长白县黑线姬鼠携带汉坦病毒的S基因特征研究

为了解长白县黑线姬鼠中汉坦病毒流行情况及病毒型别,采用巢式RT-PCR方法筛查鼠肺RNA,并对PCR阳性样本进行全S基因的扩增、克隆及测序;构建系统发生树并进行分子进化分析。结果显示:共捕获黑线姬鼠58只,共检测出4份阳性标本,阳性率6.90%。经过序列测定及进化分析显示黑线姬鼠所携带的病毒与汉滩病毒第6基因亚型标准株核苷酸的同源性为95.8%～96.3%,氨基酸同源性为98.6%～99.5%。同时发现,长白县黑线姬鼠携带的汉滩病毒的NP蛋白共有1个特异性氨基酸位点为S387。     

我国汉坦病毒基因型和基因亚型的分布研究

为了搞清全国汉坦病毒的基因型和亚型的分布情况,广泛收集了全国各地汉坦病毒毒株、阳性病人血清和阳性鼠肺,并应用RT-PCR的方法,应用汉坦病毒型特异性引物,对这些不同来源的阳性标本中汉坦病毒型特异性M和S片段进行扩增和测序,并与其它已知病毒序列进行比较,以明确其型别和亚型及其在全国的分布情况.结果表明:我国HFRS各疫区仍然为HTNV和SEOV两型病毒,但亚型分布差异较大,其中HTNV可分为9个亚型,SEOV则有4～6个亚型.Q32株的部分M和S片段分属于H9和H2亚型,是一个基因重排病毒,而Nc167株在系统发生上与其它HTNV明显不同,比较核苷酸序列发现,其M片段与其它HTNV的同源性在71.3%～76.7%之间,S片段与其它HTNV的同源性只有52.3%～57.8%,可能是一个新型病毒.     

吉林地区HFRS病原体基因型分析

为调查吉林地区褐家鼠中汉坦病毒病原体基因型及其分布情况,采用免疫荧光法检测吉林市区及吉林市所属各县市收集的鼠肺标本,对汉坦病毒抗原阳性标本以巢式RT-PCR法扩增S基因片段上的核苷酸序列并测序,将扩增片段的核苷酸序列与已知病毒序列进行同源性分析及系统进化树分析.序列分析发现吉林地区褐家鼠携带的汉坦病毒均为汉城病毒,S3...     

采用半巢式RT-PCR检测兰州地区住院肺炎患儿下呼吸道分泌物中的RSV

从人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)基因序列中高度保守的N基因处,设计了特异性半巢式引物,以反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法随机检测了46份兰州地区2007年春季住院肺炎患儿下呼吸道分泌物样本。结果46份样本中有19份扩增出了预期目的片段,对所有扩增产物进行基因序列测定。结果表明19份样本均有RSV感染,其检出率为41%,而且序列分析结果显示,所有RSV阳性样本均与RSVA亚型的同源性高于B亚型。     

上海地区部分婴幼儿腹泻标本中诺如病毒基因分析

目的了解2006年上海哨点医院婴幼儿疑似病毒性腹泻散发病例中诺如病毒基因型别和基因特征。方法应用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增标本中诺如病毒核酸,测序后使用DNAstar基因分析软件与Genbank中的参考株进行核酸序列分析。结果13份测序结果均属于诺如病毒GⅡ遗传组,以GⅡ.4基因型为主。其中2份核酸序列与2006年德国汉堡毒株序列同源性相近,分别为86.2%和88.2%;2份核酸序列与2006年荷兰乌得勒支毒株序列同源性相近,均为83.9%;其余9份核酸序列与2004年中国广西、2004年和2005年日本东京毒株序列同源性相近,为87.3%～97.5%。结论2006年上海哨点医院婴幼儿疑似病毒性腹泻标本中存在诺如病毒GⅡ.4基因型散发病例,不同病毒株之间差异较大。     

浙江省汉坦病毒基因分子进化分析

为了分析浙江省汉坦病毒分子流行病学的特点,本文应用分子生物学软件对1981～2007年从浙江省不同地区不同宿主分离的12株汉坦病毒的S、M基因序列进行分子进化分析,结果显示:浙江省属汉滩(HTN)型和汉城(SEO)型的混合型疫区,病毒的基因差异和亲缘远近关系主要表现在地区性,而与病毒分离的年代与宿主关系并不大,表现出明显的地理聚集现象,该现象在HTNV中的表现尤为明显,同一地区分离的病毒表现为较高的基因同源性,系统进化树上分布于同一或临近分支。另外发现分离自浙江省建德地区的Gou3和ZJ5株在SEOV进化枝中构成一独立分支,而且与国内外SEOV其他毒株的基因差异均较大,在浙江省建德地区存在着SOEV的特殊亚型病毒。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒HZ08株S4基因序列分析

草鱼呼肠孤病毒HZ08株是本实验室从患出血病草鱼体内分离到的一个新毒株,已完成部分基因序列的分析,其氨基酸序列的同源性和873株相比,仅为20%~30%之间.因序列差异较大,无法通过设计特异性引物来扩增和分析其基因序列,采用单引物扩增技术,对HZ08株S4基因进行序列分析表明:S4全长为2263 bp,最大的ORF编码717个氨基酸,推导出其表达的蛋白约为79 kDa.正如其他基因节段,基因末端也含有保守碱基序列5′(GUAAUUU…UUCAUC),3′.S4基因推导的氨基酸序列与同宿主的其他呼肠孤病毒的非结构蛋白NS1同源性最大,其次是和哺乳动物正呼肠孤病毒的非结构蛋白mu-NS以及禽呼肠孤病毒非结构蛋白NS1同源性较大,表明S4可能表达细胞骨架相关蛋白.基于S4推导出的氨基酸序列构建的系统进化树HZ08株单独作为一个分支,与同宿主的其他呼肠孤病毒亲缘关系比较近,而与其他呼肠孤病毒则相对较远.这提示HZ08株可能是多个毒株的遗传信息经长期的遗传进化而得,综合其它已知序列信息,推测HZ08株可能为呼肠孤病毒的一个新成员.     

中国国内首次发现Ⅰ基因型乙型肝炎病毒基因序列

对云南省参加健康体检人员中一份乙肝表面抗原阳性标本S区基因序列测定,以了解其分子生物学特点。利用巢式PCR扩增HBV S基因片段,并对扩增产物进行序列测定,将基因序列提交到GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同时运用Mega软件进行同源性分析,并构建基因树,并将其核苷酸和氨基酸与已报道的A~I基因型参考株的同源性进行比较。核苷酸和氨基酸比较结果证明,此标本病毒基因型为HBV I基因型。本文所发现的I基因型标本为国内首次报道。     

中国国内首次发现Ⅰ基因型乙型肝炎病毒基因序列

对云南省参加健康体检人员中一份乙肝表面抗原阳性标本S区基因序列测定,以了解其分子生物学特点。利用巢式PCR扩增HBV S基因片段,并对扩增产物进行序列测定,将基因序列提交到GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同时运用Mega软件进行同源性分析,并构建基因树,并将其核苷酸和氨基酸与已报道的A~I基因型参考株的同源性进行比较。核苷酸和氨基酸比较结果证明,此标本病毒基因型为HBV I基因型。本文所发现的I基因型标本为国内首次报道。     

柯萨奇病毒A16型的B1a和B1b两个分支在内蒙古自治区共同流行

研究2010年引起内蒙古自治区手足口病流行的柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackie virus A16,CVA16)的分子流行病学特征。采集内蒙古自治区12个盟市门诊就诊的888名手足口病患者粪便和咽拭子标本共921份,进行病毒分离,然后利用实时荧光PCR对阳性分离物进行CVA16的鉴定。从临床症状分别为普通型、重型和死亡病例的临床标本中分离的CVA16中随机选取50株代表株进行VP1编码区扩增及核苷酸序列测定和分析,与其他各基因型和基因亚型的CVA16构建亲缘进化关系树。921份标本共分离出82株CVA16,分离率为8.90%,其中从重症病例分离出3株CVA16,从死亡病例中分离出1株CVA16。50株内蒙古CVA16代表株在核苷酸水平上与1998年以来中国大陆CVA16分离株的同源性都较高,尤其与2009年北京株和2010年河南株的同源性最高,分别为96.18%～98.88%和94.94%～98.76%;但与2007年内蒙古流行株存在一定的差异,同源性仅为91.68%～96.52%;亲缘进化关系树显示,所有内蒙古CVA16株都属于B1基因型的两大进化分支B1a和B1b,并处于不同的簇中,它们之间的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为89.99%～100%和98.31%～100%,表现为CVA16分离株属于多个病毒传播链。2010年从内蒙古自治区不同临床症状手足口病病例分离的CVA16流行株属于B1基因型的两大进化分支B1a和B1b,两个进化分支的CVA16在内蒙古自治区共同进化和流行。     

Detection,distribution and control of Potato mop-top virus,a soil-borne virus,in northern Europe

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV; genus Pomovirus; family Virgaviridae) is transmitted by the soil-borne Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea, a protoctist that causes powdery scab on potato. PMTV is distributed widely in the potato growing areas in South and North America, Japan and northwestern Europe. This article reviews the current knowledge on detection, distribution and control of PMTV with focus on the Baltic Sea region. Since the 1980s, PMTV has caused great economic losses to potato production in the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland), but its occurrence in other countries of the Baltic Sea region remained unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, harmonised sampling and virus detection procedures including bioassays and serological and molecular methods were employed by 21 research institutions to detect PMTV in potato tubers and soil samples in 2005–2008. Potato growing areas were widely contaminated with PMTV in the Nordic countries. Only the main seed potato production area in northern Sweden and the High Grade seed potato production zone in Finland were negative for PMTV. Intensive and systematic surveys in Poland in 2004–2008 found no evidence of PMTV, except a single PMTV-infected tuber detected in 2008. Surveys in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) and northwestern Russia (Leningrad province) were negative for PMTV, except infection of minitubers in a screenhouse in Latvia in 2005. Varying percentages of tubers expressing spraing symptoms in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Poland were infected with Tobacco rattle virus, and bioassays indicated similar results for Russia. Incidence of symptomless infections with PMTV was high in tubers of many potato cultivars. Here, we discuss the contrasting patterns of distribution of PMTV in the Baltic Sea region, factors playing a role in dispersal and establishment of PMTV in new fields and means for controlling PMTV and its spread to new areas. We emphasise the use of the current virus-specific methods for the detection of PMTV in symptomless potato tubers and the high risks of disseminating PMTV to new fields and areas in viruliferous resting spores of S. subterranea in the soil adhering to seed tubers. PMTV-resistant potato cultivars will provide the only sustainable means for preventing yield losses in the infested fields and the prospects of resistance breeding are summarised.     

Comparative aspects of infectious salmon anemia virus,an orthomyxovirus of fish,to influenza viruses

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease that was first recorded in 1984 in farmed Atlantic salmon. The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is classified as the type species of the genus Isavirus in the Orthomyxoviridae family and is evolutionary remote to the influenza viruses. The genome consists of eight negative single-stranded RNA segments, and it utilises the same mechanisms as influenza viruses to enter and exit cells. Although a common ancestor of ISAV and other genera of Orthomyxoviruses could be dated back several millions of years, there are still many similarities between ISAV and the influenza viruses regarding morphology, replication cycles and interactions with their respective hosts.     

Evidence for plant viruses in the region of Argentina Islands, Antarctica

This work focused on the assessment of plant virus occurrence among primitive and higher plants in the Antarctic region. Sampling occurred during two seasons (2004/5 and 2005/6) at the Ukrainian Antarctic Station 'Academician Vernadskiy' positioned on Argentina Islands. Collected plant samples of four moss genera (Polytrichum, Plagiatecium, Sanionia and Barbilophozia) and one higher monocot plant species, Deschampsia antarctica, were further subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for the presence of common plant viruses. Surprisingly, samples of Barbilophozia and Polytrichum mosses were found to contain antigens of viruses from the genus Tobamovirus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which normally parasitize angiosperms. By contrast, samples of the monocot Deschampsia antarctica were positive for viruses typically infecting dicots: Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus. Serological data for Deschampsia antarctica were supported in part by transmission electron microscopy observations and bioassay results. The results demonstrate comparatively high diversity of plant viruses detected in Antarctica; the results also raise questions of virus specificity and host susceptibility, as the detected viruses normally infect dicotyledonous plants. However, the means of plant virus emergence in the region remain elusive and are discussed.     

Inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in Phaseolus vulgaris L. IV. Inheritance, linkage relations, and environmental effects on systemic resistance to four potyviruses

We have examined the genetics of systemic resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris to azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and the relationship of this resistance to a phenotypically similar resistance to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV). In P. vulgaris cv Great Northern 1140 (GN1140), resistance to SMV and WMV has been attributed to the genes Smv and Wmv, respectively, which have been shown to segregate as a unit. Systemic resistance to AzMV is conferred by two incompletely dominant alleles, Azm1 and Azm2, at unlinked loci. At least three resistance alleles must be present at these two loci for systemic resistance to be expressed in the plant. Systemic resistance to CABMV in GN 1140 is conditioned by a dominant allele that has been designated Cam2. Under some environmental conditions, a recessive allele at an unlinked locus, cam3, also controls a resistant response to CABMV. Resistance to AzMV and CABMV does not assort independently from Wmv/Smv, but also does not consistently cosegregate, suggesting that perhaps in each case one of the factors involved in resistance is associated with Smv/Wmv.     

Survival of spumavirus,a primate retrovirus,in laboratory media and water

The persistence of a previously characterized spumavirus strain (strain SV-522) was investigated utilizing various laboratory media and waters, including Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) plus 0% fetal bovine serum (EMEM-0%), EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, Chlamydia transport medium (CTM), phosphate-buffered saline, distilled, estuarine, and marine water, human serum, and the germicides, ethyl alcohol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (10%). Experiments were performed at 4 degrees C and/or 23 degrees C. Infectivity endpoints were determined in stock aliquots upon initiation of testing and then after 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. The virus was reisolated from all diluents after 5 days at 23 degrees C and in EMEM-10% after 7 days. The virus was detected in CTM, EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, and estuarine and marine waters after 7 days at 4 degrees C. Differences in the persistence of the virus may be ascribed to temperature and organic load. Water ionic strengths (e.g., estuarine vs. marine water) had no effect on modifying persistence of viral particles. Infectivity of spumavirus was undetectable after 30 s in 70% ethanol or 10% sodium hypochlorite. After 30 min at 23 degrees C, spumavirus infectivity in normal but not heat-inactivated human serum increased by almost 100-fold. Persistence of infectivity of primate spumavirus after 7 days in media and waters, and the agent's infectious potential in the human host, emphasize a need for cautious recognition during the manipulation of primate cells/organs and in the handling of primates themselves.     

Regeneration of midgut epithelial cell in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with viruses

In the larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the regeneration of midgut cells infected with a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV), a flacherie virus (FV), and a small DNA virus (SDV) was studied. Large numbers of newly developed cells appeared in the CPV-infected part of the midgut epithelium just before larval molt, and along with their development, the CPV-infected old columnar cells were discharged into the midgut lumen during the molt. On the other hand, in the uninfected portion of the midgut only a few cells developed, and no columnar cells were discharged. Similarly, the marked replacement of midgut epithelial cells during larval molt was also observed in larvae infected with CPV + FV. In the larvae infected with CPV + SDV, the columnar cells lost their regenerative ability, and because of the exfoliation of infected columnar cells, the midgut epithelium consisted mainly of uninfected goblet cells at a late stage of infection. The degree of epithelial regeneration varied with the silkworm strain and the dosage of the virus.     

Control of aphid-vectored and thrips-borne virus spread in lily, tulip, iris and dahlia by sprays of mineral oil, polydimethylsiloxane and pyrethroid insecticide in the field

In this study control of spread by insect vectors of non‐persistent Lily symptomless virus and Lily mottle virus in lily, Tulip breaking virus in tulip, Iris mild mosaic virus, Narcissus latent virus and Iris severe mosaic virus in bulbous iris, and semi‐persistent Dahlia mosaic virus and persistent Tomato spotted wilt virus in dahlia has been evaluated with weekly sprays of mineral oil, beta‐pinene emulsion, polydimethylsiloxane emulsions and pyrethroid insecticide. In lily, beta‐pinene in ‘Wilt Prufgave’ 40% reduction of virus spread. In 1995–97 deltamethrin in ‘Decisgave’ 22–58% reduction. Deltamethrin added to sprays of mineral oil ‘Luxan oil H’ and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), e.g. in ‘Dow Corning 36’, efficiently improved control efficacy. The latter was also observed in tulip and dahlia. Mineral oil and deltamethrin gave best control by 81–97% reduction of virus spread at standard spray volumes (6.25 litre ha^?1+0.4 litre ha¹). ‘Luxan oil H’ at 3.125 litre ha^?1 with deltamethrin gave 69–91% control. Efficacy of control by polydimethylsiloxane in ‘Dow Corning 36’ was superior to ‘Luxan anti‐foam’. ‘Dow Corning 36’ with deltamethrin (7+0.4 litre ha^?1) gave satisfactory control (68–87%). In tulip, the control by ‘Dow Corning 36’/deltamethrin sprays proved satisfactory compared with ‘Luxan oil H’/‘Decis’‐sprays. In bulbous iris the efficacy of tested PDMS‐brands was clearly different in favour of ‘Dow Corning 36’. In dahlia mineral‐oil and PDMS‐sprays gave some control of semi‐persistent DaMV (16–24%). This ranged at higher level (65–80%) when deltamethrin was added to the spray mixture. Similar trends were observed in the control of persistent TSWV. The effect of polydimethylsiloxane emulsions in the spectrum of virus‐control agents is described for the first time. The effect of PDMS compared with that of mineral oils and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides is discussed with respect to efficacy, mode of action to prevent virus transmission and possible reduction of bulb weights in vegetatively propagated bulb crops.