山西洪洞西冯堡清代墓地缠足女性的骨骼损伤和关节疾病

女性缠足是山西洪洞西冯堡墓地埋葬人群中一处值得关注的文化现象,相关人骨遗存为研究山西地区明清时期的缠足习俗提供了珍贵的考古资料。本文主要对山西洪洞西冯堡清代墓地出土的93例女性人骨标本中与缠足行为关系较为密切的骨骼损伤和关节疾病现象进行统计与分析,以窥探缠足与未缠足女性的健康状况。统计结果显示： 1)在膝关节和足部骨关节上,缠足女性有更高的骨性关节炎发生率;2)在肘关节和左侧腕关节的患病程度上,缠足女性与未缠足女性群体基本相当;在右侧和双侧腕关节以及手部关节的患病等级上,缠足女性略大于未缠足女性;3)西冯堡墓地各椎段椎体周缘骨赘患病率上,缠足女性均高于未缠足女性,颈椎和腰椎是所有女性患病最严重的部位;4)两个群体的骨骼损伤和骨性关节炎的患病率和患病程度均未表现出显著差异,这可能是与下层平民家庭对女性经济价值追求的背景下缠足与未缠足女性均需承担体力劳动有关。     

X射线测量延边朝鲜族正常成年人下腰椎间孔参数的临床意义

本文以延边朝鲜族正常成年人下腰椎椎间孔X射线测量数值为研究对象,行测量及对比,为不同民族人种经椎间孔入路脊柱内镜手术治疗提供相关数据.选取符合测量标准的腰椎X光片,对下腰椎椎间孔参数进行测量,结果行统计学分析并与国内外相关数据对比.延边朝鲜族正常成年男性和女性下腰椎椎间孔形态无明显差异,延边朝鲜族正常成年人下腰椎椎间孔...     

内蒙古和林格尔县大堡山墓地古代居民的肢骨研究

本文对内蒙古和林格尔县大堡山墓地2011年发掘出土的古代人类肢骨进行了测量与研究,并依据相关的身高计算公式对其身高进行了推算;在与内蒙古中南部地区其他古代对比组进行比较分析后,得出以下结论:大堡山地区两性居民的肱骨粗壮程度发育较弱,股骨粗壮程度相对居中、股骨骨干上端一般扁平、股骨嵴相对发达;大堡山墓地古代居民的男性身高水平较高,女性身高水平中等;根据两性差异性指数,内蒙古中南部地区东周时期女性的主体经济地位普遍偏低。     

中国现代人群两性身高差异分布及其影响因素

本文对中国现代人群的两性身高差异分布状况及其影响因素进行了分析。选用152处中国现代人群（含69处汉族人群和83处少数民族人群）的男、女性身高数据,计算两性身高差异指数,并对比该指数在南、北方汉族和少数民族人群间的分布差异,同时分析纬度、气候、体格大小与城乡环境因素对两性身高差异程度的影响。结果表明,中国男性的平均身高比女性高出约7.16%(4.72%~9.26%）;南、北方汉族和少数民族之间的两性身高差异程度相似,北方汉族和南方汉族两性身高差异程度相似,但北方少数民族的两性身高差异明显大于南方少数民族。此外,两性身高差异程度与纬度、气温年较差和年均风速呈低度线性正相关,与年均气温、年均降水量和年均相对湿度呈低度线性负相关,而与体格大小和城乡环境并无显著关联。这提示遗传和自然环境因素在中国现代人群两性身高差异的区域化演变中更趋主导性,而社会环境因素的影响程度相对较低。     

郑州汪沟遗址仰韶文化居民的牙齿磨耗及口腔健康状况

对汪沟遗址出土的174例仰韶文化居民的2816枚牙齿进行统计与分析,计算出牙齿的平均磨耗等级和前后部牙齿磨耗差别指数,统计特殊磨耗、龋齿、骨质隆起在样本中的出现率.结果显示,汪沟组牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.403262级,男性牙齿平均磨耗等级为3.63级,女性为3.61级;男女两性牙齿磨耗差异不显著(p＞0.05);前后部...     

内蒙古和林格尔土城子农业人群与林西井沟子游牧人群股骨中部的生物力学对比

肢骨的形态结构可以反映人类进化、古代人群的生存适应性活动和生存环境等重要信息。基于“骨骼功能适应”和“杠杆原理”,有学者对不同生计方式的古代人群下肢股骨开展了大量的研究工作,但是,国内外尚未有关于农业人群和游牧人群股骨之间差异性研究的报道。本文选取两个具有代表性的古代人群,即内蒙古和林格尔土城子戍边农业人群和内蒙古林西井沟子游牧人群进行对比研究。通过对股骨骨干中部横断面生物力学分析发现,农业人群股骨粗壮度与游牧人群之间具有显著差异。前者的平均粗壮度较大,后者女性组下肢骨的活动强度明显较小,这可能与游牧人群经常从事骑马活动而下肢骨活动强度相对较少有关。农业人群股骨指数的变异范围均大于游牧人群,这可能与前者男性的士兵身份有关;同时,也提示土城子男性组股骨所反映的行为活动信息并不代表真正意义上的纯农业人群下肢骨行为模式,而是一种农业和士兵行为的混合模式。在性别分工上,井沟子组的男女性均从事骑马活动,两侧股骨受力较为一致,在两侧不对称性程度和骨干横断面形状上的男女差异不大;男性股骨的粗壮度要明显大于女性,这与井沟子组男性还从事一定的狩猎行为有关。与游牧人群女性较为纤细的股骨不同,土城子组女性作为典型的农业人群代表,其下肢骨整体的活动强度较大,几乎与同组的男性和井沟子组男性相当,组内的性别差异相对较小;骨干横断面形状的显著性差异说明,土城子组内部男性和女性的行为活动方式存在明显的性别分工。本文研究结果说明农业人群女性的下肢骨活动强度较大,在行为活动方式上,戍边农业人群具有更为明显的性别分工。     

GPR174-CCL21调控体液免疫应答的两性差异

体液免疫应答具有明显的两性差异。通常女性产生的针对外来病原体或者自身抗原的抗体水平相比男性更高,因此女性比男性更容易清除病原体的感染,但女性也比男性更容易患自身免疫疾病。长效且高亲和力的体液免疫应答依赖由B细胞形成的生发中心(germinal center,GC)反应,然而B细胞形成GC的能力是否存在两性差异从而直接导致体液免疫应答的两性差异尚不清楚。该研究提出了一套在分子和细胞水平上解释体液免疫应答两性差异的新机制,即雄激素可以增强B细胞表达的GPR174在接收到CCL21信号后与Gαi蛋白的结合水平,由此促进雄性B细胞更多地迁移在滤泡外周,而不能更多地迁移至滤泡中心形成GC及抗体应答,从而直接介导体液免疫应答的两性差异。该研究为解决在增强保护性疫苗抗体应答水平以及治疗自身免疫疾病时遇到的B细胞介导的两性差异问题提供了新的见解。     

40～60岁饮酒史男性慢性萎缩性胃炎患病率和幽门螺杆菌感染率及肠道菌群分析

目的 分析40～60岁饮酒史男性慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）患病率、幽门螺杆菌（H. pylori）感染率及肠道菌群，为该类患者的治疗提供参考。方法 采取整群抽样方法选取2020年2月至2022年2月于我院行胃镜检查的1 500例体检者，统计CAG患病率，根据CAG患病情况分为CAG组（n=428）和无CAG组（n=1 072），分析两组对象临床资料（性别、年龄、饮酒史等），观察其中40～60岁饮酒史男性患者CAG患病率、 H. pylori感染情况及肠道菌群，并通过多因素Logistic回归分析CAG的相关影响因素。结果CAG组患者性别、年龄、饮酒史、 H. pylori感染情况与无CAG组对比差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄40～60岁、男性、有饮酒史及H. pylori阳性均为影响CAG患病的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。40～60岁饮酒史男性CAG患病率为68.68%(296/431)，其中伴有肠上皮化生者103例（34.80%），伴有活动性炎症者83例（28.04%），伴有不典型增生者45例（15.20%）,H. pyl...     

磨沟墓地古代居民头骨的形态学分析

本文对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州临潭县磨沟墓地保存情况良好的295例成年个体进行了头骨形态学的分析,其中283例(男性164例,女性119例)个体来自齐家文化时期的墓葬,距今大约4000~3500年,12例个体(男性7例,女性5例)出自寺洼文化时期的墓葬,大约距今3500~3000年,磨沟组齐家文化居民和寺洼文化居民在体质特征上具有一致性,接近现代亚洲蒙古人种中的东亚类型。在与若干近代组和古代组的对比中,磨沟组古代居民则是与代表东亚蒙古人种的华北组和华南组以及古代组中同处甘青地区的火烧沟组和核桃庄组较为接近。     

磨沟墓地古代居民头骨的形态学分析北大核心CSCDCSSCI

本文对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州临潭县磨沟墓地保存情况良好的295例成年个体进行了头骨形态学的分析,其中283例（男性164例,女性119例）个体来自齐家文化时期的墓葬,距今大约4000-3500年,12例个体（男性7例,女性5例）出自寺洼文化时期的墓葬,大约距今3500-3000年,磨沟组齐家文化居民和寺洼文化居民在体质特征上具有一致性,接近现代亚洲蒙古人种中的东亚类型。在与若干近代组和古代组的对比中,磨沟组古代居民则是与代表东亚蒙古人种的华北组和华南组以及古代组中同处甘青地区的火烧沟组和核桃庄组较为接近。     

Pathology and the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal

The depiction of the Neandertals as incompletely erect was based primarily on Boule's (1911, 1912a, 1913) analysis of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 partial skeleton. The inaccurate aspects of Boule's postural reconstruction were corrected during the 1950s. However, it has come to be believed, following Straus and Cave (1957), that Boule's errors of reconstruction were due to the diseased condition of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 remains, rather than to Boule's misinterpretation of morphology. The abnormalities on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 postcranium include: lower cervical, upper thoracic, and lower thoracic intervertebral degenerative joint disease (DJD), a distal fracture of a mid-thoracic rib, extensive DJD of the left hip, DJD of the right fifth proximal interphalangeal articulation, bilateral humeral head eburnation, and minor exostosis formation on the right humerus, ulna, and radius. These were associated with extensive alveolar inflammation including apical abscesses and antemortem tooth loss, some temporomandibular DJD, bilateral auditory exostoses, and minimal occipital condyle DJD. None of these abnormalities significantly affected Boule's Neandertal postural reconstruction, and a review of his analysis indicates that early twentieth century interpretations of skeletal morphology (primarily of the cranium, cervical vertebrae, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, proximal femora and tibiae, posterior tarsals, and hallucial tarsometatarsal joint), combined with Boule's evolutionary preconceptions, were responsible for his mistaken view of Neandertal posture.     

Brief communication: Transportation and trauma: Dog‐sledding and vertebral compression in Alaskan Eskimos

Vertebral compression, as evidenced by compression of the centrum, was observed within two Native Alaskan skeletal samples. Information was collected from 1,071 and 656 vertebrae from Golovin Bay and Nunivak Island, Alaska, respectively. In addition, patterns of compression related vertebral change in each collection were characterized by sex and location within the vertebral column. The overall frequencies of vertebral compression were 3.6% (n = 721) at Golovin Bay and 1.7% (n = 403) at Nunivak Island for all observable thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (T1–L5). There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of compression among adults between these two collections. When examining the thoracic and lumbar vertebral segments by sex, females at Golovin Bay (4.5%; n = 442) exhibited a significantly higher frequency of vertebral compression than females at Nunivak (1.0%; n = 203). However, this difference in occurrence of compression could be accounted for by the age distributions of the two samples. No difference was noted between the males of the two collections. Compression frequencies in both samples are discussed in relation to the modes of transportation historically utilized by each community. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Aging in the lumbar spine. II. L1 and L2

The bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, like those of L3 and L4, show a significant trend toward lowering and broadening with age. Superior, inferior, and midbody transverse breadths increase, but there is little or no increase in endplate "flaring" with age. There is essentially no change in the relationship between anterior and posterior heights, but as reported for L3 and L4, there is a sexual difference in the amount and type of wedging of the bodies of L1 and L2. Posterior wedging (posterior height less than anterior height) of these vertebrae is about twice as common in females as in males. Whites of both sexes show a statistically significant relationship between age and increased biconcavity of the endplates. Black females, but not the males, show a similar trend, especially in L1.     

Numerical variation of the presacral vertebral column in three population groups in North America

A total of 1,239 skeletons from among Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Negroid population groups in North America was examined for variations in the number of presacral vertebrae. The overall incidence of variation was 11%; 6% with 23 and 5% with 25 presacral vertebrae. Differences in total variation among the three groups were not significant, but differences in the incidence of 23 and 25 presacral vertebrae among the groups were highly significant. Numerical vertebral variation occurred in 11% of both sexes, but with males having a higher frequency of 25 presacral vertebrae and females having a higher frequency of 23 presacral vertebrae. The incidence of the specific variation of 23 or 25 presacral vertebrae was not significantly different among the males of the three groups studied, whereas 23 presacral vertebrae were found significantly more often in the Negroid females. Numerical variation of vertebrae was not associated with age. The data strongly support the conclusion that the total frequency of variation in the number of presacral vertebrae is a specific characteristic of any particular population group and that there is a tendency in all population groups toward an increase in number in males and a decrease in number in females.     

A quantitative study of morphological and histological changes in the skeleton of Salmo salar during its anadromous migration

A quantitative study of morphological and histological changes in the skeleton (cranial bones and vertebrae) of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during its anadromous migration was performed in order to specify various aspects of its skeletal biology in relationship to this migration. At the beginning of the ascent, there was no morphological difference in the cranial bones between males and females. As the spawning season approached, males showed marked secondary sexual characters particularly allometric breeding growth of some bones of the skull. The histological analysis of the vertebral bone tissue along the vertebral axis showed that bone compacity and number of trabeculae vary depending on their localization on the vertebral axis. Moreover, bone compacity decreased significantly with the sexual maturation of the fish whereas the number of trabeculae grew in both sexes. Thus, the vertebrae (like scales) represent an important source of calcium and other elements during anadromous migration in Atlantic salmon.     

Comparative degenerative joint disease of the vertebral column in the medieval monastic cemetery of the Gilbertine Priory of St. Andrew,Fishergate, York,England

The pattern of degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the intervertebral and apophyseal joints of the vertebral column of 81 skeletons from the thirteenth to fourteenth century medieval priory cemetery of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York, was recorded in relation to their location of interment: eastern cemetery, southern cemetery, and intramurally (within the priory buildings). Archaeological context and ethnohistorical accounts support the interpretation that people of different social status were buried in these areas. Linear discriminant function analysis and paired Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed that the differences in vertebral column DJD pattern and severity among the three subgroups were not statistically significant. As the archaeological and historical evidence seems reliable, it is argued that the analysis of DJD of the vertebral column might not be ideal to study the effects of normal activity patterns, a conclusion which supports the results of recent bioarchaeological research. Further, high-low plots demonstrate that the differences in DJD pattern were located between intervertebral and apophyseal joints of individuals rather than between subgroups of the cemetery. It is thought that this difference was produced as a response to erect posture during bipedal locomotion, reflecting vertebral curvatures, rather than differing occupational stresses. Thus, due to biological constraints on its function, the vertebral column might not be an ideal structure to study markers of occupational stress. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:481–495, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Differential segmental growth of the vertebral column of the rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Despite the pervasive occurrence of segmental morphologies in the animal kingdom, the study of segmental growth is almost entirely lacking, but may have significant implications for understanding the development of these organisms. We investigate the segmental and regional growth of the entire vertebral column of the rat (Rattus norvegicus) by fitting a Gompertz curve to length and age data for each vertebra and each vertebral region. Regional lengths are calculated by summing constituent vertebral lengths and intervertebral space lengths for cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. Gompertz curves allow for the estimation of parameters representing neonatal and adult vertebral and regional lengths, as well as initial growth rate and the rate of exponential growth decay. Findings demonstrate differences between neonatal and adult rats in terms of relative vertebral lengths, and differential growth rates between sequential vertebrae and vertebral regions. Specifically, relative differences in the length of vertebrae indicate increasing differences caudad. Vertebral length in neonates increases from the atlas to the middle of the thoracic series and decreases in length caudad, while adult vertebral lengths tend to increase caudad. There is also a general trend of increasing vertebral and regional initial growth and rate of growth decay caudad. Anteroposterior patterns of growth are sexually dimorphic, with males having longer vertebrae than females at any given age. Differences are more pronounced (a) increasingly caudad along the body axis, and (b) in adulthood than in neonates. Elucidated patterns of growth are influenced by a combination of developmental, functional, and genetic factors.     

Demineralization of the vertebral skeleton in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. during spawning migration

In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the mineral rate of vertebrae in a given fish varies according to the position of the vertebra along the rachidian axis. Indeed, the mean rate goes from 49% in the anterior vertebrae and raises to 51% in post-truncal vertebrae. Although no significant difference in the mineral rate was noticed between males and females either in the lower river basin or after spawning, the mineral rate of vertebral bone decreased significantly (1-2%) during spawning migration. Vertebrae, like scales, are an important reservoir of calcium from which fasting salmon draws the minerals and organic materials necessary for the substantial remodeling of cranial bones in males and for sexual maturation. We hypothesize that mineral decrease in vertebrae may be the result of a halastasic demineralization of the vertebral tissues.     

Demineralization of the vertebral skeleton in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. during spawning migration

In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the mineral rate of vertebrae in a given fish varies according to the position of the vertebra along the rachidian axis. Indeed, the mean rate goes from 49% in the anterior vertebrae and raises to 51% in post-truncal vertebrae. Although no significant difference in the mineral rate was noticed between males and females either in the lower river basin or after spawning, the mineral rate of vertebral bone decreased significantly (1–2%) during spawning migration. Vertebrae, like scales, are an important reservoir of calcium from which fasting salmon draws the minerals and organic materials necessary for the substantial remodeling of cranial bones in males and for sexual maturation. We hypothesize that mineral decrease in vertebrae may be the result of a halastasic demineralization of the vertebral tissues.