从体质特征看中国南方汉族的人种归属

2009年至2012年研究组调查了中国南方汉族15154例(男性为7340例,女性为7814例)的身高、体重和16项测量指标,并计算出12项指数,将南方汉族与蒙古人种北亚类型族群、南亚类型族群及东亚类型族群的韩国人、日本人进行了比较。结果显示:1)南方汉族头面部主要指标介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间;南方汉族男性更接近于北亚类型族群,而南方汉族女性比男性头面部特征更接近南亚类型族群。2)南方汉族男性头部的长、宽、高、围度小于东亚类型族群,面部比韩国人、日本人狭窄;南方汉族女性头的长、宽、围度、下颌角间宽值小于韩国人、日本人,头较高,面部比韩国人、日本人狭窄。南方汉族男性、女性与韩国人、日本人体质差异较大。3)聚类分析结果提示,中国南方汉族与韩国人、日本人体质差异较大。南方汉族男性体质相对接近于北亚类型族群,女性体质介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间。华南汉族体质在南方汉族中有一定的特殊性。     

闽南人的体质特征

在福建漳州地区调查了322例男性(城市男性为149例,乡村汉族男性为173例)和357例女性(城市女性为164例,乡村女性为193例)成人的86项体质指标,计算了24项体质指数,统计了指数分型情况,与我国族群资料进行了比较,对闽南人体质特征进行了初步分析。结果 1)闽南人有皱褶率高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度眼裂多为狭窄型,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等型,直鼻背,颧部突出度多为微弱型;鼻基部男性多呈水平,女性多呈上翘;鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为斜位,鼻翼较宽;男性耳垂多为圆形,女性多为三角形;上唇皮肤部高度多为中等,红唇男性薄型率、中等型均较高,女性薄型率最高,发黑,肤黄、眼褐。2)总体说来,闽南人头面部测量指标值介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间。3)从指数均数来看,闽南人男女性均为圆头型、高头型、狭面型,狭鼻型。城市女性为狭头型,城市男性、乡村男性、乡村女性为中头型。闽南人头面部指数值更接近于南亚类型族群。4)从体部指标值和体部指数来看。闽南人更接近于北亚类型族群。闽南人体质介于南亚与北亚类型族群之间,男性相对接近于北亚类型族群,女性相对接近于南亚类型族群。     

云南景颇族的体质特征

本文调查了云南景颇族261人（男105人,女156人）。年龄为成年人（男24－60岁,女23－55岁）。主要测量均值与现代中国汉族和云南省各少数民族比较和聚类分析的结果表明,景颇族属黄种人的东亚类型,但也有南亚类型特征表现。体质特征与傣族、哈尼族和彝族接近,与基诺族和布郎族较远。     

藏族的体质类型和人种学特征

藏族的体质类型和人种学特征一直受到学术界的关注。2018-2021年,我们测量了1530例卫藏、康巴和安多三个藏族人群的体质数据,统计结果发现,藏族男性、女性均为超中等身材,体质量超重,均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型、中躯干型、宽胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型、中腿型,多有上眼睑皱褶,有内眦褶。对中国15个族群测量指标均数的主成分分析显示,藏族与东亚类型的汉族位点距离近于多数北亚类型族群,更近于多数南亚类型族群。藏族数据与国外资料中的东亚、南亚、北亚、北极类型数据的主成分分析结果显示,藏族与东亚类型位点最为接近。研究证实,当代藏族具有东亚蒙古人种类型的体质特征。     

中国客家人体质特征

按照国际学术界规定方法, 在广东和江西共调查了650例男性(城市汉族男性为305例, 乡村汉族男性为345例)和704例女性(城市女性为331例, 乡村女性为373例)客家成年人的86项体质指标, 计算了24项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 与中国族群资料进行了比较, 对客家人体质特征进行了初步分析. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 客家人上眼睑有皱褶率低, 有蒙古褶率高, 眼裂狭窄且多呈眼外角高, 鼻根高度中等, 直鼻背, 男性鼻基部多上翘, 女性鼻基部3种类型比例较接近, 鼻翼高度中等型与高型出现率较高且二者较接近, 鼻孔最大径男性水平率与倾斜率较高, 女性水平率最高, 鼻翼较宽, 耳垂圆形率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度多为中等, 红唇多为薄唇, 发黑, 眼褐、肤黄. (ⅱ) 客家人男性头长值大,额最小宽、面宽、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群, 头宽、形态面高、鼻宽、口裂宽、鼻高值接近南亚类型族群; 客家人女性头长值大, 额最小宽、面宽、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群, 头宽、鼻宽、口裂宽值接近南亚类型族群. (ⅲ) 客家人城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材. 客家人男女性均以中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、中头型(头宽高指数)、中鼻型、长躯干型、亚短腿型、宽肩型、窄骨盆型率最高. (ⅳ) 主成分分析结果显示, 客家人体质特征介于南亚、北亚类型族群之间, 相对更接近中国北亚类型族群.     

(革)家人的体质特征

本文分析了在贵州黄平县调查的311例(男性为159例,女性为152例)(革)家人的体质数据,与我国族群资料进行了比较,结果表明:1)(革)家人上眼睑有皱褶率较高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂狭窄率与中等型率较高,且多呈眼外角高,鼻根高度中等,直鼻背,男性颧骨体不突出,女性颧骨体较突出,鼻基部多上翘,鼻翼高度中等,鼻孔最大径男性多为倾斜,女性水平率最高,鼻翼宽男性中等型率和宽阔型率较高,女性多为中等型,耳垂圆形率最高,上唇皮肤部高度男性以中等型率最高,女性以低型率最高,红唇厚度中唇率最高;发黑,眼褐、肤黄.2)(革)家人男性头长、形态面高值小;头宽、面宽、鼻高、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于南亚类型族群,口裂宽值接近于北亚类型族群,额最小宽、鼻宽值介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间,女性形态面高、鼻高值小,头长、头宽、额最小宽、面宽、鼻宽、唇高值接近于南亚类型族群,口裂宽、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群.3)(革)家人男性与女性身高均属于矮身材.(革)家人男性为圆头型、高头型、狭头型、阔面型、中鼻型,女性为中头型、高头型、中头型、中面型、中鼻型.(革)家人男女性均为中躯干型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型.男性还为中胸型、亚长腿型,女性还为宽胸型、中腿型.4)(革)家人属于蒙古人种南亚类型族群,与周围苗族体质特征存在较大差异.     

海南文昌汉族体质特征

在海南文昌市调查了城市汉族315例(男为150例, 女为165例)和乡村汉族407例(男为216例, 女为191例)成人的73项体质指标, 计算了25项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 与我国族群资料进行了比较, 对海南文昌汉族体质特征进行了初步分析。结果显示: 1)文昌汉族有上眼睑皱褶, 蒙古褶欠发达,眼裂窄且多呈眼外角高, 鼻根高度中等, 直鼻梁, 鼻基部上翘, 鼻翼高度中等, 鼻孔最大径斜位, 鼻翼宽, 耳垂多为圆形、三角形, 上唇皮肤部高度中等, 红唇较厚, 发色黑, 肤色、眼色较深。2)文昌汉族男女性均为特圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型。男性还为中面型, 女性还为狭面型。3)文昌汉族男女性均为长躯干型、中胸型、中肩型、中骨盆型, 男性还为中腿型, 女性还为亚短腿型。文昌汉族城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材。4)文昌汉族头面部特征更接近于我国蒙古人种北亚类型族群。从体部指标来看。文昌汉族介于北亚类型族群与南亚类型族群之间, 更接近于北亚类型族群。     

中国夏尔巴人的体质特征研究

为分析夏尔巴人的体质特征,2016年在西藏测量了182例(男性98例,女性84例)夏尔巴人成人的头面部及体部指标。运用Excel 2010和SPSS 21.0对数据进行统计分析。夏尔巴人的分析结果显示,根据头面部指标均数,夏尔巴人男性和女性属于圆头型、高头型、阔头型、中鼻型。根据体部指标均数,夏尔巴人男性和女性属于中躯干型、中肩型、窄骨盆型和亚中等身高,男性为亚长腿型,女性为中腿型。与其他族群对比发现,夏尔巴人体质特征与门巴族最接近,其次是珞巴族,属于藏彝走廊类型。国内目前尚无夏尔巴人的体质特征报道,本研究丰富了民族体质数据资料库,为研究夏尔巴人的族源提供了一定的数据支持。     

维吾尔族体质类型:来自喀什的资料

隋唐以前欧洲人种的地中海类型一直是喀什地区古代居民的主要种族类型.北亚蒙古人种回鹘人西迁进入新疆后,与其他族群发生长期融合,逐渐形成维吾尔族.目前维吾尔族人种学特征如何,是学术界关注的问题.在维吾尔族最具代表性的喀什地区,采用人体测量方法对喀什维吾尔族560(男273,女287)例成人进行了测量.研究发现,维吾尔族体质中包含明显的欧亚人种的因素,也包含部分南亚与北亚成分,但更多的是东亚类型成分.从体质指数分型来看,喀什维吾尔族男性、女性身高均为中等型(男性已经达到中等型的上限),体重值较大,头较圆、较高,面较狭,中鼻型,头宽度中等(男)或较狭(女),胸较宽,肩较宽,骨盆较宽,躯干较长,腿长中等(男)或较短(女).在中国13个族群中,维吾尔族男性眼外角高率、鼻根中等率中等,有蒙古褶、凹鼻背率较低,维吾尔族女性眼外角高率、凹鼻背率中等,圆耳垂率高、鼻基部上翘率低.南疆维吾尔族比北疆维吾尔族更接近东亚类型族群.南疆维吾尔族头型、鼻型和蒙古族接近,北疆维吾尔族和蒙古族面型相对接近.维吾尔族上眼睑有皱褶率很高,一部分人眼内角有蒙古褶,眼外角多高于眼内角,眼色多为褐色,提示其具有蒙古人种的基本特征.维吾尔族与东亚类型族群面宽、头长、形态面高、头宽值相对接近.维吾尔族头较圆、头较高,上身相对较长,腿相对较短,具有东方人群体质的基本特征.研究发现,维吾尔族体质类型既具有亚洲东方人群特点,也具有欧亚人群特点.在亚洲东方各个类型中,维吾尔族体质更接近东亚类型族群,也具有一定的南亚类型、北亚类型族群的特点.维吾尔族体质特征反映出其多族群融合的历史进程.     

广西壮族颅骨的测量与研究

本文以来源于壮族居民世代聚居地区,生前资料比较可靠的150例颅骨为材料并用多因素分析等6方法探索壮族的体质特征、人种地位、地区类型及可能的起源。结果表明,壮族居民属黄色人种南亚类型,中华民族的华南,与柳江人,Chen皮岩人有最接近的亲缘关系。     

西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其传统知识

西双版纳黄瓜(Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanesis)是黄瓜的一个变种。云南省西双版纳及周边地区的少数民族长期以来栽培、管理和利用这种黄瓜, 使它成为当地重要的作物农家品种, 对其开展民族植物学研究, 了解其传统知识十分必要。我们于2017-2018年在西双版纳傣族自治州调查了西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其相关的传统知识。结果表明, 与现代品种相比, 西双版纳黄瓜农家品种具有香味浓郁、耐贮藏等特异性; 西双版纳的傣族、基诺族、彝族、瑶族等少数民族拥有丰富的关于西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的传统知识。西双版纳黄瓜种质资源在大部分村寨已经消失或濒临消失, 与之相关的传统知识也随之消亡, 目前仅在海拔较高、交通欠发达的边远山区还栽培和保留了少量的农家品种。建议开展西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的原生境保护, 既保护其种质资源, 也保护相关的传统知识。     

基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化

对云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县基诺山基诺乡的基诺族进行体质调查,测量了600例(男279人,女321人)成人人体测量学指标,与35年前在同一地区测量的基诺族体质数据进行了比较,初步分析了35年来基诺族体质变化的原因,研究表明,基诺族身材较矮,颧部不突出,上眼睑多有皱褶,接近40%成年人具有蒙古褶,眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等,多为直鼻背,多直发。基诺族男性、女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型,中躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型。这些表明基诺族具有南亚类型体质特征。35年来,基诺族男女的头长、头宽、面宽、下颌角宽、容貌面高、身高、坐高、胸围、肩宽、体重等指标值较1980年指标有所增长。基诺族体质的变化与当地生产力的发展,饮食结构的改善、体力劳动的强度变化都有一定的关系。     

西双版纳姜科植物资源的利用现状与开发前景

介绍了云南西版纳地区姜科植物资源状况、生物学特性、当地少数民族对它们的利用现状,并对其开发利用前景和存在的问题作了探讨。     

Risk Factors for Acute Stroke among South Asians Compared to Other Racial/Ethnic Groups

Background

Studies of racial/ethnic variations in stroke rarely consider the South Asian population, one of the fastest growing sub-groups in the United States. This study compared risk factors for stroke among South Asians with those for whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics.

Methods

Data on 3290 stroke patients were analyzed to examine risk differences among the four racial/ethnic groups. Data on 3290 patients admitted to a regional stroke center were analyzed to examine risk differences for ischemic stroke (including subtypes of small and large vessel disease) among South Asians, whites, African Americans and Hispanics.

Results

South Asians were younger and had higher rates of diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels than other race/ethnicities. Prevalence of diabetic and antiplatelet medication use, as well as the incidence of small-artery occlusion ischemic stroke was also higher among South Asians. South Asians were almost a decade younger and had comparable socioeconomic levels as whites; however, their stroke risk factors were comparable to that of African Americans and Hispanics.

Discussion

Observed differences in stroke may be explained by dietary and life style choices of South Asian-Americans, risk factors that are potentially modifiable. Future population and epidemiologic studies should consider growing ethnic minority groups in the examination of the nature, outcome, and medical care profiles of stroke.     

中国八甲人与空格人的体质特征

八甲人与空格人属于我国未识别族群。我们去云南省西双版纳调查了八甲人158例(男为61例,女为97例)与空格人71例(男为46例,女为25例)的86项体质指标,初步分析了八甲人与空格人的体质特征。结果如下:1)八甲人的上眼睑皱褶率男为95.08%,女为98.97%;空格人的上眼睑皱褶率男为80.43%,女为100%。八甲人蒙古褶率男为18.03%,女为29.90%;空格人的蒙古褶率男为32.61%,女为64.00%。八甲人与空格人眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角高于眼内角。八甲人男女鼻根高度多为中等。空格人男性鼻根较高,女性鼻根中等。八甲人与空格人男女均为直型鼻梁,鼻基部多为水平方向。八甲人男女颧骨体不突出。八甲人鼻翼高度约为鼻高的1/4。八甲人与空格人男女鼻翼宽与两眼内角间宽几乎等长,多为圆形耳垂,上红唇多为薄唇,唇皮类型多为中等。八甲人眼色多为褐色,空格人眼色多为黑色。2)根据头面部、体部指数分型,八甲人与空格人男女均以高头型率、阔头型率、中鼻型率、中腿型率、宽肩型率、身材矮型率最高。八甲人男女还以圆头型率、长躯干型率、宽胸型率最高。空格人男女还以中胸型率、窄骨盆型率最高。八甲人与空格人男性还以阔面型率最高,而女性则以中面型率最高。3)聚类分析显示八甲人与空格人体质特征属于南方族群类型。     

Ethnic variations in incidence of asthma episodes in England & Wales:national study of 502,482 patients in primary care

Background

Recent studies have demonstrated marked international variations in the prevalence of asthma, but less is known about ethnic variations in asthma epidemiology within individual countries and in particular the impact of migration on risk of developing asthma. Recent within country comparisons have however revealed that despite originating from areas of the world with a low risk for developing asthma, South Asian and Afro-Caribbean people in the UK are significantly (3× and 2× respectively) more likely to be admitted to hospital for asthma related problems than Whites.

Methods

Using data from the Fourth National Study of Morbidity Statistics in General Practice, a one-percent broadly representative prospective cohort study of consultations in general practice, we investigated ethnic variations in incident asthma consultations (defined as new or first consultations), and compared consultation rates between those born inside and outside the UK (migrant status). Logistic regression models were used to examine the combined effects of ethnicity and migration on asthma incident consultations.

Results

Results showed significantly lower new/first asthma consultation rates for Whites than for each of the ethnic minority groups studied (mean age-adjusted consultation rates per 1000 patient-years: Whites 26.4 (95%CI 26.4, 26.4); South Asians 30.4 (95%CI 30.3, 30.5); Afro-Caribbeans 35.1 (95%CI 34.9, 35.3); and Others 27.8 (27.7, 28.0). Within each of these ethnic groups, those born outside of the UK showed consistently lower rates of incident asthma consultations. Modelling the combined effects of ethnic and migrant status revealed that UK-born South Asians and Afro-Caribbeans experienced comparable risks for incident GP consultations for asthma to UK-born Whites. Non-UK born Whites however experienced reduced risks (adjusted OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.69, 0.97) whilst non-UK born South Asians experienced increased risks (adjusted OR 1.33, 95%CI 1.04, 1.70) compared to UK-born Whites.

Conclusion

These findings strongly suggest that ethnicity and migration have significant and independent effects on asthma incidence. The known poorer asthma outcomes in UK South Asians and Afro-Caribbeans may in part be explained by the offspring of migrants experiencing an increased risk of developing asthma when compared to UK-born Whites. This is the first study to find heterogeneity for incident asthma consultations in Whites by migrant status.     

Ethnic variations in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetes attending screening in the United Kingdom (DRIVE UK)

Aims

To compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people of various ethnic groups with diabetes in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods

The Diabetic Retinopathy In Various Ethnic groups in UK (DRIVE UK) Study is a cross-sectional study on the ethnic variations of the prevalence of DR and visual impairment in two multi-racial cohorts in the UK. People on the diabetes register in West Yorkshire and South East London who were screened, treated or monitored between April 2008 to July 2009 (London) or August 2009 (West Yorkshire) were included in the study. Data included age, sex, ethnic group, type of diabetes, presenting visual acuity and the results of grading of diabetic retinopathy. Prevalence estimates for the ethnic groups were age-standardised to the white European population for comparison purposes.

Results

Out of 57,144 people on the two diabetic registers, data were available on 50,285 individuals (88.0%), of these 3,323 had type 1 and 46,962 had type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of any DR was 38.0% (95% confidence interval(CI) 37.4% to 38.5%) in white Europeans compared to 52.4% (51.2% to 53.6%) in African/Afro-Caribbeans and 42.3% (40.3% to 44.2%) in South Asians. Similarly, sight threatening DR was also significantly more prevalent in Afro-Caribbeans (11.5%, 95% CI 10.7% to 12.3%) and South Asians (10.3%, 9.0% to 11.5%) compared to white Europeans (5.5%, 5.3% to 5.8%). Differences observed in Type 1 diabetes did not achieve conventional levels of statistical significance, but there were lower numbers for these analyses.

Conclusions

Minority ethnic communities with type 2 diabetes in the UK are more prone to diabetic retinopathy, including sight-threatening retinopathy and maculopathy compared to white Europeans.     

Ethnic‐Specific Differences in Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Compartments

South Asians have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than Europeans. Studies have identified distinct subcompartments of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) that provide insight into the relationship between abdominal obesity and metabolic risk factors in different ethnic groups. Our objective was to determine the relationship between SAT compartments and fat‐free mass (FFM) between South Asian and European cohorts, and between men and women. Healthy Europeans and South Asians (n = 408) were assessed for FFM via dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and SAT areas by computed tomography (CT). SAT was subdivided into superficial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SSAT) and deep subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (DSAT). Linear regression analyses were performed using DSAT and SSAT as separate dependent variables and FFM and ethnicity as primary independent variables adjusting for age, gender, income, education, and smoking status. Results showed that South Asian men had significantly higher amounts of DSAT (median 187.65 cm² vs. 145.15 cm², P < 0.001), SSAT (median 92.0 cm² vs. 76.1 cm², P = 0.046), and body fat mass (BFM) (25.1 kg vs. 22.6 kg, P = 0.049) than European men. In a fully adjusted model, South Asians showed significantly greater DSAT at any FFM than Europeans. Women had more SSAT at any given FFM than men and less DSAT at any given FFM than men, irrespective of ethnic background. In conclusion, South Asians had more DSAT than Europeans and men had relatively more DSAT than women. These data suggest that specific fat depots are influenced by ethnicity and gender; therefore, could provide insight into the relationship between ethnicity, gender and subsequent risk for CVD.     

Examination of ancestry and ethnic affiliation using highly informative diallelic DNA markers: application to diverse and admixed populations and implications for clinical epidemiology and forensic medicine

We and others have identified several hundred ancestry informative markers (AIMs) with large allele frequency differences between different major ancestral groups. For this study, a panel of 199 widely distributed AIMs was used to examine a diverse set of 796 DNA samples including self-identified European Americans, West Africans, East Asians, Amerindians, African Americans, Mexicans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and South Asians. Analysis using a Bayesian clustering algorithm (STRUCTURE) showed grouping of individuals with similar ethnic identity without any identifier other than the AIMs genotyping and showed admixture proportions that clearly distinguished different individuals of mixed ancestry. Additional analyses showed that, for the majority of samples, the predicted ethnic identity corresponded with the self-identified ethnicity at high probability (P > 0.99). Overall, the study demonstrates that AIMs can provide a useful adjunct to forensic medicine, pharmacogenomics and disease studies in which major ancestry or ethnic affiliation might be linked to specific outcomes.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at