关于杉木林下植被对改良土壤性质效用的研究

为了防治连栽杉木人工地力衰退,本文重点论述通过间代,增大林内透光度,降低林分郁闭度,林下植被,改良土壤理、化性质和提高生物活性。研究结果表明：在郁闭度０．７以下的林分中,林下植被发育迅速,间代４－５ａ后,每公顷生物量可达到４－５ｔ,有交地提高了土壤中营养元素含量,增加了土壤中三大类微生物数量,并使微生物类群也发生了明显的变化,有效地维护和恢复了土壤功能。     

杉木与固氮和非固氮树种混交对林地土壤质量和土壤水化学的影响

第 1代人工杉木林皆伐后 ,3种不同的经营模式 ,即连载杉木纯林、杉木与固 N阔叶树混交林和杉木与非固 N阔叶树混交林 ,对林地土壤质量和土壤水化学的影响进行了比较。结果表明 ,在杉树与阔叶树混交经营模式下 ,土壤养分含量增加 ,物理性状改善 ,土壤生物活性提高 ,微生物商 (Cmic:Corg)上升 ,代谢商 (q CO2 )稍有下降 ,但杉木与固 N树种的混交对土壤质量的改善效果比杉木与非固 N树种混交好 ;相反 ,杉木连载只能导致林地土壤质量的逐渐恶化 ;土壤溶液中 ,主要来自于大气中的一些离子浓度 ,如 SO2 - 4,Cl- ,Na 和 Mg2 ,在杉木纯林中显著高于混交林 ,而主要受系统内影响较大的一些离子 ,如 K 和NH 4,NO- 3,在经营模式间变异较小 ;H 和 Al3 浓度也是杉木纯林比混交林高。另外 ,研究结果还表明 ,总有机 C、CEC和微生物 C与其它土壤理化性质与生物学性质之间存在着较好的相关性 ,所以可以将总有机 C、CEC和微生物 C作为红黄壤地区亚热带人工林土壤质量的指示指标     

生态养殖河田鸡对林下植被多样性及土壤的影响

通过林下人工种草养殖河田鸡,调查林下生态养殖区与对照区的林木蓄积量、林地植被多样性指标、土壤理化性状、土壤侵蚀性。结果显示,林下生态养殖区内林木蓄积量显著高于对照区(P0.05);植被多样性与对照相比差异不显著(P0.05);土壤含水量、土壤pH值、硝态氮和铵态氮与对照相比均有所提高;林下生态养殖区下坡位的土壤侵蚀模数为120 t·km~(-2),与对照区相比总体土壤侵蚀量下降770 t·km~(-2),降幅达95.1%。     

珍贵固氮树种降香黄檀与二代巨尾桉混交种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

该研究以二代巨尾桉/降香黄檀混交林(MP)作为研究对象,并以邻接的二代巨尾桉纯林(PP)作为对照(CK),采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和土壤酶活性分别表征土壤微生物群落结构和功能,重点探究南亚热带PP引入降香黄檀混交种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响.结果表明:(1)与PP相比,MP的土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN...     

林分密度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响

以杉木人工林为研究对象,探究4种林分密度（A：650株/hm²;B：1100株/hm²;C：1250株/hm²;CK：1650株/hm²）林下物种多样性、生物量以及土壤理化性质及其之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数及草本层中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Patrick丰富度指数随林分密度的增加均呈现出双峰型变化趋势,在密度A和C处均出现峰值;灌木层Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数随林分密度升高而降低,且灌、草层4种多样性指数最小值均出现在密度CK处。（2）草本层生物量比灌木层高。草本层总生物量（地上+地下）随密度的增大而减少,凋落物的量则随密度的增大而增大。（3）土壤养分含量和林下植物多样性指数随林分密度增大的变化趋势大致相同,且有机质含量在密度A取得最大值。（4）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数与全氮、水解氮、有效磷、有机质呈显著正相关;草本层植被物种多样性与土壤理化性质无显著相关性。（5）各指数与灌木层生物量的相关性较强。综上所述,密度A （650株/hm²）能够促进杉木林林下植被发育,增加林下植被物种多样性、生物量和有机质,可提升维持地力的能力,有利于杉木林稳定持续发展。     

亚热带树种转换对林地土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

通过分析杉木采伐迹地营造阔叶树种尾巨桉和固氮树种黑木相思人工林后土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性,探讨造林树种转换对于改善杉木林地土壤微生物特性的影响.结果表明: 树种转换对土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响主要局限于0～10 cm土壤层.杉木转换为固氮树种黑木相思后,显著提高了0～10 cm土壤层总脂肪酸含量、真菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和放线菌生物量.主成分分析表明,黑木相思人工林土壤微生物群落组成与杉木和尾巨桉人工林具有显著差异,土壤中革兰氏阳性细菌、阴性细菌和放线菌丰度显著提高.在0～10 cm土壤层,黑木相思人工林土壤纤维素水解酶、乙酰氨基-葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于杉木和尾巨桉人工林.研究表明,杉木转变为固氮树种黑木相思后会显著提高微生物生物量和酶活性,有助于土壤有机质的恢复,加快养分循环过程.     

固氮树种对桉树人工林土壤团聚体酶活性及其化学计量比的影响

土壤酶活性及其化学计量比是反映土壤养分有效性和微生物生长代谢养分需求的重要指标,但固氮树种对桉树人工林土壤团聚体酶活性及其化学计量特征的影响尚不明确。为探究桉树人工林土壤团聚体酶活性及其化学计量比对引入固氮树种的响应及其主要影响因子,该文通过选择11年生巨尾桉纯林（PP）和巨尾桉/降香黄檀（固氮树种）(MP)混交林作为研究对象,采集0～10 cm的原状土样,采用改良干筛法将土壤分成>2 mm、1～2 mm、0.25～1 mm和<0.25 mm 4个径级,测定各径级土壤团聚体的理化性质和与土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）循环相关的水解酶活性[β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）]。结果表明：（1）PP和MP土壤团聚体均以>2 mm为主,其含量高于其他粒径团聚体。与PP相比,MP中各粒径土壤团聚体的有机碳（SOC）、总氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、有效磷（AP）、pH、BG、NAG和ACP均显著提高（P<0.05）,但LAP活性的变化不显著。（2）pH...     

固氮树种组织和细胞培养的种类名录

收集了36种固氮树种组织和细胞培养的资料。     

科尔沁沙地植被重建对土壤固氮和固碳菌群的影响

为掌握风沙土固氮和固碳微生物多样性以及人工植被类型对菌群结构的影响,在科尔沁沙地典型植被重建区选择相同年限的小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎蒿、小黄柳、山竹岩黄蓍、小叶杨和樟子松人工固沙林以及毗邻的天然榆树疏林为对象,以nifH和cbbL基因为标记,采用高通量测序技术分别研究了不同固沙植被类型土壤固氮和固碳菌群结构和多样性。结果表明：植被类型对土壤理化性质、生物活性、固氮及固碳菌的多样性和菌群结构均有显著影响;小黄柳和小叶杨固沙林土壤固氮菌多样性显著高于其他植被;而樟子松和小叶杨固沙林土壤固碳菌多样性最高;斯克尔曼氏菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、固氮螺菌属和广泛固氮氢自养单胞菌属等是风沙土固氮菌群的优势菌属,平均相对优势度分别为22.3%、21.5%、20.8%和17.8%;假诺卡氏菌属、中慢生根瘤菌属、贪铜菌属、慢生根瘤菌属等是固碳菌群的优势菌属,平均相对优势度分别为22.4%、18.5%、10.5%和6.0%。小叶锦鸡儿植被区土壤固氮菌、小黄柳和小叶杨植被区固碳菌的群落结构已基本恢复到天然榆树疏林水平。影响固氮菌群结构的主要土壤因子为有机质、NH₄⁺-N和全磷,而影响固碳菌群的为pH、土壤含水率和速效磷。研究结果可为沙地植被重建生态效益的评估提供科学依据。     

北方阔叶树木固氮与非固氮树种间营养元素含量的差异及数量化分类

研究了北方阔叶树木中固氮和非固氮树种间养分元素含量的差异及季节变化趋势．在生长旺盛期到落叶期固氮和非固氮树种叶片之间Ｎ、Ｍｇ含量始终存在明显差异;固氮树种叶片中Ｎ、Ｋ含量降低的趋势明显低于非固氮树种,所研究的其它５个元素和灰分的季节变化率即累积的趋势则高于非固氮树种．在Ｆ检验和Ｔ检验的基础上,选择Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｉ４个营养元素为参数进行的数量化分类,成功地区分了固氮和非固氮树种．     

Influence of stand age on nutrient and energy release through decomposition in alder-cardamom agroforestry systems of the eastern Himalayas

The influence of stand age (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 years) on the decomposition of litter fractions, nutrient and energy release of mixtures of N₂-fixing alder (Alnus nepalensis) and non-N₂-fixing large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) systems was compared. Seasonal decomposition rates were distinct with the highest rate in the first 6 months followed by subsequent seasons. The decomposition rate was substantially high in younger stands (10- to 15-years) and declined in the older stands. Heat sink from the stand floor litter increased from 171 × 10⁶ kJ year⁻¹ in 5 years to 299 × 10⁶ kJ year⁻¹ at 15 years and then considerably decreased with advancing age. However, energy and nutrient releases were slow at a high initial lignin-to-initial N ratio and C-to-N ratio, and there was an inverse relationship between the k-value of ash-free-mass and N expressed as a function of the C-to-N ratio. Quantities of nutrient release and energy loss per unit area in 24 months of decomposition were highest in 15 years and subsequently they lowered with advancing age. Nutrient loss indicated approximately uniform absolute and relative rates. Absolute energy consistently decreased by 81–88% in 24 months. Ash-free mass of decomposing litter remaining at different retrieval dates was associated with a narrowing of the C-to-N ratio. The relative loss rate of ash-free mass, nutrients and energy content was strongly related to the C-to-N ratio, litter temperature and litter moisture. The influence of Alnus in the younger stands on nutrient and energy releases were rapid, indicating accelerated nutrient cycling and energy dynamics. The intensity of the processes was highly phenomenal and considerably high in younger stands up to 20 years. Thus, an appropriate management cycle of the Alnus-cardamom system for sustainability is 15–20 years.     

Morphological and molecular characterization of Frankia sp. isolates from nodules of Alnus nepalensis Don

Nodules collected from Alnus nepalensis growing in mixed forest stands at three different sites around Shillong, were crushed in various culture media to obtain isolates of Frankia. The isolates were found to have typical Frankia morphology as revealed by the scanning electron microscope. Seedlings inoculated with isolates or crushed nodules formed nitrogen fixing nodules. Frankia specific DNA probes amplified the DNA of the tested isolate AnpUS4. Partial nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that AnpUS4 was phylogenetically distinct from all other Frankia strains characterized so far.     

Evolutionary implications of nucleotide sequence relatedness between Alnus nepalensis and Alnus glutinosa and also between corresponding Frankia microsymbionts

Frankia DNAs were isolated directly from root nodules of Alnus nepalensis and Alnus nitida collected from various natural sites in India. For comparison, a nodule sample from Alnus glutinosa was also collected from Tuebingen, Germany. Nucleotide sequence analyses of amplified 16S–23S ITS region revealed that one of the microsymbionts from Alnus nepalensis was closely related to the microsymbiont from Alnus glutinosa. A similar exercise on the host was also carried out. It was found that one sample of Alnus nepalensis was closely related to Alnus glutinosa sequence from Europe. Since both Frankia and the host sequences studied revealed proximity between Alnus glutinosa and Alnus nepalensis, it is hypothesised that the common progenitor of all the alders first entered into an association with Frankia, and the symbiotic association has evolved since.     

Nodulation potential of soils from red alder stands covering a wide age range

Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) stands in the Pacific Northwest are the common first stage in succession following disturbance. These stands are highly productive and contribute a large amount of N to the soils as a result of their N₂-fixing symbiosis with Frankia. As these alder stands age, the soils not only increase in total N, but concentrations of NO^–₃ increase and pH decreases as a result of nitrification. The objective of this study was to determine how the nodulation capacity of Frankia varies as red alder stands age and if differences in nodulation capacity are related to changes in soil properties. Nodulation capacity was determined by a red alder seedling bioassay for soils from red alder stands in the Oregon coast range covering a wide range of ages. Six chronosequences were sampled, each containing a young, an intermediate, and an older alder stand. Soil total N, total C, NO^–₃, NH⁺₄, and pH were measured on the same soil samples. These factors as well as alder stand characteristics were compared with nodulation capacity in an attempt to identify soil characteristics typical in developing alder stands that most strongly affect nodulation capacity. Soil pH and NO^–₃ concentration were highly correlated with nodulation capacity and with each other. Cluster analysis of the sites using these two variables identified two groups with distinctly different nodulation capacities. The cluster with the higher nodulation capacity was lower in NO^–₃ and higher in pH than the other cluster, which included the majority of sites. There was substantial overlap in the age ranges for the two clusters and there was no significant correlation between age and nodulation capacity. Thus nodulation capacity appears to be most closely related to soil properties than to stand age.     

元阳梯田水源区旱冬瓜水分来源

旱冬瓜(Alnus nepalensis)是元阳梯田水源区的优势树种之一,其作为一种速生树种被发展为当地居民重要的薪炭林和经济林,树种的生长发育和地理分布受到水分制约,其吸收水分和水分利用的变化将会直接影响森林生态系统的水循环。该研究于2014年5－11月间进行,研究时段内累计降雨1262 mm,地下水δD 值在－71‰~－53‰范围,δ18 O 在－10.6‰~－7.0‰范围,受环境因子的影响很小,基本上保持常年稳定。土壤水是可供树种直接吸收利用的水源,基于氢氧稳定同位素技术,对比元阳梯田水源区旱冬瓜树种茎干水δD 和其林地不同深度土壤水δD 的同位素组成情况,结合不同深度土壤含水量,定性分析判断旱冬瓜对土壤水的利用,结果表明旱冬瓜旱季利用的土壤水主要分布在40 cm 土层附近,而雨季利用的土壤水范围较广,分布在0~60 cm 的土层。利用多元线性混合模型 IsoSource 软件定量分析旱冬瓜对土壤水和地下水的利用,结果表明：旱冬瓜水分来源分布较广,各土层土壤水和地下水均有贡献,雨季旱冬瓜主要利用0~60 cm 深土壤水,其中雨后旱冬瓜绝大部分水分来源于0~10 cm 的土壤水分,利用比例为66％~73％;其它时间主要利用40~60 cm 的土壤水,贡献率高达73％;旱季旱冬瓜的绝大部分水分来源于地下水,对地下水的利用比例为18％~68％,同时,40~60 cm 的土壤水也是其重要的水源。从不同时间尺度考察旱冬瓜对土壤水和浅层地下水的需求,更加准确地认识元阳梯田水源区不同森林类型优势树种的水分来源,为梯田森林生态系统经营与维护以及梯田的可持续发展提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of genetic diversity ofFrankia strains in nodules ofAlnus nepalensis (D. Don) from the Hengduan Mountains on the basis of PCR-RFLP analysis of thenifD-nifK IGS

Nodule samples from 90A. nepalensis individuals were collected at five sites in the Hengduan Mountains. PCR-RFLP analysis of IGS betweennifD andnifK genes was directly applied to unculturedFrankia strains in the nodules. Sizes of thenifD-nifK IGS amplicons and genetic distance between the RFLP patterns from these samples were noticeably different, indicating significant genetic variation in theFrankia population. There were some nodule samples, which produced more than one PCR fragment, and compound RFLP patterns, indicating thatFrankia strains with different PCR-RFLP patterns coexisted in the same host plant under natural conditions. Among the 29 restriction patterns obtained, 5 patterns were found in more than one population and occurred in the majority of samples, while each of the other 24 patterns were represented by only one or two samples and were endemic to a particular population. From the calculatedGst and UPGMA cluster analysis, genetic diversity ofFrankia strains was inferred to be related to climate and glaciation history in the Hengduan Mountains.     

3种菊科入侵植物不同生长时期的土壤酶活性和养分变化

【目的】黄顶菊、三叶鬼针草和豚草是我国危害较严重的3种菊科入侵植物。了解3种菊科植物生长过程中土壤养分和酶活性的变化,可以为研究其入侵机制提供依据。【方法】在中国农业科学院植物保护研究所廊坊中试基地开展同质园实验,比较分析了黄顶菊、三叶鬼针草和豚草3种菊科入侵植物在幼苗期、旺盛生长期和生殖生长期根际土壤养分和酶活性的变化。【结果】3种外来菊科植物的生长时期对土壤养分和酶活性存在显著影响。3种外来植物入侵域的土壤速效磷、硝态氮含量以及磷酸酶活性随生长时期变化都表现出先升高后降低的趋势,均在旺盛生长期达到最大值。入侵域土壤速效磷和硝态氮含量的变化趋势与狗尾草明显不同。3种外来植物入侵降低了土壤速效钾含量,提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性。【结论】3种外来菊科植物的入侵改变了土壤养分和酶活性,创造出更有利于自身生长和繁殖的条件,以利于其进一步扩张。     

Intraspecific variability of isozymes in Penicillium nodositatum Valla,a fungus inducing ‘myconodules’ on the root-system of Alnus sp.

A comparison of mycelial extracts of 17 isolates of Penicillium nodositatum collected from the root system of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) and Italian alder (A. cordata Desf.) grown at different sites was made using isoenzyme analysis of esterases, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase. Jaccard similarity coefficient analysis demonstrated that interspecific variability existed both among and within sites. In most cases, the enzyme patterns of isolates were distinct. Comparison of these isolates and three other Penicillium species closely related to P. nodositatum showed no similarity for the enzymes tested.     

Nitrogenase activity in root nodule homogenates ofAlnus incana

Summary Root nodule homogenates of actinorhizal plants may representFrankia in a symbiotic stage but released from environmental influence of the host plant. Anaerobic homogenization with a blender in buffer supplied with sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and reducing substances gave three times higher yields of nitrogenase activity (C₂H₂-reduction) than crushing the nodules in liquid nitrogen. The activity in the homogenates was very reproducible and was, on average, nearly twice as high as the activity in excised nodules and c. 10% of the activity in intact plants. The difference in activity between excised nodules and intact plants was, roughly by halves, due to removal of the root system from the pot and to excision of the nodules. The nitrogenase activity in the homogenates was slightly higher when nodule excision was done in Ar or under water as well as after treatment of the homogenate with toluene or Triton X-100 or osmotic shock. These gains in activity were considered too small to outweigh the increased complications of preparing homogenates for routine use. Due to the reproducible recovery of nitrogenase in the homogenates the technique seems useful for physiological studies on nitrogen fixation inAlnus incana.