细胞凋亡信号转导中的蛋白水解酶

细胞凋亡在体内稳态平衡,机体防御,老化及许多疾病的发生过程中发挥重要作用,尽管对细胞凋亡的研究进展很快,但是凋亡发生的确切机制仍是个谜。参与细胞凋亡的信号转导及调控因素很多。近年来,人们认识到一系列的蛋白水解酶在细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用。其中,ＩＣＥ样半胱氨酸蛋白酶在凋亡信号转导中的作用愈来愈受到重视,许多调控细胞凋亡的因素可通过ＩＣＥ样蛋白水解酶起作用,本文就细胞凋亡信号转导途径中的ＩＣＥ样蛋白     

氧化还原调控的表观遗传修饰在乳腺癌中的作用

乳腺癌是影响女性健康最主要的恶性肿瘤之一．表观遗传修饰及活性氧(ROS)过度积累引起的氧化应激在乳腺癌发生发展中起关键作用,表观遗传修饰与ROS的生成和清除相互影响．本文通过对目前有关表观遗传修饰和ROS参与乳腺癌的发生发展进行综述,为寻求乳腺癌发生发展的生物标志物及精准治疗提供思路．     

细胞抗凋亡作用及其信号转导途径

细胞抗凋亡是生物机体为了适应环境变化,维持生理平衡的一种主动的自我保护行为。凋亡或抗凋亡均是多样性、偶联性、多途径的信号转导过程。细胞抗凋亡的信号转导是在内外生存因子的刺激下,激活P13K／AKT,ERK,NF—kB。NO等多种信号偶联途径,抑制细胞的凋亡。     

冷诱导细胞凋亡及其调控机制

冷和细胞凋亡有着密切的关系,冷诱导细胞凋亡的研究已经成为器官移植医学领域里的热点。冷诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导过程错综复杂,细胞内活性氧自由基、Ca2 、Fe2 以及冷相关基因都介导或调控冷引起的细胞凋亡。结合有关冷和细胞凋亡方面的研究进展,综述了与冷引起的细胞凋亡相关的信号转导过程和相关基因的调控机制。     

氧化修饰LDL诱导U937细胞凋亡及其机制探讨

用氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导人髓系白血病细胞株U937细胞凋亡,并研究其作用机制.用脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口末端标记技术(TUNEL法)、流式细胞仪和DNA断裂分析检测细胞凋亡;用免疫组化检测c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白表达,RT-PCR显示c-fos、c-jun和c-myc mRNA表达水平.结果表明ox-LDL可致U937细胞凋亡,其作用具有浓度效应;ox-LDL可以上调c-fos、c-jun和c-myc基因表达,使c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白合成增多,最终诱导U937细胞凋亡.     

细胞凋亡过程中的信号转导

细胞凋亡过程中的信号转导李雨民陈洪（中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学放射医学研究所,天津３００１９２）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｌｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ,ＤｕｋｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,ＵＳＡ）关键词细胞凋亡ＩＣＥＦａｓ／ＴＮＦＲ１信号转导细胞凋亡的发现虽已有...     

JNK信号转导与细胞凋亡

JNK是一类MAPK蛋白,介导细胞的信号转导,通过启动细胞中的胱天蛋白酶家族蛋白激酶,诱导细胞凋亡。本文主要就JNK信号转导在细胞凋亡中的作用及其机制进行阐述。     

紫杉醇诱导的细胞凋亡信号转导

紫杉醇为新型抗微管药物,对许多肿瘤都有明显疗效,尤其是晚期卵巢癌和乳腺癌［１］。它的作用目标是细胞骨架的微管系统,其结合位点在β－微管蛋白Ｎ－端第３１位氨基酸和第２１７～２３１位氨基酸位点上,结合后促进微管蛋白聚合并稳定微管结构,抑制其解聚,进而影响...     

TNF受体家庭介导的细胞凋亡信号转导

肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）家庭是一类多功能的细胞因子,具有诱导细胞凋亡、抗病毒、免疫调节等多种生物学活性,其中一些成员可以通过和细胞膜上相应受体结合,启动细胞内的凋亡机制,而诱导细胞凋亡,一些蛋白质（如ＴＲＡＤＤ、ＦＡＤＤ、ＲＩＰ、ＲＡＩＤＤ等）参与这些信号传递过程,越来赵多的ＴＮＦ家庭成员,ＴＮＦ受体以及与细胞凋亡相产在的Ｃａｓｐａｓｅ蛋白酶２成员被人们发现。     

细胞凋亡的信号转导机制与调节

本文综述近年来细胞凋亡信号转导机制的有关研究进展,重点概述了凋亡信号转导的死亡受体途径,线粒体－细胞色素Ｃ途径的信号转导机制及信号转导的有关调节机制的研究进展。     

Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in dividing fibroblasts involves activation of p38 MAP kinase and over-expression of Bax: resistance of quiescent cells to oxidative stress

Oxidative stress has been postulated to be involved in aging and age-related degenerative diseases. Cell death as a result of oxidative stress plays an important role in the age related diseases. Using human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) as model to study the mechanism of cell death induced by oxidative stress, a condition was standardized to induce apoptosis in the early passage sub-confluent HDFs by a brief exposure of cells to 250 M hydrogen peroxide. It was observed that p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) was activated soon after the treatment followed by over-expression of Bax protein in cells undergoing apoptosis. An interesting finding of the present study is that the confluent, quiescent HDFs were resistant to cell death under identical condition of oxidative stress. The contact-inhibited quiescent HDFs exhibited increased glutathione level following H₂O₂-treatment, did not activate p38 MAP kinase, or over-express Bax, and were resistant to cell death. These findings indicated that there was a correlation between the cell cycle and sensitivity to oxidative stress. This is the first report to our knowledge that describes a relationship between the quiescence state and anti-oxidative defense. Furthermore, our results also suggest that the p38MAPK activation-Bax expression pathway might be involved in apoptosis induced by oxidative stress.     

Oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis

Emerging evidence shows that redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. As a consequence, teratogens that induce oxidative stress (OS) may induce teratogenesis via the misregulation of these same pathways. Many of these pathways are regulated by cellular thiol redox couples, namely glutathione/glutathione disulfide, thioredoxinred/thioredoinox, and cysteine/cystine. This review outlines oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis through the disruption of thiol-mediated redox signaling. Due to the ability of many known and suspected teratogens to induce oxidative stress and the many signaling pathways that have redox-sensitive components, further research is warranted to fully understand these mechanisms.     

Oxidative Stress in Submerged Cultures of Fungi

ABSTRACT:?

It has been known for many years that oxygen (O₂) may have toxic effects on aerobically growing microorganisms, mainly due to the threat arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In submerged culture industrial fermentation processes, maintenance of adequate levels of O₂ (usually measured as dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)) can often be critical to the success of the manufacturing process. In viscous cultures of filamentous cultures, actively respiring, supplying adequate levels of O₂ to the cultures by conventional air sparging is difficult and various strategies have been adopted to improve or enhance O₂ transfer. However, adoption of those strategies to maintain adequate levels of DOT, that is, to avoid O₂ limitation, may expose the fungi to potential oxidative damage caused by enhanced flux through the respiratory system. In the past, there have been numerous studies investigating the effects of DOT on fungal bioprocesses. Generally, in these studies moderately enhanced levels of O₂ supply resulted in improvement in growth, product formation and acceptable morphological changes, while the negative impact of higher levels of DOT on morphology and product synthesis were generally assumed to be a consequence of “oxidative stress.” However, very little research has actually been focused on investigation of this implicit link, and the mechanisms by which such effects might be mediated within industrial fungal processes. To elucidate this neglected topic, this review first surveys the basic knowledge of the chemistry of ROS, defensive systems in fungi and the effects of DOT on fungal growth, metabolism and morphology. The physiological responses of fungal cells to oxidative stress imposed by artificial and endogenous stressors are then critically reviewed. It is clear that fungi have a range of methods available to minimize the negative impacts of elevated ROS, but also that development of the various defensive systems or responses, can itself have profound consequences upon many process-related parameters. It is also clear that many of the practically convenient and widely used experimental methods of simulating oxidative stress, for example, addition of exogenous menadione or hydrogen peroxide, have effects on fungal cultures quite distinct from the effects of elevated levels of O₂, and care must thus be exercised in the interpretation of results from such studies. The review critically evaluates our current understanding of the responses of fungal cultures to elevated O₂ levels, and highlights key areas requiring further research to remedy gaps in knowledge.     

Oxidative stress and enzymic-non-enzymic antioxidant responses in children with acute pneumonia

In this article, oxidative stress and enzymic-non-enzymic antioxidants status were investigated in children with acute pneumonia. Our study included 28 children with acute pneumonia and 29 control subjects. The age ranged from 2 to 11 years (4.57+/-2.13 years) and 2 to 12 years (4.89+/-2.22 years) in the study and control groups, respectively. Whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), serum beta-carotene, retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, catalase (CAT), ceruloplasmin (CLP), total bilirubin, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were studied in all subjects. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups for all parameters except for serum CAT. Whole blood MDA, serum CLP and total bilirubin levels were higher in the study group than those of the control group. However, SOD, GPx, beta-carotene, retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH levels were lower in the study group compared with the control group. All antioxidant vitamin activities were decreased in children with acute pneumonia. Our study demonstrated that oxidative stress was increased whereas enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant activities were significantly decreased in children with acute pneumonia.     

Elevated levels of protein carbonyls in sera of chronic fatigue syndrome patients

Protein carbonyl levels, a measure of protein oxidation, were found to be significantly elevated (p < 0.0005) in the sera of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients vs. controls. In contrast, the total protein levels in sera CFS patients were unchanged from those of controls. The elevated protein carbonyl levels confirm earlier reports suggesting that oxidative stress is associated with chronic fatigue syndrome and are consistent with a prediction of the elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite theory of chronic fatigue syndrome and related conditions.     

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor OSG-1 Confers Functional Aging via Dysregulated Rho Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons

Genetic studies usually focus on quantifying and understanding the existence of genetic control on expected phenotypic outcomes. However, there is compelling evidence suggesting the existence of genetic control at the level of environmental variability, with some genotypes exhibiting more stable and others more volatile performance. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for environmental variability not only informs medical questions but is relevant in evolution and in agricultural science. In this work fully sequenced inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster were analyzed to study the nature of genetic control of environmental variance for two quantitative traits: starvation resistance (SR) and startle response (SL). The evidence for genetic control of environmental variance is compelling for both traits. Sequence information is incorporated in random regression models to study the underlying genetic signals, which are shown to be different in the two traits. Genomic variance in sexual dimorphism was found for SR but not for SL. Indeed, the proportion of variance captured by sequence information and the contribution to this variance from four chromosome segments differ between sexes in SR but not in SL. The number of studies of environmental variation, particularly in humans, is limited. The availability of full sequence information and modern computationally intensive statistical methods provides opportunities for rigorous analyses of environmental variability.     

Oxidative stress in cerebral small vessel disease. Role of reactive species

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a wide term describing the condition affecting perforating arterial branches as well as arterioles, venules, and capillaries. Cerebral vascular net is one of the main targets of localised oxidative stress processes causing damage to vasculature, changes in the blood flow and blood–brain barrier and, in consequence, promoting neurodegenerative alterations in the brain tissue. Numerous studies report the fact of oxidation to proteins, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids, occurring in most neurodegenerative diseases mainly in the earliest stages and correlations with the development of cognitive and motor disturbances. The dysfunction of endothelium can be caused by oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms as a result of reactions and processes generating extensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production such as high blood pressure, oxidised low density lipoproteins (oxLDL), very low density lipoproteins (vLDL), diabetes, homocysteinaemia, smoking, and infections. Several animal studies show positive aspects of ROS, especially within cerebral vasculature.