内蒙古察哈尔丘陵啮齿动物种群数量的波动和演替

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木９７４－１９９３年随啮齿动物密度监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共捕啮齿动物１３种,其中达乌尔黄鼠为优势种（６７．８５％）、一趾鼠为次优势种（１０．１６％）,长爪沙鼠、布氏田鼠、达乌尔鼠兔为常见种,余为少见种。黄鼠密度与个体数呈正相关（Ｐ〈０．０００１）、五趾跳鼠与个体数、黄鼠密度呈负相关（Ｐ〈０．００１）。个体数与黄鼠、五趾跳鼠密度的回归模型为：（个体数）＝１     

福建高海拔山区啮齿动物的调查报告

１９８８－１９９５年于福建高海拔山区不同景观进行啮齿动物区系组成与分布调查。共捕获啮齿动物标本４０７９只,经鉴定属２科５属１２种。以古北界种类（黑线姬鼠、黑腹绒鼠、东方田鼠）３种占２５％,东洋界种（针毛鼠、社鼠、青毛鼠、黄胸鼠、黄毛鼠、田小鼠）６种占５０％,广布２种（小家鼠、褐家鼠）占１６７％,外来种１种（黑家鼠）占８３％。     

大鵟夏季的活动及取食节律研究

大（Ｂｕｔｅｏｈｅｍｉｌａｓｉｕｓ）于夏季在栖落，梳羽，取食，扑翼飞行，滑翔和捕食上化费的时间分别占整个活动日（１５ｈ）的８１．０１％，８．８６％，４．３９％，３．０９％，２．２４％和０．４１％；从１３０块食物团的分析表明大的食物主要由高原鼢鼠（Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ），根田鼠（ＭｉｃｒａｔｕｓＯｅｃｏｎｏｍｕｓ），高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｍａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａ），雀形目小鸟及昆虫组成。一只大平均１ｄ吐１．５±０．６（ｎ＝７），相当于消耗１．６２只鼠。     

钉螺分布与滩地环境因子的关系

长江中下游滩地钉螺的分布与滩地的地下水位关系显著,当地下水位为３２ｃｍ左右时,钉螺密度和有螺框出现率分别达到其最大值。活螺密度（Ｙ）与地下水位的回归方程为：Ｙ＝－１．９６８６＋０．２５１２Ｘ－０．００４０１３Ｘ＾２;有螺框出现率（Ｙ）与地下水位的关系为：Ｙ＝－５５．９７２０＋７．５６８９Ｘ＝－０．１１８０Ｘ＾２;５月份钉螺适宜在土壤含水率３０％左右的土壤表层生活。当土壤含水率为２８－３０％时,滩面     

洞庭湖区东方田鼠繁殖特性研究

１９９２年１月～１９９４年１２月,作者在东洞庭湖区岳阳县麻塘区调查,３年捕获并剖检东方田鼠１３９２只,其中雌鼠５９９只,雌性比♀／（♂＋♀）＝４３．０％。该鼠全年繁殖,盛夏５～７月怀孕率较低,冬季１２～２月怀孕率比同域其它鼠种显著偏高。３年合计总怀孕率为２９．２％．平均胎仔数（ｘ±ＳＥ）为５．１３±０．１２只,平均窝仔数４．６０±０．２７只,雌鼠和雄鼠的繁殖强度随年龄增长而递增。室内饲养的东方田鼠妊娠期约２０天,窝仔数４．３３±０．３３只,雌鼠５０～６０天成熟,雄鼠稍迟。枯水期（１１月～翌年４月）东方田鼠主要栖息于湖洲草地,汛期（５～１０月）主要栖息于过垸内稻田。在不同栖息地其繁殖力差别较大,湖洲的繁殖强度最高,稻田区次之,岗地最低,反映它在各栖息地生态适合度不同。文中还对全国４个亚种的繁殖参数作了比较。     

青年男性高原移居者最大摄氧量计算公式的推导

最大摄氧量（Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ）是评价人体体力的重要指标,其测定方法分直接法和间接法两种。目前所推导的间接计算公式都是在平原、或是在进入高原初期推导的,不适用于高原习服人群。本研究采用逐步回归的方法,推导出移居高原７－２７个月、不同高度的青年男性Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ间接计算公式。在海拔３６８０ｍ地区,Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ（Ｌ／ｍｉｎ）＝１．１５３１＋０．００７３２７身高（ｃｍ）＋０．０１６１３体重（ｋｇ）－０．００５８８３晨脉（ｂ／ｍｉｎ）－０．００４５３４运动心率（６０Ｗ,６／ｍｉｎ）,Ｒ＝０．７４５,Ｐ＜０．０１,ＳＳ＝３．７７９９;或Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ（Ｌ／ｍｉｎ）＝１．２１８６＋０．０１９８４体重（ｋｇ）＋０．０７２５９肺活量（Ｌ）－０．００６６５９晨脉（ｂ／ｍｉｎ）,Ｒ＝０．７１３,ｐ＜０．０１,ｓｓ＝３．９６３６。在４３５０ｍ地区,Ｖｏ２．ｍａｘ（Ｌ／ｍｉｎ）＝０．４９１７＋０．０１６８７体重（ｋｇ）＋０．１１０９肺活量（Ｌ）＋０．００１９８３屏气时间（Ｓ）,Ｒ＝０．７８１,Ｐ＜０．０１,ＳＳ＝２．１３５６。计算值与实测值比较,变异系数在１３％以内,结果准确可靠,适用于青年男性高原习服移居者。     

桐粮间作林带的配置方式与农作物产量关系的研究

以桐粮间作为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带冠覆盖率及小麦产量之间的关系。结果表明,林带距（Ｘｄ）、小麦相对产量（Ｙ）及间作年（Ａ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝９０．３２９０－１．９９８２Ａ＋１．１９２４Ｘｄ－０．３３４９Ａ＾２＋０．２９１０ＡＸｄ－０．００３２ＡＸｄ＾２;林带冠覆盖率（Ｘｃ）与小麦相对产量（Ｙ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝－０．０４６Ｘｃ＾２＋１．１５３９Ｘｃ＋９８．１７３（Ｘｃ≤２８％）,Ｙ＝ｅ     

底物膜技术检测精子顶体酶活性的研究

应用底物膜技术检测１３０例正常精液,精子顶体酶活性百分率的正常值下限为５７％。４５９例不孕症病人精液分析,无精症２５例,其余４３４例中７５％精子顶体酶活性正常。实验表明精子密度对数值与顶体酶活性百分率之间有正相关,ｒ＝０．８４（Ｐ＜０．０１）,回归方程为顶体酶活性百分率ｙ＝４８．４３％＋（８．９％）（ｌｏｇ精子计数）。活动精子百分率与顶体酶活性之间有密切正相关,ｒ＝０．９６７,（Ｐ＜０．０１）,顶体酶活性ｙ＝３８．６％＋０、３６ｘ％。前向活跃直线运动精子百分率与顶体酶活性之间也有密切相关．ｒ＝０．９６,（Ｐ＜０．０１）,顶体酶活性ｙ＝３４．２１％＋０．６１ｘ％。     

花生地鼠害复合防治指标的研究

１９９３年在山东省薛城区对花生地鼠害的复合防治指标运用多元回归法进行了研究。其结果以分鼠种密度表示为０．１５５Ｄ１＋０．２６６Ｄ２＋０．０８６Ｄ３＝０．５５１（播种期）和０．１７６Ｄ１＋０．４５６Ｄ２＋０．１１０Ｄ３＝１．１６０，其中Ｄ１、Ｄ２和Ｄ３分别表示黑线仓鼠、大仓鼠和黑线姬鼠的分捕率。     

母兔配种后10小时血清中若干生理指标与子代性比的相关

测定日本大耳白兔母兔配种后１０小时血清中的１０项生理指标,并与母兔所产每窝仔兔的性比（雄性个体所占比率）进行对应分析（窝仔数＜６的数据未参与此项分析）。结果表明：母兔血清中ＦＳＨ、Ｔ（睾酮）、 Ｎａ＋和Ｍ２＋的浓度在高、低两个性比组间有显著差异, Ｔ３（三碘甲状腺原氨酸）的差异接近显著水平（Ｐ＜０．１）;并且,ＦＳＨ和Ｔ３与子代性比里显著负相关（ｒ分别为－０．５０和－０．４６）,Ｍｇ２＋与子代性比里显著正相关（ｒ＝０．３９）;同时,Ｍｇ２＋／Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋×Ｎａ＋、Ｍｇ２＋×Ｋ＋和Ｔ３×ＦＳＨ与子代性比的相关分别为０．４０、０．４３、０．３９和－０．５３（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

哈尔滨郊区人为鼠疫疫源地鼠类种群动态分析

根据黑龙江省哈尔滨市郊区人为鼠疫疫源地1952～1996 年达乌尔黄鼠密度监测资料,建立了黄鼠密度的自回归模型D_t=0.1374+1.130 2D_t-1-0.4754D_t-2+0.8033D_t-3-0.4680D_t-4 , 对1997～2000 年的密度进行了预测。1952～1980 年, 人工捕黄鼠率极为显著地影响黄鼠密度(P<0.001)。在该地区, 1982～1996年共捕啮齿动物6种, 其中黄鼠和大仓鼠为野外优势种, 褐家鼠为室内优势种, 其余为常见种。大仓鼠、黑线仓鼠、黑线姬鼠均与夜行鼠总捕获率正相关(P<0.01),逐步回归模型为总捕获率=0.5219+1.1733 大仓鼠+10312 黑线仓鼠+ 1.1273小家鼠+ 0.9242 褐家鼠(P<0.0001)。黄鼠密度与捕获率不相关(P>0.10)。     

内蒙古典型草原4种常见小哺乳动物的营养生态位及相互关系

本文根据布氏田鼠、达乌达鼠兔、达乌尔黄鼠和草兔在自由生活下的食物组成,分别计算了它们之间的实际营养生态位重叠程度及生态位宽度。还计算了布氏田鼠、达乌尔鼠兔和达乌尔黄鼠间的原始营养生态位重叠程度及宽度。由于栖息地资源可利用性的限制,这３种小哺乳动物的实际营养生态位较原始营养生态位穿。分布空间的重叠可导致布氏田鼠与达乌尔鼠兔间实际营养生态位的较高程度重叠。此结果支持了ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ和Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ（     

Which population density affects home ranges of co-occurring rodents?

Animal space use patterns can be affected by the intra- and interspecific density of individuals competing for resources, with home ranges generally decreasing with increasing population density. By applying spatially explicit capture–recapture models implemented in the R package secr, we study whether home ranges of co-occurring yellow-necked mice, Apodemus flavicollis, and bank voles, Myodes glareolus, are related to population density of (a) conspecifics (intraspecific density), (b) the other sympatric species, A. flavicollis or M. glareolus (interspecific density), or (c) total rodent density (A. flavicollis plus M. glareolus). Home ranges of both species were negatively related to intraspecific population density, and were not related to interspecific density or total rodent density. Given that rodents tend to reduce home ranges if resources are abundant, this pattern may merely result from the higher abundance of resources generally associated with high density populations, if the two species were responding to different subsets of resources. However, intraspecific density could directly reduce home ranges, because conspecifics are more likely to interfere with each other due to the overlapping of space use patterns. Therefore, results suggest complementary space or resource use patterns between species, with consequent weak competition and niche differentiation. Across several years and population densities, home ranges of the two co-occurring rodents thus appear to be affected by conspecifics only, suggesting that the two species may coexist in the study area owing to limited space or resource use overlap.     

Sheep grazing and rodent populations: evidence of negative interactions from a landscape scale experiment

Inter-specific competition, facilitation and predation influence herbivore assemblages, but no study has experimentally explored the interactions between large ungulates and small rodents. In a fully replicated, landscape scale experiment, we manipulated densities of domestic sheep in mountain pastures in Norway. We then determined population growth and densities of rodents by live trapping in each of the areas with different sheep densities. We found that the (summer) population growth rate and autumn density of the field vole (Microtus agrestis) was lower at high sheep density. This provides the first experimental evidence of negative interactions between an ungulate and small rodent species. There was no effect on the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), whose diet differs from sheep. Sheep density, therefore, potentially alters the pattern of inter-specific population synchrony amongst voles. Our study shows that negative interactions between large ungulates and small rodents may be species-specific and negative population consequences for the rodent population appear above threshold ungulate densities.Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at     

Rodent Plasmodium: population dynamics of early sporogony within Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes

Early sporogony of Plasmodium parasites involves 2 major developmental transitions within the insect vector, i.e., gametocyte-to-ookinete and ookinete-to-oocyst. This study compared the population dynamics of early sporogony among murine rodent Plasmodium (Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium chabaudi, Plasmodium vinckei, and Plasmodium yoelii) developing within Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Estimates of absolute densities were determined for gametocytes, ookinetes, and oocysts for 108 experimental infections. Total losses throughout early sporogony were greatest in P. vinckei (ca. 250,000-fold loss), followed by P. yoelii (ca. 70,000-fold loss), P. berghei (ca. 45,000-fold loss), and P. chabaudi (ca. 15,000-fold loss). The gametocyte-to-ookinete transition represented the most severe population bottleneck. Numerical losses during this transition (ca. 3,000- to 30,000-fold, depending on species) were orders of magnitude greater than losses incurred during the ookinete-to-oocyst transition (3- to 14-fold). There were no significant correlations between gametocyte and ookinete densities. Significant correlations between ookinete and oocyst densities existed for P. berghei, P. chabaudi, and P. yoelii (but not for P. vinckei), and were best described by nonlinear functions (P. berghei = sigmoid, P. chabaudi = hyperbolic, P. yoelii = sigmoid), indicating that conversion of ookinetes to oocysts in these species is density dependent. The upper theoretical limit for oocyst density on the mosquito midgut for P. chabaudi and P. yoelii (ca. 300 oocysts per midgut) was higher than for P. berghei (ca. 30 oocysts per midgut). This study provides basic information about population processes that occur during the early sporogonic development of some common laboratory model systems of malaria.     

Microhabitat use in coexisting desert rodents—The role of population density

Summary Among some species of Sonoran Desert rodents microhabitat differences are density dependent. I studied the differences in microhabitat use among four species of heteromyid rodents (Dipodomys merriami, Perognathus amplus, P. baileyi, and P. penicillatus) at low and at high population densities. Microhabitats are defined by the abundance and size distribution of desert shrubs. During a period of low population density the rodent species showed substantial microhabitat differentiation. Following a large increase in pocket mouse (Perognathus spp.) numbers differences in microhabitat use between species disappeared. The lack of microhabitat differentiation at high density is due to microhabitat shifts rather than an expansion in the number of microhabitats used. The shifts lead to increased similarity among species in microhabitat use. Microhabitat overlap is not constant but it is highly variable and sensitive to changes in rodent abundance.     

不育剂EP - 1 对荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量的影响

2011 ～ 2012 年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区,利用复合不育剂EP - 1 (左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚),设试验区和对照区,采用春季试验区一次性投饵的方法,对子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的不育控制进行研究。结果表明,不育剂EP - 1 显著降低了优势种群当年的幼体出生率,试验区5 ～ 6 月小毛足鼠幼体比例较对照区显著降低(P < 0. 05),5 ～ 8 月子午沙鼠和6 ～ 8 月三趾跳鼠成体比例分别较对照区显著增加(P < 0. 05),同时显著降低了优势鼠种当年的种群数量,试验区子午沙鼠和小毛足鼠种群在繁殖高峰期的数量均显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),4 ～ 5 月三趾跳鼠种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0. 05)。次年,试验区5 ～ 7 月子午沙鼠种群成体比例显著高于对照区(P < 0. 05),全年种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),而三趾跳鼠种群数量与对照区差异并不显著。因此,不育剂EP - 1 对3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量增长均具有控制作用,尤其对子午沙鼠种群的持续控制效果更加明显。可见,种群在繁殖期年龄结构的变化是影响其种群数量动态的重要因素。     

Competition, predation and interspecific synchrony in cyclic small mammal communities

Although competition and predation are considered to be among the most important biotic processes influencing the distribution and abundance of species in space and time, the relative and interactive roles of these processes in communities comprised of cyclically fluctuating populations of small mammals are not well known. We examined these processes in and among populations of field voles, sibling voles, bank voles and common shrews in western Finland, using spatially replicated trapping data collected four times a year during two vole cycles (1987–1990 and 1997–1999). Populations of the four species exhibited relatively strong interspecific temporal synchrony in their multiannual fluctuations. During peak phases, we observed slight deviations from close temporal synchrony: field vole densities peaked at least two months earlier than those of either sibling voles or bank voles, while densities of common shrews peaked even earlier. The growth rates of all four coexisting small mammal species were best explained by their own current densities. The growth rate of bank vole populations was negatively related to increasing densities of field voles in the increase phase of the vole cycle. Apart from this, no negative effects of interspecific density, direct or delayed, were observed among the vole species. The growth rates of common shrew populations were negatively related to increasing total rodent (including water voles and harvest mice) densities in the peak phase of the vole cycle. Sibling voles appeared not to be competitively superior to field voles on a population level, as neither of these Microtus voles increased disproportionately in abundance as total rodent density increased. We suggest that interspecific competition among the vole species may occur, but only briefly, during the autumn of peak years, when the total available amount of rodent habitat becomes markedly reduced following agricultural practices. Our results nonetheless indicate that interspecific competition is not a strong determinant of the structure of communities comprised of species exhibiting cyclic dynamics. We suggest that external factors, namely predation and shortage of food, limit densities of vole populations below levels where interspecific competition occurs. Common shrews, however, appear to suffer from asymmetric space competition with rodents at peak densities of voles; this may be viewed as a synchronizing effect.     

布氏田鼠摄食量、累积摄食量与日龄的关系

布氏田鼠 (Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎｄｔｉ)是内蒙古典型草原区的主要害鼠 ,其危害方式主要表现之一为与牲畜争夺牧草资源[1,4 ,11,12 ] 。准确地测定其日食量(ＤＦＣ)与累积摄食量 (ＣＦＣ) ,对于定量地衡量该鼠的危害程度 ,进一步推算鼠害防治的经济阈值有着重要的意义。一些学者着手有关该鼠食性与食量 ,以及非取食性牧草消耗量的研究工作[3 ,7～ 9] 。但由于受实验手段的限制 ,一直未能解决布氏田鼠日食量、累积摄食量与田鼠年龄的关系等难题。本文以测定典型草原区布氏田鼠日食量与体重的关系 ,结合布氏田鼠体重与年龄的数学关系方程 …     

长爪沙鼠的肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类及猛禽密度的关系

为研究鼠类密度和猛禽密度对鼠类肝毛细线虫(Capillaria hepatica)感染率的影响,作者于2004年7月在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗北部和东乌珠穆沁旗西南部典型草原草场选取了14个实验样地,采用洞口计数法(四分之一圆面积法)调查估计各实验样地内长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)密度,同时采用夹线调查法捕获鼠类样本,进行常规解剖获取肝毛细线虫的感染数据。采用目测计数法统计猛禽的出现频次,并以其出现频次作为猛禽的相对密度指标。实验样地共捕获长爪沙鼠1 058只,观察到鹰隼类活动69只次。数据分析结果表明,长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与鼠类密度之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.926),长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率与猛禽密度之间亦存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01,R~2=0.853)。该结果说明,长爪沙鼠是肝毛细线虫的主要宿主,鼠类密度和猛禽密度的升高均会增加长爪沙鼠肝毛细线虫感染率,猛禽密度和鼠类密度之间还存在叠加效应,猛禽的捕食作用会加快肝毛细线虫病的传播周期,加重肝毛细线虫病疫情。