诱导免疫应答的肿瘤抗原

肿瘤抗原可以诱导机体的免疫应答,是肿瘤的免疫治疗中多肽疫苗的分子基础,近十年来发展起来的肿瘤疫苗筛选方法,利用肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞或抗体识别肿瘤抗原,为临床肿瘤免疫治疗提供了大量备选抗原分子。文中总结了肿瘤抗原的种类,及迄今几乎所有被证明的含有T细胞识别表位的抗原分子及其血清学反应性,为临床肿瘤疫苗的选择提供了依据。     

肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶抗原--NY-ESO-1

NY-ESO-1为CTA家族中的一种,是目前免疫原性最强的肿瘤抗原之一,有望成为用于肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶疫苗。本就其基因与蛋白、表达与机理、抗原肽及免疫治疗等作一综述。     

肿瘤抗原基因转染的DC疫苗研究进展

树突状细胞是机体内最重要、功能最强的专职抗原递呈细胞,是抗肿瘤免疫的最好佐剂。将不同形式肿瘤抗原负载的DC制成疫苗,可以在体内诱导特异性杀伤性T细胞（CTL）的生成,激发人体有效的特异性抗肿瘤免疫功能。其中肿瘤抗原原因转当的DC疫苗具有很多独特的优点,可望作为一种新型肿瘤疫苗用于肿瘤的防治。本文主要就其作用特点、体内应用的可行性及抗肿瘤作用效果的实验研究进展等方面作一综述。     

肿瘤基因疫苗的研究进展

基因疫苗技术自从20世纪90年代问世以来被迅速应用到传染病、免疫缺陷、肿瘤等重大疾病的预防和治疗的研究中,有一部分已经进入临床试验阶段.肿瘤基因疫苗可以打破免疫耐受,增强免疫原性,诱导机体产生针对肿瘤的体液和细胞反应,既有预防又有治疗肿瘤的作用.能够防治肿瘤的基因疫苗发展迅猛,主要包括与肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs）有关的全长、表位、独特型（Id）和融合DNA疫苗,能够自主复制的RNA疫苗,与树突细胞（DCs）相关的肿瘤基因疫苗等.肿瘤基因疫苗的分子作用机制及其存在的弊端也日益成为关注的问题.     

个性化肿瘤新抗原疫苗中抗原肽预测研究进展

失控的突变导致肿瘤的发生,其中某些非同义突变(错义、移码、融合)多肽,被蛋白酶体降解成短肽后被抗原提呈细胞(antigen-presenting cells,APCs)识别,呈递至引流淋巴结,符合主要组织相容性复合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)结合基序的短肽,继而被T细胞表面因子捕获而产生免疫反应,引发肿瘤的消退,我们称之为"新抗原"(neoantigens).这类抗原由于未受胸腺的阴性筛选,被T细胞识别为"异类",不易受免疫耐受机制的影响,从而可作为免疫介导肿瘤治疗的有效靶点.新一代测序技术极大推动了新抗原疫苗的可行性,但从测序识别肿瘤的体细胞突变到TCR (Tcell receptor)识别新抗原产生免疫反应,中间存在着大量的候选假阳性新抗原多肽,这对于针对新抗原而设计疫苗无疑是难以跨越的障碍.一套有效合理的筛选方法,是新抗原疫苗制备过程中不可或缺的一环.然而国内未见相关综述报道,本文调研了目前新抗原免疫治疗过程中的新抗原肽预测及筛选研究进展.     

DNA甲基化对癌睾丸抗原基因表达的调控及其意义

癌睾丸抗原所具有的表达特性和免疫原性使其有可能成为肿瘤免疫治疗的靶抗原,通过DNA去甲基化提高癌睾丸抗原基因的表达,是提高癌睾丸抗原疫苗疗效的途径之一。     

树突状细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）是人体内最强的抗原提呈细胞。未成熟的DC可摄取抗原并迁移至淋巴器官,将抗原信息传递给免疫系统,引发免疫应答。研究表明,DC在启动抗肿瘤免疫中发挥着强大的功能。近年来,以DC为基础的肿瘤疫苗已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的热点。简要综述了各种DC疫苗的制备和临床应用。     

肿瘤预防性疫苗的研究进展

肿瘤疫苗包括肿瘤治疗性疫苗和肿瘤预防性疫苗。流行病学调查显示,人群罹患传染病或接种疫苗可降低发生肿瘤的风险,为肿瘤的预防和控制提出了新思路。近年来,肿瘤预防性疫苗尤其是抗致癌病原体预防性疫苗的研究已取得突破性进展,如乙型肝炎疫苗已证实对原发性肝癌具有预防作用,预防宫颈癌的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗已上市并广泛应用,预防胃癌的幽门螺杆菌疫苗研究也已进入临床研究。其次,以肿瘤抗原作为有效成分也是制备肿瘤预防性疫苗的一种新思路。简述了病原体感染及疫苗接种对发生肿瘤危险性的影响,并对肿瘤预防性疫苗的研究进展进行了总结和概述。     

体外大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗及其诱导的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答分析

旨在体外组装酵母菌表达的gp96 (Recombinant gp96,rgp96) 蛋白与B16.F10黑色素瘤抗原,大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗,并研究其诱导的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。利用体外组装的rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物免疫C57BL/6小鼠,并通过酶联免疫斑点实验、细胞因子染色、杀伤实验技术进行分析,结果显示与单纯rgp96或肿瘤抗原免疫组相比,体外组装的rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物免疫能够显著抑制B16肿瘤的生长,而且能够明显提高肿瘤特异性T细胞活性。rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物的抗肿瘤免疫活性与从肿瘤组织中提取的gp96接近。研究结果为大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗提供了依据。     

超抗原及靶向治疗肿瘤作用进展

超抗原作为一种强大的T细胞激活荆,单用极低浓度便可激活大量的T淋巴细胞克隆来杀伤肿瘤细胞,但这种杀伤作用缺乏特异性.靶向治疗是现阶段肿瘤治疗的新技术,可针对各种机制来抑制肿瘤的发生和发展或消除肿瘤.时此,通过单抗导向或将超抗原结合于肿瘤细胞表面以及基因工程等手段,国内外的学者已在超抗原的靶向抗肿瘤治疗方面开展了大量工作,为肿瘤的防治提供了参考依据.     

MHC class II presentation of endogenous tumor antigen by cellular vaccines depends on the endocytic pathway but not H2-M

We have developed cell-based cancer vaccines that activate anti-tumor immunity by directly presenting endogenously synthesized tumor antigens to CD4⁺ T helper lymphocytes via MHC class II molecules. The vaccines are non-conventional antigen-presenting cells because they express MHC class II, do not express invariant chain or H-2M, and preferentially present endogenous antigen. To further improve therapeutic efficacy we have studied the intracellular trafficking pathway of MHC class II molecules in the vaccines using endoplasmic reticulum-localized lysozyme as a model antigen. Experiments using endocytic and cytosolic pathway inhibitors (chloroquine, primaquine, and brefeldin A) and protease inhibitors (lactacystin, LLnL, E64, and leupeptin) indicate antigen presentation depends on the endocytic pathway, although antigen degradation is not mediated by endosomal or proteasomal proteases. Because H2-M facilitates presentation of exogenous antigen via the endocytic pathway, we investigated whether transfection of vaccine cells with H-2M could potentiate endogenous antigen presentation. In contrast to its role in conventional antigen presentation, H-2M had no effect on endogenous antigen presentation by vaccine cells or on vaccine efficacy. These results suggest that antigen/MHC class II complexes in the vaccines may follow a novel route for processing and presentation and may produce a repertoire of class II-restricted peptides different from those presented by professional APC. The therapeutic efficacy of the vaccines, therefore, may reside in their ability to present novel tumor peptides, consequently activating tumor-specific CD4⁺ T cells that would not otherwise be activated.     

Whole-cell cancer vaccination: from autologous to allogeneic tumor- and dendritic cell-based vaccines

The field of tumor vaccination is currently undergoing a shift in focus, from individualized tailor-made vaccines to more generally applicable vaccine formulations. Although primarily predicated by financial and logistic considerations, stemming from a growing awareness that clinical development for wide-scale application can only be achieved through backing from major pharmaceutical companies, these new approaches are also supported by a growing knowledge of the intricacies and minutiae of antigen presentation and effector T-cell activation. Here, the development of whole-cell tumor and dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines from an individualized autologous set-up to a more widely applicable allogeneic approach will be discussed as reflected by translational studies carried out over the past two decades at our laboratories and clinics in the vrije universiteit medical center (VUmc) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.     

纳米疫苗在肿瘤免疫疗法中的应用

近年来肿瘤免疫疗法成为癌症治疗领域的热点,其中结合肿瘤疫苗和纳米技术的纳米疫苗为肿瘤免疫疗法提供了新思路.纳米疫苗可以实现疫苗和佐剂的共载,且智能化的纳米载体进一步实现了抗原有效的靶向递送,促进了抗原的摄取和递呈,激活抗原特异性免疫应答,有效杀伤肿瘤细胞.本文就纳米疫苗的原理、优势、纳米材料的类型、临床疗效进行综述,为后期纳米疫苗的设计提供更可靠的参考依据.     

Protection against metastasis by immunization with an allogeneic lymphocyte antigen

Q5 antigens are expressed on the surface of various experimental murine tumor cells. They share partially common antigenicity with Qa-2 alloantigens expressed on normal lymphocytes. For that reason we tested the immunoprotection by anti-Qa-2 immunization of mice against a Q5+ tumor. Nerve fibrosarcoma (NSFA) tumor, which specifically develops metastasis in the lung, has been reported to be poorly immunogenic. However, expression of the Q5 antigen was evident on the surface of NFSA cells. After immunizing (C3H/He x B6.K1)F1 (Qa-2-) mice with B6 (Qa-2+) lymphocytes, the protection against the proliferation of the semi-syngeneic NFSA tumor was examined First, immunization of normal mice induced resistance to NFSA cell transplants. Second, when the tumor cells were transplanted to the hind foot of a mouse and the resulting tumor was removed by amputating the leg, the mice were protected against the development of lung metastasis after immunization by intraperitoneal inoculation of B6 cells 3 days after tumor removal. Immunization with attenuated NFSA cells in this system failed to protect the mice from lung metastasis. On the other hand, inoculation of the mice with B6 cells without removal of the original tumor on the foot showed little effect on the progression of the tumor. Thus, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which seemed to be present in an inactive form in the mice from which the tumor had not been removed, were induced in the mice after the removal of the major tumor followed by immunization with B6 lymphocytes. The induction of CTL by the immunization was suppressed in mice bearing large tumors. Cells stimulated by the tumor antigen seemed to be involved in the suppression. It was also shown that the Q5 antigen is the direct recognition target of the CTL since the activity of Q5-specific CTL clones in lysing tumor cells was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody specific for the Q5 antigen. In contrast to immunization with attenuated tumor cells, our novel allogeneic lymphocyte immunization procedure offers high CTL activation, by-passing the induction of T cell unresponsiveness.     

鼠疫亚单位疫苗研究进展

鼠疫 ,由于其强烈的传染性和极高的致死率 ,使得人们在应对它时 ,必须侧重于早期的防治。传统疫苗存在安全隐患 ,且存在效率低 ,接种反应率高以及不能保护人体免受肺鼠疫侵害等缺陷。近年来生物技术的迅速发展 ,为开展对鼠疫传统疫苗的改进和新疫苗的研究创造了条件 ,而这些研究当中 ,成果最为丰富的当属亚单位疫苗。目前鼠疫亚单位疫苗的研究大多围绕对鼠疫杆菌免疫原性起决定作用的两种主要抗原成分 (F1抗原和V抗原 )展开 ,按此研究方向浅谈其研究进展。     

GM—CSF基因瘤苗抗肿瘤活性的实验研究

转细胞因子基因的肿瘤细胞疫苗是当今肿瘤免疫－基因治疗研究的热点。本文用逆转录病毒载体将人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子基因转入大鼠Ｗａｌｋｅｒ瘤细胞株ＷＲＣ２５６,经Ｘ－射线灭活制备肿瘤疫苗。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ检测证实,ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因已成功地导入了ＷＲＣ２５６细胞。     

Therapeutic effects on experimental metastatic tumor-bearing mice by vaccination with GM-CSF gene-modified and tumor antigen-pulsed macrophages

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B16 melanoma expressing EGFP as a self antigen is differentially immunoedited by tolerogenic thymic epithelial and dendritic cells

To investigate how the immune system responds to tumor self antigens, we used enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in B16 melanoma cells (B16-EGFP) and tested in the mouse lines expressing EGFP in thymic epithelial cells (3.1T-EGFP) or in antigen presenting cells (Get40), in comparison to the wild-type mouse. B16-EGFP cells were distinctively immunoedited in three mouse lines at the early phase, and the cells were completely eliminated only in the wild-type at the late phase, suggesting EGFP-specific tolerance is present in 3.1T-EGFP and Get40. The numbers of tumor-infiltrating T cells in all mouse lines were reversely correlated with the tumor sizes, suggesting dominant T cell mediated tumor elimination. When a soluble EGFP was immunized, surprisingly, the growth of B16-EGFP in Get40 mouse was promoted, while reduced in B6. Immunization did not make significant difference in the growth of tumors in 3.1T-EGFP. Detailed analyses showed the opposite directional changes in the numbers of B and CD8⁺T cells in B6 and Get40. In Get40 mice, the immunization significantly reduced the percentage of Gr1^?CD11b⁺ cells, indicating that tolerance induction and breaking involve both adaptive and innate cells differentially. Therefore, the strategy for a cancer vaccine should be carefully considered on the types of antigen expressing cell.     

Enhanced antitumor effects of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells by their transfection with GM-CSF gene

To investigate the biological characterization and antitumor activitites of GM-CSF gene-transfected dendritic cells, the splenic dendritic cells were infected with GM-CSF recombinant replication-deficient adenoviruses in vitro . Their enhanced expression of B7 was demonstrated by FACS analysis, and more potent stimulatory activity was confirmed by allogeneic MLR. Immunization of dendritic cells pulsed with irradiated B16 melanoma cells induced sig-nificant CTL and enabled host to resist the challenge of wild-type B16 cells. When they were transfected with GM-CSF gene subsequently, the induced CTL activity was higher, and the produced protection against B16 cell challenge and therapeutic effect on the mice with preestablished pulmonary melastases more effective. These data suggest that the dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigen then transfected with GM-CSF gene can be used as an effective vaccine in tumor immunotherapy.