新疆出血热病毒的研究进展

克里米亚-刚果出血热是由克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒引起的一种人畜共患病,以发热、出血为典型特征,主要传播媒介为硬蜱,其发病具有明显的季节性与地方性。克里米亚-刚果出血热于20世纪40年代在克里米亚半岛首次爆发,1956年又在刚果流行,故名克里米亚-刚果出血热,目前该病广泛分布于亚洲、非洲和欧洲地区,致死率约为30%。该病在我国于1965年首次发现于新疆,因此又称为新疆出血热。克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒属于布尼亚病毒科内罗病毒属,为单股负链RNA病毒。本文综述了该病的流行病学、病原学、临床症状、发病机理、检测方法、防治措施等方面的进展。     

新疆出血热病毒糖蛋白基因的克隆与表达

新疆出血热(Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever,XHF)在国际上称克里米亚-刚果出血热(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,CCHF),是由经蜱传播的克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(CCHFV)引起的烈性传染性疾病,流行于中国新疆南部、俄罗斯北部、中东、南部欧亚大陆及非洲撒哈拉地区,平均病死率在20%～70%[1-4].中国的CCHF于1965年第一次诊断于新疆南部的巴楚县(病死率高达90%),时称巴楚出血热[5];后因在北疆地区亦查出抗体,故改称为新疆出血热(XHF),并在国内广泛沿用[6].     

克里米亚–刚果出血热病毒受体LDLR的发现

克里米亚–刚果出血热病毒(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, CCHFV)是一种布尼亚病毒目内罗病毒科正内罗病毒属、蜱虫传播的负链RNA病毒,能引起严重的出血热,病死率约为30%。目前临床上尚无针对CCHFV的疫苗和抗病毒药物,因此,各国普遍将CCHFV列为生物安全风险等级最高的病原之一,世界卫生组织也连续多年将其列入优先研究病原名录。然而,自1956年CCHFV被发现以来,其受体一直未被鉴定。该研究团队根据CCHFV感染细胞的特点进行分析,通过筛选发现低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR)是CCHFV的一个入侵受体。该受体的发现,对CCHFV感染致病机制的理解和防控策略的研发具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

高甘油三酯血症动物模型研究进展

高甘油三酯血症(HTG)与肥胖、代谢综合征和糖尿病密切相关,同时也是诱发急性胰腺炎(AP)和增加动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)发病风险的重要影响因素之一,是当前的研究热点。成功建立符合要求的动物模型是开展相关实验研究的关键,本文对HTG动物模型的研究现状进行了系统的总结,以期为深入研究HTG的发病机制和降脂药物的筛选提供动物模型参考。     

人腺病毒感染动物模型的研究进展

人腺病毒感染常导致急性呼吸道疾病、结膜炎、肠胃炎甚至重症肺炎。目前,临床上尚无特效抗腺病毒药物。建立可支持腺病毒感染/致病的动物模型对于腺病毒致病机制研究及制定抗腺病毒策略至关重要。目前某些腺病毒的感染受体尚未阐明,以及临床上常见的B种腺病毒无法感染啮齿类动物,影响了对此类腺病毒感染的研究。此外,人腺病毒具有宿主范围的种属特异性,在感染的其它种属的动物细胞中由于宿主范围限制因子的存在,而不能有效复制、增殖,严重阻碍了对腺病毒体内致病机制的研究。本文综述了近年来人腺病毒感染受体、宿主范围限制因子以及感染模型等方面的进展,以期为新型腺病毒感染/致病动物模型的研究提供参考。     

腹泻型肠易激综合征动物模型评价的研究进展

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是常见的功能性肠病之一,其中腹泻型肠易激综合征(diarrhea-predominant IBS,IBS-D)占比最多,发病机制复杂多样,且缺少临床特效药。动物模型的制备是进一步研究疾病机制、评价临床药效以及药物开发的重要基础,而模型制备和评价标准关乎研究的质量。本文通过查阅国内外文献及结合本课题组的前期建模经验,基于IBS-D目前公认的发病机制出发,从腹泻情况观察,内脏敏感性测定,肠道动力测定等方面系统总结IBS-D动物模型的评价方法,以期为今后研究提供参考。     

评价白蛋白相关药物动物模型的研究进展

许多肽或蛋白质药物治疗的一个主要挑战是血浆半衰期短。通过将该类药物与白蛋白结合获得的药物称为白蛋白相关药物,有效延长血浆半衰期。动物模型作为研究药物药代动力学的重要工具是药物研究中不可或缺的一部分。本综述概括了两大类动物模型：啮齿类(野生型小鼠、大鼠模型,基因修饰小鼠模型)与非啮齿(猴)在白蛋白相关药物药代动力学研究中的应用与发展,为其进一步研究发展提供参考。     

阿尔茨海默病的非转基因动物模型概述

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种由多种因素引发、在临床上表现为不可逆认知功能下降的神经退行性疾病。AD是当今世界所有国家均面临的一大挑战,其包括遗传型和散发型,其中95%以上的患者为散发型。目前,关于AD发病机制以及药物靶点的研究多在转基因动物模型上展开,此类模型大多根据遗传型AD中出现的基因突变发展而来,只能代表与遗传型AD相关的病例,忽视了后天因素在疾病发生发展过程中的重要推动作用。本综述基于AD发病假说,总结了近期发展的一些非转基因AD动物模型,主要是大、小鼠模型,并讨论了它们的优缺点及应用前景,为科研工作者选择合适的动物模型提供参考和依据。     

非酒精性脂肪肝炎动物模型的研究概况

随着全球代谢综合征患病率不断上升,非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)患病率也急剧上升,已是全球最常见的慢性肝疾病,包括单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、晚期纤维化、肝硬化和肝细胞癌.而NASH是由单纯性脂肪肝发展至肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌的重要阶段,因此,预防和治疗NASH已成为一个研究焦点.动物模型是研究疾病的...     

埃博拉出血热动物模型研究进展

埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的一种急性出血性传染病,具有极高的传染性,致死率高达50%～88%,目前对埃博拉出血热的预防还极为困难,暂无有效的抗病毒药物和疫苗。构建埃博拉出血热的动物模型,对于病毒致病机理的了解和深入研究,以及治疗药物及疫苗的研发具有至关重要的作用。     

Recovery of Recombinant Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Reveals a Function for Non-structural Glycoproteins Cleavage by Furin

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a negative-strand RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae (genus: Nairovirus). In humans, CCHFV causes fever, hemorrhage, severe thrombocytopenia, and high fatality. A major impediment in precisely determining the basis of CCHFV’s high pathogenicity has been the lack of methodology to produce recombinant CCHFV. We developed a reverse genetics system based on transfecting plasmids into BSR-T7/5 and Huh7 cells. In our system, bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase produced complementary RNA copies of the viral S, M, and L segments that were encapsidated with the support, in trans, of CCHFV nucleoprotein and L polymerase. The system was optimized to systematically recover high yields of infectious CCHFV. Additionally, we tested the ability of the system to produce specifically designed CCHFV mutants. The M segment encodes a polyprotein that is processed by host proprotein convertases (PCs), including the site-1 protease (S1P) and furin-like PCs. S1P and furin cleavages are necessary for producing the non-structural glycoprotein GP38, while S1P cleavage yields structural Gn. We studied the role of furin cleavage by rescuing a recombinant CCHFV encoding a virus glycoprotein precursor lacking a functional furin cleavage motif (RSKR mutated to ASKA). The ASKA mutation blocked glycoprotein precursor’s maturation to GP38, and Gn precursor’s maturation to Gn was slightly diminished. Furin cleavage was not essential for replication, as blocking furin cleavage resulted only in transient reduction of CCHFV titers, suggesting that either GP38 and/or decreased Gn maturation accounted for the reduced virion production. Our data demonstrate that nairoviruses can be produced by reverse genetics, and the utility of our system uncovered a function for furin cleavage. This viral rescue system could be further used to study the CCHFV replication cycle and facilitate the development of efficacious vaccines to counter this biological and public health threat.     

Development of multivalent vaccine targeting M segment of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) using immunoinformatic approaches

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral infection with no licensed vaccine or therapeutics available for its treatment. In the present study we have developed the first multi-epitope subunit vaccine effective against all the seven genotypes of CCHF virus (CCHFV). The vaccine contains five B-cell, two MHC-II (HTL), and three MHC-I (CTL) epitopes screened from two structural glycoproteins (Gc and Gn in M segment) of CCHFV with an N-terminus human β-defensin as an adjuvant, as well as an N-terminus EAAAK sequence. The epitopes were rigorously investigated for their antigenicity, allergenicity, IFN gamma induction, anti-inflammatory responses, stability, and toxicity. The three-dimensional structure of the vaccine was predicted and docked with TLR-3, TLR-8, and TLR-9 receptors to find the strength of the binding complexes via molecular dynamics simulation. After codon adaptation, the subunit vaccine construct was developed in a pDual-GC plasmid and has population coverage of 98.47% of the world's population (HLA-I & II combined). The immune simulation studies were carried out on the C-ImmSim in-silico interface showing a marked increase in the production of cellular and humoral response (B-cell and T-cell) as well as TGFβ, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12 indicating that the proposed vaccine would be able to sufficiently provoke both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Thus, making it a new and promising vaccine candidate against CCHFV.     

Species distribution and detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey

Ticks may act as vectors for a number of infectious diseases including Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). The causative agent is Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), a member of Bunyaviridae, causing extensive ecchymosis, visceral bleeding and hepatic dysfunction with a high fatality rate in the affected individuals. CCHF was initially recognized in Turkey in 2002 and the current number of reported cases exceeds 4,400. This study was conducted to confirm the presence of tick species established as potential CCHFV vectors and investigate CCHFV activity in ticks at Ankara province, Turkey’s second most-densely populated province, where CCHF cases were demonstrated. A total of 1,196 adult ticks, collected from various animals and vegetation in 12 sites located in 5 counties of Ankara during April–July 2010 were identified to species level. Twenty-two tick pools from county K2 were also evaluated for the presence of CCHFV RNA via a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay and reactive results were further confirmed by an in house nested RT-PCR assay. Nine tick species were identified: Rhipicephalus bursa (44.9%), R. sanguineus (18.9%), R. turanicus (18.1%), Haemaphysalis parva (8.3%), Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (5.4%), H. aegyptium (1.4%), H. anatolicum excavatum (1.3%), Hae. punctata (0.3%) and Dermacentor marginatus (0.2%). A total of five tick pools (22.7%) were reactive in real-time and nested RT-PCR assays. The pools included R. bursa, H. m. marginatum and Hae. parva ticks, collected from mammal hosts from two villages in one county. This is the first documentation of CCHFV activity in ticks from Ankara province, which indicates requirement for detailed surveillance to predict high risk zones in the region.     

痔疮动物模型的研究进展

随着对痔疮新药药效评价的需求,痔疮模型的建立有了初步的发展。目前,大鼠、小鼠、家兔、卷尾猴等动物已被成功的用于痔疮模型的建立。所用方法主要有:巴豆油法、醋酸法、感染法、创伤法、静脉阻断法等,动物模型的成功建立和合理应用将有利于推动痔疮新药的研发,本文将现有痔疮模型创建的原理和方法进行了归纳、总结。     

埃博拉出血热及埃博拉病毒的研究进展

埃博拉病毒可以引起一种人畜共患烈性传染病,即埃博拉出血热,此病于1976年始发于埃博拉河流域,并且于该区域严重流行,故而得名。人类一旦感染埃博拉病毒,死亡率可高达88%,从而引起医学界的广泛关注,世界卫生组织已将埃博拉病毒列为对人类危害最为严重的病毒之一。深入地了解埃博拉出血热及埃博拉病毒,及其致病机理,对于埃博拉出血热的预防和控制具有非常重要的意义。     

促红细胞生成素在脑缺血动物模型治疗中的研究进展

促红细胞生成素是一种促进红系造血前体细胞增殖、分化的细胞因子,主要作用为促进红细胞增殖,应用于临床各种贫血治疗。随着研究进展,学者发现促红细胞生成素为一种多功能营养因子及神经保护因子,具有调节中枢神经系统发育、神经营养及神经保护作用。脑缺血性卒中实验研究显示,促红细胞生成素可有效改善中枢神经系统疾病所致的神经功能缺损,本文主要概述促红细胞生成素在脑缺血性卒中动物模型的研究进展,及其发挥神经保护作用所经由的分子机制。相信随着实验研究进展,其在脑缺血性卒中临床治疗方面将拥有更广阔的前景。     

转基因肺癌动物模型研究进展

肺癌是世界各国常见的恶性肿瘤,肺癌动物模型在人类肺癌病因、诊断、治疗等方面发挥重要的作用。其中转基因肺癌模型能够更好的模拟肺癌,更有利于肺癌病因及发病过程的研究。本文介绍了近年来转基因肺癌模型的研究进展。     

常用实验动物肝癌模型研究进展

肝癌动物模型是研究肝癌发病病因和机理的重要平台和手段,在肝癌研究过程中,肝癌动物模型的建立起着非常重要的作用,建立和提供良好的肝癌动物模型为今后进一步研究肝癌的致病机理,指导临床肝癌的诊断和治疗提供理论参考。