相近社会等级先民的食物结构差异——以山西聂店遗址为例

一般认为,先民食物结构的差异是人类不同社会等级的重要表现形式之一。然而,对于考古学资料中未见明显等级差异的先民来说,其是否存在食物结构上的差别,仍需认真加以探讨。为此,本文对山西聂店遗址墓葬(基本无随葬品或随葬品较少)中出土的人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,研究结果表明:先民的食物结构,体现了典型中国北方农业经济的特点,即以粟作农业和家畜饲养为生。此外,尽管在考古学意义上聂店先民的等级相近,但其在食物资源的获取上却显示出明显差异,且这种差异与先民的性别、年龄和随葬品的种类和多寡无关。因此,在社会等级较为模糊的人类社会,先民对食物资源的获取,很可能更多地受到人群组成、生活习惯等因素的影响,而与社会等级的相对高低无关。     

广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析:华南新石器时代先民生活方式初探

相对于长江流域和黄河流域而言,华南地区先民生活方式的了解一直较为缺乏。广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C和N稳定同位素分析,显示此遗址的先民主要以海生类资源为食,陆生资源(包括可能的块茎类原始农业和动物)只占次要地位。通过与约同时代黄河流域、长江流域先民的稳定同位素数据比较,可以看出,早在6000年前,我国先民的生活方式就已出现3大类型。     

商代前期中原地区多品种农作物种植制度的初探：以河南新郑望京楼遗址为例

农业经济的发展是华夏文明形成的最重要的前提条件之一,郑洛地区作为夏商王朝建都和统治的核心区域,其农业经济发展状况一直是学术界研究的重点问题。相关研究表明,多品种农作物种植制度在龙山时期中原地区的出现,在华夏文明的形成过程中可能起到了至关重要的作用。为了探索这一种植制度在商代前期中原地区的具体实践情况,本文选取河南新郑望京楼遗址夏商时期（二里头文化和二里岗文化时期）29例先民肢骨和23例先民肋骨进行C、N稳定同位素分析。结果表明,先民骨胶原的δ¹³C值变化范围为-18.1‰~7.0‰,平均值为-9.5‰±2.1‰（n=52）,δ¹⁵N值变化范围为7.3‰~10.5‰,平均值为8.9‰±0.7‰（n=52）,先民仍以C₄类食物（粟黍）为主,但是也包含少量C₃类（水稻、小麦或大豆）食物,证明中原地区自龙山时代出现的多品种农作物种植制度,在商代得以延续,但是粟作农业的主导地位,始终未发生明显变化,这可能与中原地区长期以来的旱作农业经济模式习惯有关。     

山西乡宁内阳垣遗址先民食物结构分析

本文应用C、N稳定同位素分析方法,对山西乡宁内阳垣遗址先民的食物结构进行了分析,旨在揭示该遗址先民的生活方式及社会经济状况,探索戎狄对该遗址先民的影响。分析表明,该遗址先民的δ13C平均值为-8.27‰,δ15N平均值为9.54‰,由此推测他们主要的经济模式应为畜牧业。考古学证据显示该遗址主体文化为晋,但食物结构分析却反映,先民的经济模式主要为畜牧业,明显受到了游牧民族(戎狄)的影响。样品XNM50具有异常的δ13C值(-15.36‰)和较高的δ15N值(9.88‰),当与其从事狩猎活动有关。δ13C和δ15N的统计分析表明,不同性别的先民在食物结构上无明显差异,而不同规格的墓葬却差异明显。     

中国古代儿童断奶模式与喂养方式初探——以安徽薄阳城遗址人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析为例

了解古代儿童的断奶模式和喂养方式,可望为揭示古代儿童的营养状况、生长发育以及其死亡原因提供有价值的重要信息。近些年来,通过对古代儿童骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析,重建古代儿童的断奶模式和喂养方式,成为国际生物考古界的研究前沿,但在我国尚无任何相关报道。为此,本文以安徽滁州薄阳城遗址人骨(包含不同年龄阶段的儿童和成年人)样品为研究材料,通过对同一个体肋骨和肢骨的C、N稳定同位素分析和比较,重点探讨了我国西周时期儿童的断奶模式及喂养方式。研究结果显示:儿童在2岁已有辅食的摄入,大多数儿童在3-4岁已经完成断奶;断奶后的儿童,其食物中包含更多的植物作为辅食。本研究,印证了我国历史文献中有关儿童喂养模式的最早记载(唐代孙思邈的医书《千金方》),也为系统探索我国古代儿童的断奶模式和喂养方式提供了很好的范例。     

哈民忙哈遗址人和动物骨骼的C、N稳定同位素分析

哈民忙哈遗址是迄今为止内蒙古乃至东北地区发现面积最大的一处史前聚落遗址,为重建当时的生产和生活情况、文化习俗甚至思想观念等都提供了弥足珍贵的实物资料。其中,重建该遗址先民的食物结构和生业经济,有助于揭示哈民忙哈遗址产生和兴盛的动因及科尔沁沙地史前文化的变迁过程。目前,多学科的研究成果已经初步显示哈民忙哈遗址先民的生业经济具有多样性,但各种生业模式的比重以及是否存在家畜饲养等问题还缺乏相应的了解。本文对该遗址87例人骨与18例动物骨骼进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,还原了人和动物的食物结构及生业经济面貌。结果显示,陆生野生动物的食物结构主要基于C₃植物类食物和少量的C₄农作物,而犬科动物则体现出家养动物的食谱特性：食物主要依赖C₄食物和人类食物残羹。C₄类粟黍农作物和以此饲喂的动物是该遗址先民的主要食物来源,其中粟黍农作物在食物结构中的地位尤其重要。在该遗址中,女性摄入相对较多的粟黍和相对较少的肉类,与男性在食物结构上存在显著差异。农耕、家畜饲养是先民最重要的经济行为,狩猎、渔猎和采集是生业的重要补充。     

山西晋中小南庄墓地人骨的C、N稳定同位素:试析小麦在山西的推广

小麦何时何地对中国北方传统的粟黍农业产生影响是近些年学术界研究的焦点问题之一。相关研究表明,小麦对中国北方不同地区粟黍农业的影响存在时间上的差异。古文献及考古研究表明,小麦在龙山时期就开始在中国北方地区出现,但直到东周及其后才逐步对粟黍农业产生显著的影响。为了探索小麦在东周时期在山西地区推广的程度和其对先民食物结构和生业经济的影响程度及其背后的内在动因等,本文选取晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,结果显示先民的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值都比较集中(δ~(13)C值的范围为-9.0‰～-7.5‰,均值为-8.0‰±0.4‰,n=16;δ~(15)N值的范围为9.0‰-11.7‰,均值为10.5‰±0.9‰;n=16),说明他们以C_4类食物为主,也有少量C_3类食物,但动物蛋白消费有所区分。据他们对动物蛋白占有的不同,晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人至少可以划分为两个经济群体,第一个群体可能从事农耕经济,第二群体可能从事畜牧经济。从事农耕经济人群的食物中的C_3食物应该主要来源于小麦,这说明小麦在东周时期开始在晋中地区有所推广。小麦在山西地区的推广、种植和使用,对传统的粟黍农业产生了相应的影响,使得先民种植农作物的种类有所增加,这应该加快了秦汉时期农业高峰期的形成。然而,山西地区小麦的推广相对缓慢,这可能与当地根深蒂固的粟黍经济和饮食习惯密切相关。     

浅议石器与赏石艺术的传承 ——以古人类遗址文化为例

中华赏石文化是广义石文化的分支,经历从孕育期、雏形期、定型期、强化期和转型期等几千年的历史。凡谈及文化,莫不以历史为渊源。探究赏石文化的渊源该始于旧石器时代的劳动工具——石器。野外科考经历为赏石文化研究奠定基础笔者系周口店遗址博物馆(2002年8月前属中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,以下简称古脊椎所)的工作人员,1983年参加工作至今已近38年。     

新石器时代关中地区人类生业模式演变的生物考古学证据

农业的起源与发展,改变了人类食物资源的获取方式。作为史前文化发展的中心,关中地区史前人类生业模式演变规律与影响因素的探索,将为北方地区农业的起源、发展与传播,文化交流对农业发展的影响,人类对环境变迁的适应等热点问题研究提供重要依据。本文对关中地区史前不同文化、不同遗址人与动物骨骼的稳定同位素以及动植物遗存进行了综合分析。结果显示,受文化的发展与交流、区域地理环境的差异、气候的演变等因素影响,关中地区史前先民生业模式呈现时空差异。老官台文化先民的生业模式中旱作农业与狩猎采集并重。仰韶文化早期,旱作农业成为先民生业模式的主体,但不同区域发展水平不同;另外,家畜饲养的发展速度要滞后于农作物。仰韶文化中、晚期至龙山文化早期,水稻与小麦先后传入,形成以粟、黍旱作农业为主,兼营水稻、大豆等的多元化农业结构;水稻对仰韶文化中期先民的食谱产生影响,而同时期家畜饲养主要依赖于粟黍类农作物。龙山文化,黍、粟农业比重下降,水稻含量相对增加,并对先民与家畜的食谱产生影响;肉食获取方式以饲养活动为主,渔猎活动为辅。     

丁村54：90地点石制品研究

此次研究的丁村５４：９０地点的石制品计１７１件,以大、中型为主,尤其是石器,大型者占石器总数的８３．３３％,在有刃类石器中,复刃多于单刃是其另一特点．５４：９０地点与５４：１００地点距离很近,高程相仿．两者的石制品差异显著,是有待探讨的问题．     

老龙洞史前遗址初步研究

本文记述了老龙洞史前遗址研究初步成果．在对石、骨、角制品的一般性质论述基础上,指出这一组合具有自身的一些特点,并有着文化上的广泛联系;依遗物和哺乳动物化石对其年代也作了初步讨论。初步研究结果表明,它是中国西南地区,特别是云南近年来发现的一处重要的包括旧石器时代晚期文化层在内的史前洞穴遗址,为研究中国南方旧石器时代晚期文化类型的多样性提供了一个重要的地点和一批有意义的文化遗物。     

Isotopic reconstruction of human diet and animal husbandry practices during the Classical-Hellenistic, imperial, and Byzantine periods at Sagalassos, Turkey

An isotopic reconstruction of human dietary patterns and livestock management practices (herding, grazing, foddering, etc.) is presented here from the sites of Düzen Tepe and Sagalassos in southwestern Turkey. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were determined from bone collagen extracted from humans (n = 49) and animals (n = 454) from five distinct time periods: Classical‐Hellenistic (400–200 BC), Early to Middle Imperial (25 BC–300 AD), Late Imperial (300–450 AD), Early Byzantine (450–600 AD), and Middle Byzantine (800–1200 AD). The humans had protein sources that were based on C₃ plants and terrestrial animals. During the Classical‐Hellenistic period, all of the domestic animals had δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures that clustered together; evidence that the animals were herded in the same area or kept in enclosures and fed on similar foods. The diachronic analysis of the isotopic trends in the dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats highlighted subtle but distinct variations in these animals. The δ¹³C values of the dogs and cattle increased (reflecting C₄ plant consumption) during the Imperial and Byzantine periods, but the pigs and the goats displayed little change and a constant C₃ plant‐based diet. The sheep had a variable δ¹³C pattern reflecting periods of greater and lesser consumption of C₄ plants in the diet. In addition, the δ¹⁵N values of the dogs, pigs, cattle, and sheep increase substantially from the Classical‐Hellenistic to the Imperial periods reflecting a possible increase in protein consumption, but the goats showed a decrease. Finally, these isotopic results are discussed in the context of zooarcheological, archeobotanical, and trace element evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:157–171, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green-leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens

The roles of mycorrhiza in facilitating the acquisition and transfer of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to adult orchids are poorly understood. Here, we employed isotopically labelled sources of C and N to investigate these processes in the green forest orchid, Goodyera repens. Fungus-to-orchid transfers of C and N were measured using mass spectrometry after supplying extraradical mycelial systems with double-labelled [13C-15N]glycine. Orchid-to-fungus C transfer was revealed and quantified by radioisotope imaging and liquid scintillation counting of extraradical mycelium following 14CO2 fixation by shoots. Both 13C and 15N were assimilated by the fungus and transferred to the roots and shoots of the orchid. Contrary to previous reports, considerable quantities (2.6% over 72 h) of fixed C were shown to be allocated to the extraradical mycelium of the fungus. This study demonstrates, for the first time, mutualism in orchid mycorrhiza, bidirectional transfer of C between a green orchid and its fungal symbiont, and a fungus-dependent pathway for organic N acquisition by an orchid.     

Monitoring plant physiological characteristics to evaluate mine site revegetation: A case study from the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia

Biologically driven markers or monitors were used to evaluate plant and ecosystem health of uranium-mining affected sites. Plant water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) status were used to measure physiological characteristics of tree and shrub species at sites perturbed by mining activities (waste rock dumps: WRD 1, WRD 2; mine wastewater irrigated woodland) and of species at undisturbed woodland (tropical savanna). Plant water status was evaluated by measuring leaf relative water content (RWC) and carbon isotope discrimination (δ¹³C). Leaf RWC varied significantly (P<0.0001) between wet and dry season in species at the woodland sites with higher RWC in the wet season compared to the dry season. No seasonal differences were observed in RWC in species at the WRDs. Leaf δ¹³C was similar in species at woodland sites and WRD 2 (−28.8 to −28.1‰) but was significantly (P<0.05) lower in species at WRD 1 (−27.6‰). This suggests that species at WRD 1 had a lower water availability and/or lower water use compared to species at all other sites. WRD substrate had an up to 4-orders of magnitude greater availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi) compared to woodland soil as determined using in situ ion exchange resin. Pi concentrations in xylem sap of species at WRDs were 2- to 3-fold higher compared to species at woodland sites. Plant nitrate reductase (NR) activity was low in most species at woodland and WRD 1. In contrast, Eucalyptus and Acacia species had high NR activities of up to 300–700 pkat g^-1 fw at WRD 2 indicating that these species had greater nitrate use than species at all other sites. Nitrate availability in the top five cm of the profile, as determined using in situ ion exchange resins, increased at all sites in the wet season, but no significant differences were observed between sites using this method. However, traditional soil analysis revealed that WRD substrate had a 2-times higher nitrate content (0 to 1000 mm depth) compared to woodland soil. Thus, it is likely that plants at WRD2 accessed nitrate from deeper parts of the profile. Proline, an indicator of plant stress, was found in appreciable quantities in leaves of herbaceous species but not in woody species. Soil and leaf δ¹⁵N were measured to investigate N-cycling and the contribution of diazotrophic N₂ fixation to plant N nutrition. Soil δ¹⁵N values were highest and most variable at WRD 2 (6.2‰) compared to all other sites (irrigated woodland 3.1‰, undisturbed woodland 2.5‰, WRD 1 0.9‰). This may indicate that N-turnover and nitrification was greatest at WRD 2 leading to greater ¹⁵N enrichment of soil N. At all sites, Acacia species were nodulated and putatively fixing N₂. With the exception of WRD 2 where leaf δ¹⁵N of Acacia species averaged 0.9‰, Acacia species had ¹⁵N depleted values characteristic of species that receive N derived from N₂ fixation (−0.8 to −0.6‰). Eucalyptus species at the woodland also had ¹⁵N depleted values (average −0.4‰) but ¹⁵N enriched values (0.3 to 1.8‰) at the three mining affected sites. The results show that for the plants studied foliar δ¹⁵N could not be used as an unequivocal measure of plant N sources. The results suggest that biomonitoring of plant and ecosystem health has potential in evaluating performance of mine site revegetation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

How to account for the lipid effect on carbon stable-isotope ratio (δ13C): sample treatment effects and model bias

This study investigated the impact of lipid extraction, CaCO₃ removal and of both treatments combined on fish tissue δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and C:N ratio. Furthermore, the suitability of empirical δ¹³C lipid normalization and correction models was examined. δ¹⁵N was affected by lipid extraction (increase of up to 1·65‰) and by the combination of both treatments, while acidification alone showed no effect. The observed shift in δ¹⁵N represents a significant bias in trophic level estimates, i.e. lipid-extracted samples are not suitable for δ¹⁵N analysis. C:N and δ¹³C were significantly affected by lipid extraction, proportional to initial tissue lipid content. For both variables, rates of change with lipid content (ΔC:N and Δδ¹³C) were species specific. All tested lipid normalization and correction models produced biased estimates of fish tissue δ¹³C, probably due to a non-representative database and incorrect assumptions and generalizations the models were based on. Improved models need a priori more extensive and detailed studies of the relationships between lipid content, C:N and δ¹³C, as well as of the underlying biochemical processes.     

Origin and fate of dissolved inorganic carbon ininterstitial waters of two freshwater intertidalareas: A case study of the Scheldt Estuary, Belgium

Processes affecting the concentration and isotopiccomposition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) wereinvestigated in pore waters of two freshwaterintertidal areas of the Scheldt Estuary, Belgium. Porewater ¹³C_DIC values from marshes andmudflats varied from –27 to +13.4, these very largevariations reflect the contribution of differentcarbon sources to the DIC pool.In pore waters of the upper mudflat, river water DICand dissolution of calcite contribute to a lesserextent (10% and 16% respectively) to the total DICpool. Results indicate that inorganic carbon added tothe pore water of the mudflats has a ¹³Cvalue of +20.3 in May 1998. These strongly enriched¹³C_DIC values suggest that the majorcontribution (up to three-quarters) to total DIC isCO₂ derived from methanogenesis.In pore waters of the marshes, CO₂ derived fromorganic matter degradation (–27.5) and river DIC(–11.5 to –16.1) are the major sources of inorganiccarbon contribution to the total DIC pool. In porewaters from a marsh site colonised by willow trees,the contribution from CO₂ derived from organicmatter degradation is larger than in pore waters froman area with only reed vegetation. In the latter caseriver water DIC is the major source of pore waterDIC.