重组甲型流感病毒基质蛋白1和2通过ERK信号因子诱导小鼠气管上皮细胞产生IFN-γ

探讨重组甲型流感病毒基质蛋白1和2(rM1和rM2)通过细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(Extracellular signal regulated kinase,ERK)诱导小鼠气管上皮细胞产生γ-干扰素(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)作用及机制。以原代小鼠气管上皮细胞为实验模型,实验分为6组(rM1组、rM2组、甲型流感病毒(Influenza A virus,IAV)组、rM1+IAV组、rM2+IAV组和正常对照组)。在各组分干预细胞4h、8h、24h时,采用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中IFN-γmRNA的表达和免疫印迹法检测各组细胞中IFN-γ、ERK、磷酸化ERK(phospho-ERK,p-ERK)蛋白的表达;用抑制剂阻断ERK信号因子信号传导,观察对各组分诱导小鼠气管上皮细胞产生IFN-γ的影响。各组分干预细胞4h、8h、24h,rM1组、rM2组、IAV组、rM1+IAV组、rM2+IAV组细胞的IFN-γmRNA和IFN-γ蛋白表达水平高于正常对照组(P0.01或P0.05);rM1+IAV组、rM2+IAV组细胞的IFN-γmRNA和IFN-γ蛋白表达水平高于IAV组(P0.01或P0.05)。在干预细胞4h,仅rM2组细胞中ERK磷酸化水平显著高于正常对照组(P0.01),在干预细胞8h、24h,rM1组、rM2组、IAV组、rM1+IAV组、rM2+IAV组细胞中ERK磷酸化水平均显著高于正常对照组(P0.01或P0.05)。加入ERK抑制剂,rM1组、rM2组、rM1+IAV组、rM2+IAV组细胞的IFN-γmRNA和IFN-γ蛋白表达水平显著低于非抑制剂组。本研究数据表明rM1和rM2可通过上调ERK信号因子的磷酸化水平诱导小鼠气管上皮细胞中产生IFN-γ,该诱导作用在干预4h即显著表现,并维持至少24h。     

甲型流感病毒非结构蛋白的研究进展

PA、PB1和PB2以及NS1蛋白作为甲型流感病毒的非结构蛋白,虽然不直接参与病毒颗粒的组装,但是在病毒的复制周期中起到非常重要的调控作用.由PA、PB1和PB2组成的RNA聚合酶主要参与病毒mRNA的合成以及病毒基因组RNA的复制,而NS1蛋白则通过抑制宿主细胞的干扰素应激系统来拮抗宿主的抗病毒反应.通过研究甲型流感病毒非结构蛋白的结构与功能,对了解流感病毒复制及开发新型抗流感病毒药物有重要意义.     

流感病毒诱导宿主细胞凋亡的研究进展

本文综述了流感病毒诱导细胞凋亡的研究进展,重点阐述在流感病毒诱导细胞凋亡过程中可能存在的信号转导途径,并探讨了ｂｃｌ－２基因对流感病毒诱导细胞凋亡的影响。     

甲型流感病毒蛋白和遗传物质在宿主细胞质内顺向转运过程及其机制

流感病毒的蛋白和基因组在宿主细胞内能否正确地转运到相关部位,直接影响到病毒颗粒的形态发生。流感病毒跨膜蛋白(HA、NA和M2)主要通过宿主细胞的运输膜泡实现转运,而宿主细胞的蛋白转运机器参与了这一过程。新合成的流感病毒核糖核蛋白复合物(vRNPs)出核后,通过与活化的Rab11相结合,聚集于邻近微管组织中心(MTOC)的胞内体。然后以运输小膜泡的形式,沿着MTOC的微管网络向细胞膜方向转运。跨膜蛋白和基因组在细胞质内的转运受一些宿主因子的调控,如ARHGAP21和小G蛋白Cdc42能够调节NA蛋白向细胞膜转运,Rab11协助vRNPs从MTOC向细胞膜转运。文中主要讨论新合成的流感病毒跨膜蛋白和遗传物质在宿主细胞质内的顺向转运(Anterograde transport)过程与调控。     

甲型流感病毒自然温度敏感株的宿主依赖性

用鸡胚细胞(CEC)和Madin-Darby Canine Kidney(MDCK)两个宿主细胞系统,检查甲型流感病毒各亚型不同时期流行株的温度敏感性状(ts),发现自然界存在许多宿主依赖的温度敏感性突变株(hd-ts)。它们在CEC上是ts,在MDCK上却是ts~ 。检出的hd-ts株中有些曾经过人体接种观察证明为减毒株。这表明在CEC中鉴定的ts表型与对人减毒性状密切相关。     

甲型流感病毒非结构蛋白NS1功能研究进展

甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)是每年季节性流感的主要病原体,也是全球儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病毒性病原。非结构蛋白1(nonstructural protein 1,NS1)是由病毒基因组编码的蛋白,表达于被感染的细胞中,但不存在于病毒颗粒中。近年来,大量研究表明NS1是IAV的重要毒力因素,通过NS1-RNA之间、NS1-蛋白之间的相互作用,在拮抗宿主抗病毒反应、抑制宿主细胞凋亡、调节宿主及自身基因表达等多方面发挥作用。深入研究NS1与宿主细胞的相互作用,不仅可加深对IAV致病机制的理解,还可为预防和控制IAV的传播甚至暴发奠定理论基础,在新型抗病毒药物及疫苗研制中有着重要的应用价值。     

基于甲型流感病毒核蛋白的抗病毒靶点研究进展

甲型流感是对人类健康和社会稳定构成极大威胁的急性呼吸道传染病,具有极高的发病率和死亡率。由于甲型流感病毒的高变异性和频繁的耐药性,使得新靶点的抗病毒药物的研发显得非常重要。甲型流感病毒的核蛋白高度保守,是一个潜在的抗病毒药物的靶点,国内外已有相关报道。中草药作为祖国的传统医学宝藏,在防治甲流方面也表现出了独特的优势。本文从甲型流感病毒结构与功能出发,阐述甲型流感病毒核蛋白作为抗病毒靶点的研究进展。     

流感病毒的复制及期调控研究进展

流感病毒复制涉及一系列复杂的核几,外生物大分子转运过程。感染早期,进入胞质的ＶＲＮＰ转运到核内;晚期,病毒转录本向核外运输,新合成的结构蛋土随之运往核内,在核中完成ｖＲＮＰ装配,核中装配的子代ｖＲＮＰ又运往胞质。     

Inhibition of Influenza Virus Replication by Targeting Broad Host Cell Pathways

Antivirals that are currently used to treat influenza virus infections target components of the virus which can mutate rapidly. Consequently, there has been an increase in the number of resistant strains to one or many antivirals in recent years. Here we compared the antiviral effects of lysosomotropic alkalinizing agents (LAAs) and calcium modulators (CMs), which interfere with crucial events in the influenza virus replication cycle, against avian, swine, and human viruses of different subtypes in MDCK cells. We observed that treatment with LAAs, CMs, or a combination of both, significantly inhibited viral replication. Moreover, the drugs were effective even when they were administered 8 h after infection. Finally, analysis of the expression of viral acidic polymerase (PA) revealed that both drugs classes interfered with early events in the viral replication cycle. This study demonstrates that targeting broad host cellular pathways can be an efficient strategy to inhibit influenza replication. Furthermore, it provides an interesting avenue for drug development where resistance by the virus might be reduced since the virus is not targeted directly.     

miRNA调控成肌分化的研究进展

成肌分化过程包括成肌细胞的增殖,然后分化为肌细胞,最后融合形成肌管;microRNA(miRNA)是一类在转录后水平调控基因表达的微小非编码RNA,它通过靶向靶基因mRNA的3'UTR,抑制其翻译或诱导其降解。已有研究表明,miRNA在成肌分化中起重要调控作用。根据表达方式的不同,分为肌肉特异表达的miRNA,有miR-1,miR-133,miR-206,miR-208,miR-499和miR-486;和非肌肉特异表达的miRNA,其中miR-27,miR-29,miR-128,miR-199a和miR-431在成肌分化过程中具有重要的调控功能。另外,阐述了几个与miRNA相互作用从而调控成肌分化的lncRNA的功能。通过介绍两类miRNA的靶基因及调控机制,阐述了最新的研究进展。     

宿主细胞膜骨架蛋白在病毒感染复制中作用的研究进展

病毒与宿主细胞之间相互关系的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,也是重大的医学实践课题.病毒可以与宿主蛋白相互作用并改变细胞的正常功能,从而促进病毒的感染与复制.宿主细胞膜骨架蛋白在病毒的生命周期中起着重要作用,研究表明细胞膜骨架蛋白参与了病毒的感染及复制,尽管许多精细机制尚不清楚,但这扩展了人们对细胞膜骨架蛋白功能的理解.本文重点介绍宿主细胞膜骨架蛋白如肌动蛋白、血影蛋白在病毒进入、细胞内运输、组装和释放等病毒感染复制过程中的作用.     

Methamphetamine Reduces Human Influenza A Virus Replication

Methamphetamine (meth) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that is among the most widely abused illicit drugs, with an estimated over 35 million users in the world. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic meth abuse is a major factor for increased risk of infections with human immunodeficiency virus and possibly other pathogens, due to its immunosuppressive property. Influenza A virus infections frequently cause epidemics and pandemics of respiratory diseases among human populations. However, little is known about whether meth has the ability to enhance influenza A virus replication, thus increasing severity of influenza illness in meth abusers. Herein, we investigated the effects of meth on influenza A virus replication in human lung epithelial A549 cells. The cells were exposed to meth and infected with human influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. The viral progenies were titrated by plaque assays, and the expression of viral proteins and cellular proteins involved in interferon responses was examined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. We report the first evidence that meth significantly reduces, rather than increases, virus propagation and the susceptibility to influenza infection in the human lung epithelial cell line, consistent with a decrease in viral protein synthesis. These effects were apparently not caused by meth’s effects on enhancing virus-induced interferon responses in the host cells, reducing viral biological activities, or reducing cell viability. Our results suggest that meth might not be a great risk factor for influenza A virus infection among meth abusers. Although the underlying mechanism responsible for the action of meth on attenuating virus replication requires further investigation, these findings prompt the study to examine whether other structurally similar compounds could be used as anti-influenza agents.     

Dynamics of Influenza Virus and Human Host Interactions During Infection and Replication Cycle

The replication and life cycle of the influenza virus is governed by an intricate network of intracellular regulatory events during infection, including interactions with an even more complex system of biochemical interactions of the host cell. Computational modeling and systems biology have been successfully employed to further the understanding of various biological systems, however, computational studies of the complexity of intracellular interactions during influenza infection is lacking. In this work, we present the first large-scale dynamical model of the infection and replication cycle of influenza, as well as some of its interactions with the host’s signaling machinery. Specifically, we focus on and visualize the dynamics of the internalization and endocytosis of the virus, replication and translation of its genomic components, as well as the assembly of progeny virions. Simulations and analyses of the models dynamics qualitatively reproduced numerous biological phenomena discovered in the laboratory. Finally, comparisons of the dynamics of existing and proposed drugs, our results suggest that a drug targeting PB1:PA would be more efficient than existing Amantadin/Rimantaine or Zanamivir/Oseltamivir.     

溶瘤性流感病毒的研究进展

溶瘤病毒疗法属于免疫治疗的手段之一。其可通过病毒特异性地感染裂解肿瘤细胞和激活肿瘤免疫两种途径来达到杀伤肿瘤的目的;同传统疗法比,具有安全、高效、副作用小等优点。流感病毒自1900年代首次发现其可能作为“有益”的病毒缓解白血病病情以来,不断有研究证明流感病毒具有杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力;利用反向遗传操作技术对病毒进行改造,有望将其发展成为一种更加安全、有效的肿瘤治疗生物制剂。本文将对近年来溶瘤流感病毒利用肿瘤分泌的胰蛋白酶促进病毒感染并在RAS基因突变导致干扰素缺陷的肿瘤中复制来提高肿瘤靶向性,编码CTLA-4的单链抗体或HER-2增强流感病毒的抗癌特异性及作为外源基因IL-2、IL-15、GM-CSF和抗PD-1单克隆抗体的载体激活机体免疫几个方向进行综述。     

A型流感病毒RNA聚合酶及其对基因组复制和转录的调控作用

A型流感病毒是正粘病毒科成员,为单股负链分节段RNA病毒,全基因组由八个节段组成,分别编码八种结构蛋白(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M1和M2)和两种非结构蛋白(NS1和NS2)。核蛋白(NP)和RNA聚合酶复合体与病毒的八个RNA节段组成八个螺旋丝状的病毒核衣壳(RNP),核衣壳被双层类脂膜包裹,脂膜内为基质蛋白(M1)层,膜上镶嵌着HA、NA和M2三种膜蛋白。HA和NA为流感病毒的主要抗原。根据HA和NA抗原性的差异,A型流感病毒可分16个HA亚型和9个NA亚型[1]。A型流感病毒具有广泛的宿主范围和超强的重组变异能力,对人类健康的威胁日趋…