太行山区幽灵蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述了太行山区蜘蛛区系研究中发现的幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属1新种:短突幽灵蛛Pholcus pennatus.sp.nov.模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.文中测量单位mm.     

中国幽灵蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了中国幽灵蛛科Pholcidae幽灵蛛属Pholcus蜘蛛一新种;太白幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus taibaiensis sp. nov,采自陕西省太白山自然保护区。模式标本分别保存在西安师范学院生物系和河北教育学院生物系。     

中国幽灵蛛属四新种记述（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了幽灵蛛属四新种:杂斑幽灵蛛Pholcus alloctospilus sp.nov.,山谷幽灵蛛P.bessus sp.nov.,星斑幽灵蛛P.spilis sp.nov.,和武夷幽灵蛛P.wuyiensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存在河北教育学院生物系。     

中国幽灵蛛属两新种记述(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科)

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种:舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp. nov. 和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus qingchengensis sp. nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.舌幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov. (图1～8)正模♀,副模2♂♂,2♀♀,吉林省桦甸市苇沙河,1973年8月13日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于Pholcus clavimaculatus Zhu et Song, 1999,但有如下2点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈弯指状,2)跗前突具一蛇舌状突起.新种的种名根据雄性触肢器跗前突、前侧突起的形状而拟定.青城幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus qingchengensis sp.nov. (图9～14)正模♂,副模1♂,四川省都江堰市青城山,1975年10月26日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于关氏幽灵蛛Pholcus guani Song et Ren, 1994,但有如下3点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈铲状,2)跗前突具一钉状突起,3)螯肢前面中部具2个突起.新种的种名根据模式标本的采集地而拟定.     

中国幽灵蛛属两新种记录（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种：舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov,和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus pingchen-gensis sp.nov。模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院。     

中国六眼幽灵蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述采自福建武夷山的六眼幽灵蛛属一新种－钳六眼幽灵蛛。新种近于Ｓ．ａｋｅｂｏｎａ Ｋｏｍａｔｕｓ，但其触肢器跗节末端的结构和生殖球侧面的突起与后者不同，头胸部背面无斑纹，可与后者区别，故定为新种。     

广西洞穴贝尔蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述产自广西乐业县的幽灵蛛科贝尔蛛属1新种,命名为同乐贝尔蛛Belisana tongle sp.nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.     

河内蚁蛛雌性记述(蜘蛛目,跳蛛科)

首次发现并报道了采自云南的跳蛛科蚁蛛属河内蚁蛛Myrmarachne hanoii,Zabka,1985的雌性个体。为我国新纪录种。文中详细描述了本种雌性个体的特征及与其近似种的比较,同时附有特征图。研究标本保存于湖南中医药大学。     

我国南方巨蟹蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:遁蛛科)

本文记述了采自湖南南岳的拟遁蛛属一新种,命名为南岳拟遁蛛,新种Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｏｄａ Ｎａｎｙｕｅｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本保存于湖南师范大学、湖南省生物研究所。     

中国广西两种跳蛛记述(蜘蛛目:跳蛛科)

记述了两种广西跳蛛：指状猎蛛Evarcha digitatia sp.nov.和条纹宽胸蝇虎Rhene setipes Zabka,1985,后者为我国新纪录种,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,量度单位为mm。     

Two new species of litter-dwelling Metagonia spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) document both rapid and slow genital evolution

The observation that genitalia, rather than other characters, are useful in distinguishing species has resulted in the statement that genitalia evolve relatively rapidly. In this paper we claim that relatively rapid evolution of genitalia may often be restricted to the shapes, numbers, and sizes of individual structures. In contrast, the more basic pattern, including the presence or absence of structures and their interrelationships (the bauplan), does not seem to evolve more rapidly than other (nongenital) aspects of morphology. We document this idea by contrasting two litter‐dwelling pholcid species, Metagonia petropolis sp. n. and M. paranapiacaba sp. n., with their mostly leaf‐dwelling congeners. Significant differences occur with regard to nongenital aspects of morphology as well as shapes of individual genital structures, but the bauplan of their genitalia is basically the same.     

Cryptic female exaggeration: the asymmetric female internal genitalia of Kaliana yuruani (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Males of the Venezuelan pholcid spider Kaliana yuruani have unique genitalia, with the procursi about six times as long as usual in the family. The present article describes the previously unknown female, searching for a morphological correlate in the female genitalia to the male's exaggeration. Reconstruction of histological serial sections reveals an internal female complexity that is unequalled in pholcid spiders. An intricate system of ducts and folds is arranged in an asymmetric way, making this the third known case of genital asymmetry in spiders. The term "cryptic female exaggeration" is used in analogy to cryptic female choice, pointing to the fact that from the outside, the female genitalia do not appear unusual. I propose that cryptic female exaggeration may be relatively common in copulatory structures if male exaggerations need to be evaluated according to the female choice by mechanical fit model. Finally, the evolution of genital asymmetry in spiders is contrasted with that in insects.     

Spermatozoa and spermiogenesis of Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) (Pholcidae, Araneae)

Until now, the knowledge on pholcid spermatozoa is based on two species, Pholcus phalangioides and, incompletely, Holocnemus pluchei. To complete this knowledge and to reveal more potential phylogenetic characters, we have investigated sperm ultrastructure and spermiogenesis of H. pluchei. We found that the sperm cells of this species are clearly different from those of P. phalangioides with respect to: (1) the lack of specialization in the cylindrical acrosomal vacuole; (2) a nuclear canal which is located in the periphery and not in the center of the nucleus; (3) a more prominent postcentriolar elongation of the nucleus; (4) the presence of "inner microtubules" in the implantation fossa in early and mid-spermatids; (5) the absence of a helical band of nuclear material; (6) the proximal centriole which is not prolonged; (7) the types of secretion in the seminal fluid (only two types in H. pluchei). Similarities in the spermatozoa of both species concern: (1) a large implantation fossa which contains large amounts of glycogen in mature spermatozoa; (2) absence of a centriolar adjunct; (3) an axonemal basis located in the posterior part of the implantation fossa; (4) the formation of the so-called cleistospermia in the vas deferens. Our results strongly support systematic relationships within Pholcidae placing these two species in different subgroups.     

指状拟蝇虎雌蛛的补充描述(蜘蛛目:跳蛛科)

首次描述了指状拟蝇虎 Plexippoides digitatus Peng & Li, 2002 的雌蛛.标本保存于湖北大学生命科学学院,量度单位为mm.     

Phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): combined analysis using morphology and molecules

The spider family Pholcidae comprises a large number of mainly tropical, web-weaving spiders, and is among the most diverse and dominant spider groups in the world. The phylogeny of this family has so far been investigated exclusively using morphological data. Here, we present the first molecular data for the family analyzed in a phylogenetic context. Four different gene regions (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 28S rRNA) and 45 morphological characters were scored for 31 pholcid and three outgroup taxa. The data were analyzed both for individual genes, combined molecular data, and molecular plus morphological data, using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Some of the phylogenetic hypotheses obtained previously using morphology alone were also supported by our results, like the monophyly of pholcines and of the New World clade. On the other hand, some of the previous hypotheses could be discarded with some confidence (monophyly of holocnemines, the position of Priscula), and still others need further investigation (the position of holocnemines, ninetines, and Metagonia). The data obtained provide an excellent basis for future investigations of phylogenetic patterns both within the family and among spider families.     

Colonization and diversification of the spider genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Macaronesian archipelagos: evidence for long-term occupancy yet rapid recent speciation

Macaronesian archipelagos stand apart from other oceanic islands reputed as laboratories for the study of evolution by their proximity to the mainland, lack of subsidence, and steep ecological gradients. The genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, commonly known as daddy-long-leg spiders, is one of the most speciose arthropod groups in the region, with 25 endemic species. In the present study, we use information from four mitochondrial genes, along with morphological data, to examine the phylogenetic relationships and diversification patterns of the genus in the region. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of Macaronesian Pholcus including the Moroccan species Pholcus vachoni and hence a single colonization event in the archipelagos. Madeira colonizers most likely originated from the Canaries, and a back-colonization of the nearby mainland receives further support. Estimated lineage divergence times suggest a long-time presence of Pholcus in the region, but also reveal that most present-day species are the result of recent, and probably rapid, speciation events. Diagnostic characters among Macaronesian Pholcus are confined to structures involved in copulation. Coupled with the extremely high diversification rate, the highest recorded for spiders, these copulatory characters suggest that sexual selection has played a key role in the local diversification of Pholcus in Macaronesia.