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Juan Wang Wen-Yuan Gao Jian Zhang Bei-Mei Zuo Li-Ming Zhang Lu-Qi Huang 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2012,34(2):397-403
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is one of the important nutraceutical and medicinal plants, which is used worldwide. Until now, ginseng has been
reported to contain saponins, antioxidants, peptides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, alkaloids, lignans, and flavonoids.
The saponins, known as ginsenosides, are widely believed to be the major bioactive compounds of ginseng. In this article,
ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway and key enzymes regulation are also described. This review provides a reference for improving
ginsenoside contents through regulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. 相似文献
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Konstantin V. Kiselev Anna V. Turlenko Yuri N. Zhuravlev 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,99(2):141-149
A somatic embryogenesis protocol for plant regeneration of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) was established from immature cotyledon explants. Embryogenic callus cultures were induced on Murashige and Skoog medium
(MS) containing 3% sucrose, 0.24% Phytagel™, and various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) after 4 weeks of culture in darkness. A higher response (66%) of embryogenic callus was induced on 0.45 μM 2,4-d. Higher numbers of globular- (31), heart- (17), torpedo- (12), and cotyledon-stage (8) embryos per explant were obtained
by culturing embryogenic callus on MS with 3% sucrose, 0.24% Phytagel™, and devoid of growth regulators after 8 weeks culture
in darkness. Continuous sub-culturing of embryogenic callus on medium containing 2,4-d yielded only compact callus. Desiccation of embryos for 3 days in darkness at 25 ± 2°C followed by cold storage at 4°C in
darkness for 8 weeks favored embryo germination and development of plantlets. Cotyledon-stage embryos subjected to desiccation
and chilling treatment cultured on MS with 3% sucrose, 0.24 Phytagel™, 0.44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and 0.29 μM gibberellic
acid germinated at a higher frequency (61%) than with 0.44 μM BA alone and control cultures. Germinated plantlets developed
a shoot and root, were acclimatized successfully, and maintained in a growth room for plantlet development. 相似文献
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Suk Young Oh Chun Hua Wu Elena Popova Eun Joo Hahn Kee Yoeup Paek 《Journal of Plant Biology》2009,52(4):348-354
We tested desiccation and/or vitrification procedures to cryopreserve the adventitious roots of Panax ginseng, the source of commercially produced ginsenosides. When only desiccation was applied, the post-freeze survival of 3- to 4-mm
root tips was <14% regardless of the composition of the preculture medium or the explant origin. Callus formation was frequently
observed after cryopreservation. In contrast, 90% survival and 32.5% root formation efficiency were achieved after cryopreservation
when a vitrification protocol was followed. Adventitious root cultures in flasks and bioreactors were reestablished from root
tips cryopreserved by vitrification. A prolonged lag-phase and lower biomass production were recorded in post-freeze-regenerated
cultures compared with control roots that were subcultured four times in flasks. However, biomass accumulations did not differ
between control and regenerated roots at the end of the sixth subculturing period. After 40 days of culture in bioreactors,
a mean value of 12.5 g dw L−1 was recorded for post-freeze-regenerated cultures versus 9.1 g dw L−1 for the control roots. Production of triol and diol ginsenosides in our bioreactor cultures also was enhanced after cryopreservation,
by 41.0% and 89.8%, respectively. These results suggest that the vitrification method is successful for cryopreservation of
P. ginseng adventitious roots. 相似文献
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Kyung-Ho Ma Anupam Dixit Young-Chang Kim Dong-Yun Lee Tae-San Kim Eun-Gi Cho Yong-Jin Park 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(6):1507-1509
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, commonly known as Korean or Asian ginseng, is a perennial herb native to Korea and China. Its roots are highly
prized for several medicinal properties. The present study describes development and characterization of twenty-two polymorphic
microsatellite markers for this species. A total of 99 alleles were detected with an average of 4.5 alleles per locus across
20 accessions. Values for observed (H
O
) and expected (H
E
) heterozygosities ranged from 0.05 to 1.00 and from 0.18 to 0.73, respectively. Eleven loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium (P < 0.001). Significant (P < 0.05) heterozygote deficiency was observed at 13 loci. Exact test for linkage disequilibrium showed significant values
(P < 0.05) between 12 pairs of loci. These microsatellite markers provide powerful tools for understanding population and conservation
genetics of this species and also for genetic differentiation and authentication of different Panax species being used in commercial ginseng products. 相似文献
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A novel strain, DCY108T was isolated from soil of a Panax ginseng field, Yeoncheon province (38°04′N 126°57′E), Republic of Korea. Strain DCY108T is Gram-negative, non-motile, non-flagellate, rod-shaped, and aerobic. The bacterium grows optimally at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and 1 % NaCl. Phylogenetically, strain DCY108T is closely related to Pedobacter jejuensis JCM 18824T, Pedobacter aquatilis JCM 13454T, Pedobacter kyungheensis LMG 26577T and the type strain of the genus Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366T. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY108T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 30.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DCY108T was determined to be 45.1 mol%. The predominant quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified aminolipids AL1, AL13 and AL17. Iso-C15:00, iso-C17:03OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in strain DCY108T. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY108T to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter panacis sp. nov is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY108T (=CCTCCAB 2015196T = KCTC 42748T). 相似文献
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T. Huang Wen Yuan Gao J. Wang Y. Cao Y. X. Zhao L. Q. Huang C. X. Liu 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2010,32(4):765-772
Biomass growth, ginsenoside and polysaccharide production in different ginseng tissue cultures, including callus culture,
adventitious root culture and hairy root culture, were studied, and the active component contents were compared with that
of native ginseng roots. The adventitious root culture was confirmed to be a very nice system, which grew fast and contained
a rather high content of ginsenosides. Then, the culture conditions of adventitious root culture were optimized. The results
showed that salt strength, various sucrose concentrations, ammonia/nitrate ratios and phosphate concentrations had significant
influences on adventitious roots growth, secondary metabolite and polysaccharide synthesis in ginseng. The best culture conditions
for ginsenoside production seemed to be 0.75 salt strength Murashige and Skoog medium, 4% sucrose, 9 mM ammonia to 36 mM nitrate,
and 1.25 mM phosphate, while the optimization for polysaccharide accumulation seemed to be 0.75 salt strength, 6% sucrose,
9 mM ammonia to 36 mM nitrate and 3.75 mM phosphate source. Appropriate conditions allowed for a maximum ginsenoside yield
of up to 132.90 mg/L and polysaccharide yield of 407.63 mg/L to be obtained after 4 weeks of culture. 相似文献
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D. Myagmarjav J. Sukweenadhi Y. J. Kim M. G. Jang S. Rahimi J. Silva J. Y. Choi P. Mohanan W. S. Kwon C. G. Kim D.-C. Yang 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2017,53(11):1211-1220
Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the important medicinal plants in the world, particularly in Asian countries. Ginseng encounters many stress exposure during its long cultivation period. However, the molecular mechanism of stress resistance is still poorly understood in spite of its importance. In this study, pathogenesis-related protein 6 (PR6), also called proteinase inhibitor (PI), was isolated from ginseng embryogenic callus, named PgPR6. The small size of PR6, containing an open reading frame of 219 bp encoding 72 amino acids, the typical characteristic of PR6 protein, shares the highest sequence similarity to PR6 of Theobroma cacao (69% identity). Sequence and structural analysis indicated that PgPR6 belongs to class Kunitz-type PI family. This is the first report pertaining to the identification of PR6 gene from the P. ginseng genome. The high-level expression of PgPR6 was observed in root as revealed by quantitative real-time PCR. The temporal expression analysis demonstrated that PgPR6 expression was highly up-regulated by signaling molecules, heavy metals, mechanical wounding, chilling, salt, sucrose, and mannitol stress, indicating that PgPR6 may play an important role in the molecular defense response of ginseng to a various range of environmental stresses. 相似文献
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Priyanka Singh Yeon Ju Kim Hina Singh Mohamed El-Agamy Farh Deok-Chun Yang 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2017,55(6):428-434
A novel strain DCY105T was isolated from soil collected from the rhizosphere of ginseng (Panax ginseng), in Gochang, Republic of Korea. Strain DCY105T is Gram-reaction-negative, white, non-motile, non-flagellate, rod-shaped and aerobic. The bacteria grow optimally at 30°C, pH 6.5–7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetically, strain DCY105T is most closely related to Achromobacter marplatensis LMG 26219T (96.81%). The DNA G+C content of strain DCY105T was 64.4 mol%. Ubiquinone 8 was the major respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol were amongst the major polar lipids. C16:00, C8:03OH and iso-C17:03OH were identified as the major fatty acids present in DCY105T. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY105T to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Achromobacter. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Achromobacter panacis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY105T (=CCTCCAB 2015193T =KCTC 42751T). 相似文献
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Nguyen Van Dan Nirala Ramchiary Su Ryun Choi Tae Sik Uhm Tae-Jin Yang In-Ok Ahn Yong Pyo Lim 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(3):1223-1225
Panax ginseng, commonly known as Korean ginseng, is a valued source of herbal medicine in Korea and China. We have developed and characterized
35 microsatellite markers in P. ginseng from available BAC end sequences. Characterization of these 35 SSR primer pairs in 14 cultivars of P. ginseng showed 12 primer pairs to be polymorphic and 19 primer pairs to be monomorphic, while the remaining four primer pairs did
not produce any product. The number of alleles amplified ranged from 4 to 8 per primer pair, with an average of six alleles
per locus. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.7500 to 0.9678 and 0.5645 to 0.7109, respectively. None
of these loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. All of the functional primer pairs of P. ginseng showed cross-species transferability with Panax quinquefolium. The cross-species transferable markers could be used for ginseng cultivar identification, for genomic studies, including
mapping of specific trait QTL/genes, and for measuring conservation of ginseng. 相似文献
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ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN), a plant homolog of C-terminal binding protein, controls the polar elongation of leaf cells and the trichome-branching pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, degenerate PCR was used to isolate an ortholog of AN, referred to as LgAN, from larch (Larix gmelinii). The LgAN cDNA is predicted to encode a protein of 646 amino acids that shows striking sequence similarity to AN proteins from other plants. The predicted amino acid sequence has a conserved NAD-dependent 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase (D2-HDH) motif and a plant AN-specific LxCxE/D motif at its N-terminus, as well as a plant-specific long C-terminal region. The LgAN gene is a single-copy gene that is expressed in all larch tissues. Expression of the LgAN cDNA rescued the leaf width and trichome-branching pattern defects in the angustifolia-1 (an-1) mutant of Arabidopsis, showing that the LgAN gene has effects complementary to those of AN. These results suggest that the LgAN gene has the same function as the AN gene. 相似文献
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Konstantin V. Kiselev Anna V. Turlenko Galina K. Tchernoded Yuri N. Zhuravlev 《Plant cell reports》2009,28(8):1273-1278
It has been shown previously that the rolC gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene was stably and highly expressed in 15-year-old Panax ginseng transgenic cell cultures. In the present report, we analyze in detail the nucleotide composition of the rolC and nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase) genes, which is the selective marker used for transgenic cell cultures of P.
ginseng. It has been established that the nucleotide sequences of the rolC and nptII genes underwent mutagenesis during cultivation. Particularly, 1–4 nucleotide substitutions were found per sequence in the
540 and 798 bp segments of the complete rolC and nptII genes, respectively. Approximately half of these nucleotide substitutions caused changes in the structure of the predicted
gene product. In addition, we attempted to determine the rate of accumulation of these changes by comparison of DNA extracted
from P.
ginseng cell cultures from 1995 to 2007. It was observed that the frequency of nucleotide substitutions for the rolC and nptII genes in 1995 was 1.21 ± 0.02 per 1,000 nucleotides analyzed, while in 2007, the nucleotide substitutions significantly increased
(1.37 ± 0.07 per 1,000 nucleotides analyzed). Analyzing the nucleotide substitutions, we found that substitution to G or to
C nucleotides significantly increased (in 1.9 times) in the rolC and nptII genes compared with P.
ginseng
actin gene. Finally, the level of nucleotide substitutions in the rolC gene was 1.1-fold higher when compared with the nptII gene. Thus, for the first time, we have experimentally demonstrated the level of nucleotide substitutions in transferred
genes in transgenic plant cell cultures. 相似文献
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Theo Ralla Eva Herz Hanna Salminen Matthias Edelmann Corinna Dawid Thomas Hofmann Jochen Weiss 《Food biophysics》2017,12(4):479-490
One of the major trends within the food industry is the replacement of synthetically-derived food additives (e.g. emulsifiers) by natural alternatives. A promising approach is the utilization of saponins that have attracted attention due to their effective emulsifying properties and their natural origin from plants. Panax ginseng is well known in Asian countries for its health benefits that are mainly attributed to amphiphilic triterpene saponins, namely ginsenosides. In this study, we characterized two food-grade ginseng extracts (Finzelberg: FB; CheilJedang: CJ) regarding their chemical composition, surface activity, and effectiveness as emulsifier. Both ginseng extracts reduced the interfacial tension appreciably by up to 80%, and formed negatively charged oil-in-water emulsions at a low emulsifier-to-oil ratio. Ginseng FB formed small submicron-sized emulsions, whereas the mean particle sizes with ginseng CJ were much larger (up to 25 μm). Both ginseng extract-stabilized emulsions were stable towards a range of stresses (pH 4–9, ≤100 mM NaCl) or when stored at ≤25 °C for four weeks. However, the emulsions showed instability at highly acidic conditions (pH 2–3), during the 4-week storage at an elevated temperature (55 °C), and at high ionic strengths (≥250 mM NaCl, >10 mM CaCl2), which was mainly attributed to the reduction or screening of electrostatic repulsion. Emulsion formation and stabilization was proposed to occur via formation of a saponin or biogenic saponin-protein complex layer leading to a stronger interfacial network. In conclusion, both ginseng extracts were able to form emulsions, although ginseng FB extract showed especially remarkable emulsifying properties, similar to the highly effective Quillaja saponaria extract. The results may therefore be helpful in replacing other emulsifiers and formulating emulsion products with varying particle size ranges. 相似文献