G蛋白信号调节因子的结构分类和功能

G蛋白信号调节因子是能够直接与激活的Gα亚基结合,显著刺激Gα亚基上的GTP酶活性,加速GTP水解,从而灭活或终止G蛋白信号的一组分子大小各异的多功能蛋白质家族。它们都共同拥有一个130个氨基酸的保守的RGS结构域,其功能是结合激活的Gα亚基,负调节G蛋白信号。许多RGS蛋白还拥有非RGS结构域,能够结合其它信号蛋白,从而整合和调节G蛋白信号之间以及G蛋白和其它信号系统之间的关系。     

缺氧诱导因子-1和缺氧诱导因子-2：结构、功能及调节

缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）和缺氧诱导因子-2（HIF-2）是细胞应对缺氧时关键的转录因子,在生物体生理及病理过程中有重要的作用。HIF由一个α亚基和一个β亚基组成二聚体。在蛋白水平上,HIF的稳定性及转录活性受到多种机制的调控,除为人所熟知的O2/PHDs/pVHL降解途径及FIH-1羟基化作用外,分别针对HIF-1α和HIF-2α的特异性调控机制也相继被报道。从HIF-1α和HIF-2α的蛋白结构、稳定性调控、转录激活功能以及两者在细胞代谢、肿瘤发生中的作用等方面对两者的相似性和差异性进行综述。     

PcG蛋白复合体对Hox基因调节的研究

PcG蛋白广泛参与到生长、发育、增殖、分化以及肿瘤发生等重要过程.而目前为止对PcG蛋白的靶基因研究最透彻的就是Hox家族. Hox基因存在于一个高度保守的基因簇内,在调控维持正常发育及肿瘤发生中有重要作用.一般认为,PcG蛋白复合物对Hox基因进行以组蛋白表观修饰为主的沉默作用,指导Hox基因适时适地发挥功能. 同时,这个过程还需要DNA连接蛋白、ncRNA等分子的辅助.本文对Hox基因和PcG蛋白的组成和功能进行介绍,并重点归纳总结了对二者关系的经典和最新认识.     

肌动蛋白解聚因子/cofilin功能的研究进展

肌动蛋白解聚因子（actin depolymerizing factor,ADF）/cofilin家族是一类肌动蛋白结合蛋白,它们通过切断肌动蛋白纤丝并结合到肌动蛋白单体上,在重塑肌动蛋白骨架中发挥重要作用。就ADF/cofilin家族的结构特点、调控肌动蛋白动力学的机制及其功能的最新研究进展做一简要综述,并指出了目前在ADF/cofilin功能研究方面的不足和尚需解决的问题。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散辅助治疗手足口病对患儿血清超敏C反应蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的影响

目的探讨酪酸梭菌活菌散辅助治疗手足口病（HFMD）对患儿血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α水平的影响。方法选取的HFMD患儿70例,随机将患儿分为观察组和对照组,每组35例。两组患儿均予以利巴韦林、重组人干扰素ctlb及退热、营养支持等常规治疗。观察组患儿在此基础上加用酪酸梭菌活菌散,其中≤1岁,0．5g/次,2次／d;〉1岁,1．0g／次,2次／d,温开水冲服。对照组患儿除不使用酪酸梭菌活菌散外余治疗同观察组。观察两组患儿治疗前和治疗3d后血清hs—CRP和TNF—α水平的变化,进行临床疗效的观察。结果治疗3d后,两组患儿血清hs-CRP和TNF—α水平均较前明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,且观察组下降的幅度较对照组更明显（P〈0．05）。观察组患儿治疗后的总有效率（94．29％）明显高于对照组（77．14％）（x^2=4.20,P〈0．05）。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散辅助治疗对HFMD患儿的效果较好,能降低血清hs—CRP和TNF—α水平,从而抑制患儿的免疫性炎症反应过程,达到治疗的目的。     

RhoA和血清反应因子(SRF)介导E1A激活基因阻遏子诱导人血管平滑肌细胞分化

为探讨E1A激活基因阻遏子(CREG)对人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)分化的调控机制,应用重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLNCX2( )/CREG及pLXSN(-)/CREG制备稳定感染HITASY细胞模型,观察CREG蛋白过表达及表达抑制对人VSMCs分化的影响并探讨其调控机制.结果显示:pLNCX2( )/CREG稳定感染细胞呈分化表型,细胞细长变成组织样聚集生长趋势,细胞中CREG蛋白和平滑肌分化标志蛋白平滑肌α-肌动蛋白(SMα-actin)表达显著增加,同时SMα-actin相关调控因子——血清反应因子(SRF)入核转位,RhoA总蛋白表达上调,以Rho激酶特异性抑制剂Y-27632作用后,CREG诱导的SMα-actin表达下调的同时SRF出核转位;pLXSN(-)/CREG稳定感染的细胞体积变大,细胞极性消失,呈无序生长,细胞中CREG和SMα-actin蛋白表达显著降低,同时伴有SRF出核转位及RhoA总蛋白表达下调.免疫共沉淀分析发现,CREG蛋白能被分泌到VSMCs培养基中表达,并可与细胞膜受体6-磷酸甘露糖/胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ型受体(M6P/IGF2R)发生直接相互作用.用蛋白磷酸酶PP2A特异性抑制剂okadaicacid减少M6P/IGF2R在细胞膜表面分布,可明显抑制CREG过表达引起的RhoA、SRF和SMα-actin表达.上述结果提示,在体外培养的人VSMCs中,CREG可能作为一种分泌型蛋白质通过与细胞膜受体M6P/IGF2R相互作用,依次激活SMα-actin蛋白相关调控因子RhoA和SRF引起SMα-actin表达增加,促进VSMCs向分化表型转换.     

鲫鱼干扰素调节因子1功能初步研究

将鲫鱼IRF1基因的ORF与真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1（＋）相连,构建了真核重组表达载体,转染并通过G418筛选获得了稳定转染IRF1基因的细胞株。同时利用原核表达系统成功获得了包含鲫鱼IRF1C端165个氨基酸的多肽,制备了抗鲫鱼IRF1的多克隆抗体。进一步从RNA和蛋白水平证明,在稳定转染IRF1基因的细胞株中IRF1能够组成型的过量表达,并且IRF1的过量表达伴随IFN基因的表达水平增强。同时PolyI：C的诱导能使稳定表达IRF1的细胞中干扰素系统基因STAT1和IF158的表达显著增强。研究结果表明,过量表达IRF1能调控鲫鱼IFN以及ISG基因的表达。     

hnRNP A1的功能研究进展

核不均一核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein,hnRNP)是一类多功能RNA结合蛋白家族,能与RNA聚合酶Ⅱ合成的新生转录本结合,并以复合体形式参与转录本稳定与成熟调控过程. hnRNP A1是hnRNPs家族重要成员,不仅广泛参与癌症与神经系统疾病相关基因的可变剪接调控,还在病毒侵染、细胞衰老及应激恢复中发挥重要作用.此外,hnRNP A1作为典型的RNA结合蛋白,在转录与可变剪接调控过程中,可通过动态三维结构识别特定序列.本文总结了hnRNP A1的最新研究进展,以期为进一步探究hnRNP A1在疾病发生中的功能研究提供参考.     

SB P 转录因子的结构和功能

SBP是植物所特有的一类转录因子。SBP家族成员在结构上有共同的特点：每个成员都含有由76个左右氨基酸组成的非常保守的DNA结合域（即SBP结合域）。含有SBP结合域的转录因子在植物中广泛存在,并且参与植物生长、发育的多个方面。比如花器官的形成等。在此。主要介绍了植物转录因子SBP家族的结构及其功能的研究进展。     

Notch信号及其对T细胞发育和分化的调节

哺乳动物Notch蛋白包括四种(Notchl～Notch4),其配体分为两个家族:Jagged家族(Jaggedl,Jagged2)和Delta样家族(DLL1,DLL3,DLL4).Notch信号途径涉及一些蛋白质裂解过程,随后反式作用因子RBP-J及协同激活因子MAML等参与,最终导致靶基因的转录.在早期T细胞发育过程中起关键作用,还调节外周T细胞的活化增殖以及诱导Th细胞亚群的分化.Notch信号途径对转录因子GATA-3激活而诱导的Th2细胞分化非常重要.     

RTVP-1 expression is regulated by SRF downstream of protein kinase C and contributes to the effect of SRF on glioma cell migration

Gliomas are characterized by increased infiltration into the surrounding normal brain tissue. We recently reported that RTVP-1 is highly expressed in gliomas and plays a role in the migration of these cells, however the regulation of RTVP-1 expression in these cells is not yet described. In this study we examined the role of PKC in the regulation of RTVP-1 expression and found that PMA and overexpression of PKCα and PKCε increased the expression of RTVP-1, whereas PKCδ exerted an opposite effect. Using the MatInspector software, we identified a SRF binding site on the RTVP-1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that SRF binds to the RTVP-1 promoter in U87 cells, and that this binding was significantly increased in response to serum addition. Moreover, silencing of SRF blocked the induction of RTVP-1 expression in response to serum. We found that overexpression of PKCα and PKCε increased the activity of the RTVP-1 promoter and the binding of SRF to the promoter. In contrast, overexpression of PKCδ blocked the increase in RTVP-1 expression in response to serum and the inhibitory effect of PKCδ was abrogated in cells expressing a SRFT160A mutant. SRF regulated the migration of glioma cells and its effect was partially mediated by RTVP-1. We conclude that RTVP-1 is a PKC-regulated gene and that this regulation is at least partly mediated by SRF. Moreover, RTVP-1 plays a role in the effect of SRF on glioma cell migration.     

Ezrin蛋白的生物学作用及其与肿瘤转移的关系

Ezrin蛋白是ERM蛋白家族中的一员,最早被发现。人体几乎所有的组织细胞中都有Ezrin蛋白的存在。Ezrin蛋白分子通过磷酸化等方式来激活,暴露其分子上的功能位点,形成具有功能分子结构。亚细胞定位在胞浆中,细胞膜与骨架蛋白之间,通过链接细胞内骨架蛋白与膜蛋白来实现其多项复杂而又重要的功能。近年来发现Ezrin蛋白存在多种功能,包括参与细胞形态学、参与免疫突触的形成,与黏附分子作用进而来调节细胞与细胞或细胞与基质间的黏附、调节细胞运动性等。最重要的是它在多种肿瘤中高表达并促进肿瘤细胞的增殖及转移等活动,参与肿瘤的发生与发展。干扰肿瘤细胞内的Ezrin蛋白表达或抑制其磷酸化后,可以明显抑制肿瘤的转移。所以,Ezrin可能成为将来抑制肿瘤转移研究的潜在靶点。     

血清应答因子在食管鳞癌细胞侵袭转移中的作用

目的:研究血清应答因子(serum response factor,SRF)在人食管鳞癌细胞体外侵袭转移中的意义。方法:选用EC9706-H、EC9706-L和EC109-H、EC109-L两对高低转移细胞系,采用细胞划痕实验验证食管鳞癌高低转移细胞系体外侵袭转移能力的差异;Western blot检测SRF在两对食管鳞癌高低转移细胞系中的差异表达;在EC9706-H、EC109-H细胞中加入CCG(SRF抑制剂)抑制SRF的表达后,检测其侵袭转移能力的变化。结果:细胞划痕实验验证了两对食管鳞癌高低转移细胞系侵袭转移能力的差异;Western blot结果提示SRF在EC9706-H、EC109-H细胞中的表达水平显著高于EC9706-L、EC109-L细胞;在EC9706-H、EC109-H细胞中加入CCG抑制SRF的表达后,其侵袭转移能力明显减退。结论:SRF在高转移性食管鳞癌细胞系中呈现高表达,在低转移性食管鳞癌细胞系中呈现低表达,抑制高转移性食管鳞癌细胞系中SRF的表达后,其侵袭转移能力下降,提示SRF和食管鳞癌的侵袭转移能力呈正相关。     

Recruitment of Dbl by Ezrin and Dystroglycan Drives Membrane Proximal Cdc42 Activation and Filopodia Formation

Dystroglycan is an essential laminin binding cell adhesion molecule which is also an adaptor for several SH2 domain-containing signalling molecules and as a scaffold for the ERK-MAP kinase cascade. Loss of dystroglycan function is implicated in muscular dystrophies and the aetiology of epithelial cancers. We have previously demonstrated a role for dystroglycan and ezrin in the formation of filopodia structures. Here we demonstrate the existence of a dystroglycan:ezrin:Dbl complex that is targeted to the membrane by dystroglycan where it drives local Cdc42 activation and the formation of filopodial. Deletion of an ezrin binding site in dystroglycan prevented the association with ezrin and Dbl and the formation of filopodia. Furthermore, expression of the dystroglycan cytoplasmic domain alone had a dominant-negative effect on filopodia formation and Cdc42 activation by sequestering ezrin and Dbl away from the membrane. Depletion of dystroglycan inhibited Cdc42-induced filopodia formation. For the first time we also demonstrate co-localisation of Cdc42 and dystroglycan at the tips of dynamic filopodia.     

Ezrin functionality and hypothermic preservation injury in LLC-PK1 cells

Renal epithelial cells from donor kidneys are susceptible to hypothermic preservation injury, which is attenuated when they over express the cytoskeletal linker protein ezrin. This study was designed to characterize the mechanisms of this protection. Renal epithelial cell lines were created from LLC-PK1 cells, which expressed mutant forms of ezrin with site directed alterations in membrane binding functionality. The study used cells expressing wild type ezrin, T567A, and T567D ezrin point mutants. The A and D mutants have constitutively inactive and active membrane binding conformations, respectively. Cells were cold stored (4 °C) for 6-24 h and reperfused for 1h to simulate transplant preservation injury. Preservation injury was assessed by mitochondrial activity (WST-1) and LDH release. Cells expressing the active ezrin mutant (T567D) showed significantly less preservation injury compared to wild type or the inactive mutant (T567A), while ezrin-specific siRNA knockdown and the inactive mutant potentiated preservation injury. Ezrin was extracted and identified from purified mitochondria. Furthermore, isolated mitochondria specifically bound anti-ezrin antibodies, which were reversed with the addition of exogenous recombinant ezrin. Recombinant wild type ezrin significantly reduced the sensitivity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) to calcium, suggesting ezrin may modify mitochondrial function. In conclusion, the cytoskeletal linker protein ezrin plays a significant role in hypothermic preservation injury in renal epithelia. The mechanisms appear dependent on the molecule's open configuration (traditional linker functionality) and possibly a novel mitochondrial specific role, which may include modulation of mPTP function or calcium sensitivity.