or aeration, to some extent, had an adverse effect on cell growth. Static culture in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks had the highest growth rate (0.38 d⁻¹) but smaller cell size compared with other culture conditions. Cells grown under aerated conditions possessed low nitrogen and phosphorus cell yields, namely high N and P cell-quota. At day 18, cells grown in continuous agitated and 1 h aerated culture entered the late stationary phase and their cellular toxin contents were higher (0.67 and 0.54 pg cell⁻¹) compared with cells grown by other culture methods (0.27–0.49 pg cell⁻¹). The highest cell density and cellular toxin content were 17190 cells mL⁻¹ and 1.26 pg cell⁻¹ respectively in an airlift photobioreactor with two-step culture. The results indicate that A. tamarense could be grown successfully in airlift photobioreactor by a two-step culture method, which involved cultivating the cells statically for 4 days and then aerating the medium. This provides an efficient way to enhance cell and toxin yield of A. tamarense.     

不同光照条件下喜阴植物谢君魔芋对稳态和动态光源的响应特征

谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)是起源于云南西南地区热带雨林的典型喜阴植物,近年来得到了广泛种植和推广,在种植过程中,谢君魔芋需要采用遮荫栽培模式。为了揭示谢君魔芋对光照强度的适应策略,该研究探讨了生长在不同光照强度下(透光率为50%、29%、17%、7%)谢君魔芋叶片的光合作用特征、光合诱导特征、光合色素含量以及叶片氮素(N)含量和N分配。结果表明:随着生长环境光照强度的降低,单位叶面积和单位叶质量最大净光合速率、光合色素含量、最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率及比叶面积均增大,而暗呼吸和光补偿点均减小。在光合诱导过程中,生长在透光率为17%光环境中的谢君魔芋完成50%光合诱导所需的时间最短,约为81.4 s;在光诱导进行10 min时,诱导状态最高,为87.3%。完成50%和90%光合诱导所需的时间与低光下初始气孔导度呈负相关关系。随着生长光照强度降低,叶片中的N分配到羧化组分和生物能转化组分中的比例先增大后减小,在透光率为17%的光环境下具有最大值;而叶片中的N分配到捕光色素组分中的比例随着生长环境光照强度降低而增加。该研究结果表明,喜阴植物谢君魔芋通过加强对低光和动态光源的利用能力及有效的N资源分配策略来适应低光照环境。     

Relationship of cellular phosphorus in the cyanobacterium Nodularia to phosphorus availability in the Peel-Harvey Estuarine System

A laboratory-determined critical concentration of phosphorus in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena was used to assess the phosphorus sufficiency of field populations in the Peel-Harvey Estuarine System, Western Australia. Nutrient addition bioassays indicated that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient. Since river flow, and thus phosphorus input, to the estuary ceases 1–2 months before the onset of Nodularia blooms, the phosphorus contained in these blooms was derived from sediment release and nutrient recycling. A progressive increase in the mean cellular phosphorus concentration of Nodularia from 1981 to 1983 indicated that sediments were releasing a greater amount of phophorus each year. Although evidence suggests that the biomass of recent Nodularia blooms is now limited by physical factors, the additional phosphorus contained in each bloom will increase the supply of phosphorus to other organisms. Cellular phosphorus concentrations in Nodularia appeared to be correlated with river phosphorus loadings in the Peel Inlet but not in the Harvey Estuary.     

Relationship between nitrogen fixation and nitrate metabolism in the Nodularia strains M1 and M2

Nitrogen fixation and nitrate-reduction activities were determined in photoautotrophic cultures of two wild-type strains of cyanobacterium Nodularia, spp. M1 and M2. Air could support growth of the two strains at a similar rate in the presence or absence of exogenous nitrate, ammonium and/or bicarbonate. Nitrogenase activity in air-grown cultures varied with culture age, and totally disappeared after 6 h of darkness. Recovery took place upon culture re-illumination. Ammonium at a concentration of 1 mM resulted in the total disappearance of nitrogenase activity and of heterocysts. In contrast, 20 mM nitrate hardly affected nitrogenase activity and heterocyst formation after ten generations. Under the same conditions, either ammonium or nitrate completely abolished nitrogenase activity and heterocyst formation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7119, a typical heterocystous strain. The inefficiency of nitrate in inhibiting nitrogen fixation in Nodularia M1 and M2 seemed to be caused by a low nitrate-reductase activity, and not by an impairment of nitrate-uptake activity. On the other hand, the presence of nitrate was not required for uptake activity to be expressed in Nodularia.Abbreviation NR nitrate reductase We thank C. Fernández-Cabrera (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain) for technical assistance, and Dr. G. Pérez-Silva (CSIC) for his collaboration in the Anabaena NR assays. This work was supported by grants from Spanish CI-CyT (PB 87-0204 and PB 92-0497).     

Effect of growth supplements and whey pretreatment on butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum

Improved production of butyrate (up to 19 g/l) from whey by Clostridium butyricum was achieved by adding either yeast extract (5 g/l) or biotin (50 g/l). Hydrolysed lactose and proteolysed whey were less effective even with added biotin.The authors are with the Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia     

Effects of total dissolved solids on growth and mortality predict distributions of stream macroinvertebrates

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A Fuzzy Logic Model to Describe the Cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena Blooms in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea

A fuzzy logic model to describe the seasonal evolution of Nodularia spumigena blooms in the Gulf of Finland was built and calibrated on the basis of monitoring data. The model includes three phosphate sources: excess phosphate after the annual spring bloom and parameterised phosphate transport to the upper mixed layer by turbulent mixing and upwelling events. Surface layer temperature and wind mixing form the physical conditions controlling the growth of N. spumigena. Model simulations revealed that phosphate input caused by turbulent mixing and upwelling have to be taken into account to achieve the best fit with observed data. Testing the fuzzy model for early prediction of maximum N. spumigena biomass about a month before the usual occurrence of blooms, gave good results. The potential use of the model for prediction of bloom risk at a certain location along the Estonian or Finnish coast was tested. The bloom transport velocities used in the fuzzy model were pre-calculated by a 3D numerical circulation model for different wind regimes.     

The effect of salinity on the growth,toxin production,and morphology of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Nodularia spumigena</Emphasis> isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk,southern Baltic Sea

Culture experiments on the toxic Nodularia spumigena strain NSGG-1 isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk showed a significant effect of salinity on growth and nodularin production. Growth of the NSGG-1 strain, was optimal between 7 and 18 psu, lower at 3 and 24 psu and was significantly inhibited at the extreme salinities of 0 and 35 psu. Nodularin (NOD) content of N. spumigena, estimated by the NOD/Chla ratios, correlated positively with salinity and increased from 0 to 35 psu. The NOD/Chla ratio on day 10 of growth was high, and, reached the maximum at day 30. A sudden increase in salinity from 7 to 18 and 35 psu resulted in plasmolysis of Nodularia cells. Salinity was also observed to have other effects on NSGG-1; the filaments were longest at 7 psu, while an increased number of akinetes were formed at 35 psu. The number of heterocytes was markedly reduced at the extreme salinities. This latter finding might explain why Nodularia blooms do not occur outside a certain salinity range in nitrogen-deficient waters.     

Effect of blue-green light on growth rate and chemical composition of three diatoms

The diatomsChaetoceros sp.,Skeletonema costatum andThalassiosira pseudonana were grown with different irradiances of white and of blue-green light, and with a mixture of blue-green plus 6.5 mol m^–2 s^–1 of white light. Exponential growth rates were higher in mixed blue for the first two, whileT. pseudonana grew faster in white light but, in all cases, mean cell division rates did not differ with increasing irradiances. Harvesting in stationary, rather than in late exponential growth phase, resulted in higher protein contents forChaetoceros sp. andS. costatum, but forT. pseudonana the highest value was in the exponential phase. The highest protein content was in blue-green light for the three species and it increased with irradiance. As to other fractions, the three strains showed different responses, related to quality and quantity, as well as to culture ages.     

Effect of salinity on the association between root symbionts and Acacia cyanophylla Lind.: growth and nutrition

The behaviour of Acacia cyanophylla Lind. plants submitted to salinity stress was followed in the greenhouse. The plants were associated with indigenous symbiotic microorganisms isolated from the coastal dunes of the Souss-Massa region. A two months period of salinity had a large negative impact on plant growth and acquisition of macro nutrients. However, the study underlined the role of the microbial inoculum for the plant in the achievement of salt tolerance. An isolate of Bradyrhizobium sp., RCM6 (R1), originating from the Massa dunes, was highly efficient in improving growth and nutrition of the A. cyanophylla. Double inoculation with the rhizobia and an endomycorrhizal complex, isolated from the Lamzar dunes had a clear additional positive effect, i.e. the fungi further increased the tolerance of the A. cyanophylla plants to salinity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐度对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎及其杂交稚贝生长和存活的影响

2011年8月以长牡蛎自繁组GG(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.gigas♂),近江牡蛎自繁组AA(C.ariakensis♀×C.ariakensis♂)、正交组GA(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.ariakensis♂)、反交组AG(C.ariakensis♀×C.gigas♂)为实验材料,开展了稚贝对盐度的适应性研究。结果发现长牡蛎的最适生存盐度为15—35,最适生长盐度为25—35;近江牡蛎的最适生存盐度为10—25,最适生长盐度为20—25;GA的最适生存盐度为15—30,最适生长盐度为15—30,AG的最适生存盐度为20—30,最适生长盐度为20—25。GG对低盐度敏感,AA对高盐度敏感,AG具有高盐度存活的杂种优势,在盐度30时,中亲杂种优势HG×A为13.32,单亲杂种优势HGA和HAG分别为1.89和27.88,在盐度40时,HAG上升到400,GA和AG都不具有生长优势。杂种稚贝对盐度适应介于双亲之间,且表现出一定程度的父系遗传特点。     

Effect of salt nutrients on mannitol production by Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693

The effects of four salt nutrients (ammonium citrate, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and manganese sulfate) on the production of mannitol by Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693 in a simplified medium containing 300 g fructose, 5 g soy peptone, and 50 g corn steep liquor per liter in pH-controlled fermentation at 5.0 at 37°C were evaluated using a fractional factorial design. Only manganese sulfate was found to be essential for mannitol production. Added manganese sulfate concentration of 0.033 g/l was found to support maximum production. The bacterium produced 200.6±0.2 g mannitol, 61.9±0.1 g lactic acid, and 40.4±0.3 g acetic acid from 300 g fructose per liter in 67 h.Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

光照和营养盐磷对微型及微微型浮游植物生长的影响

2004年9月,在长江口及邻近水域通过在培养水体中添加不同量的磷酸盐和改变光照强度进行现场受控培养实验,对光照和营养盐磷耦合培养作用下浮游植物生长及对磷营养盐的吸收变化进行了研究,结果表明：高光照条件下（100﹪自然光照）,磷酸盐浓度在高磷水平（0.60μmol/L）培养水体中下降速率明显比中磷（0.41μmol/L）、低磷水平（0.25μmol/L）快,浮游植物生长存在着显著的磷限制性,微型浮游植物（nanophytoplankton,简称Nano,2～20μm）在高磷水平下的生长明显得到促进,聚球藻（Synechococcus sp.,简称Syn,＜2μm）密度在培养初期有小幅度增加,而微微型真核浮游植物（picoeukaryote,简称Euk,＜2μm）在低磷水平下生长较快;在低光照条件下（50﹪自然光照）,磷酸盐浓度在高磷水平培养水体中的下降是受到抑制的,Nano和Syn也都更宜在中磷水平培养水体中生长,Euk在高磷水平下的生长也是受到抑制的,且在中磷水平培养水体中,三类浮游植物的生长周期都得到延长;无光照暗环境培养条件下磷酸盐浓度在不同磷水平下始终保持着增加趋势,三类浮游植物也都无法生长,磷酸盐浓度随培养时间呈线性增加趋势,浮游植物细胞密度则呈指数下降趋势,且磷酸盐的添加对其本身的释放速率和浮游植物衰减速率都没有影响.