紫外辐射对两种体色型麦长管蚜生物学特征的影响

紫外辐射对蚜虫产生了强烈的选择压力,可导致蚜虫种下遗传分化,而紫外辐射对蚜虫种下体色分化的影响尚不清楚.本研究选定两种不同体色型的麦长管蚜初生若蚜经过30 W紫外线（UVB波）照射5 d,每天30 min,在不同温度（15 ℃、20 ℃和25 ℃）和不同小麦品种（小偃-22、Astron）条件下,通过在人工智能控制温室内单头饲养,分别测定了各处理麦长管蚜的发育历期、体质量差及相对日均体质量增长率等生物学参数.结果表明：在品种小偃-22上,温度较低时,紫外辐射显著延缓了绿色型麦长管蚜生长,而温度较高时,紫外辐射显著延缓了红色型麦长管蚜生长;在品种Astron上,温度较低时,紫外辐射显著延缓了绿色型麦长管蚜生长,而温度较高时,紫外辐射对两种体色型麦长管蚜生长均无显著影响.说明两种体色型蚜虫对紫外胁迫的反应不同,且紫外胁迫对麦长管蚜的影响与温度和小麦品种有关.     

影响麦长管蚜体色变化的主导因素

研究麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)体色变化生态主导因素,田间红色麦长管蚜种群对不同抗蚜性寄主的反应和自然条件下,不同体色麦长管蚜的生殖力以及后代种群体色变化情况。结果显示:在实验温度范围内,麦长管蚜种群中红体色蚜虫所占比例随温度升高而增加,在28,29,30,31℃时,红体色蚜虫所占比例分别为6.66%,38.30%,70.60%和65.24%。麦长管蚜体色变化过程中,温度起到重要的作用,而与光周期和寄主营养的关系甚微。红体色麦长管蚜在不同抗蚜性的品种上其种群消长情况存在差异。田间红绿体色麦长管蚜经2代观测,平均蚜量比值分别为9.96和15.85,生殖力差异不显著。在小麦抽穗期到乳熟期红体色麦长管蚜个体比例随着田间条件的改变逐代升高(分别由第1代的17.55%和14.70%增至第2代的29.80%和42.2%)。     

同紫外（UV\|B）辐射时间对两种体色型麦长管蚜后代生物学特征的影响

研究紫外（UV\|B）辐射对红和绿体色型麦长管蚜的生物学特征的影响,探求紫外辐射在蚜虫种下体色分化及遗传中的作用。采用两种不同体色型的麦长管蚜\[Sitobion avenae (Fab.)\]成蚜经过30W紫外线（UV\|B）照射不同时间后,单头饲养在不同小麦品种上,分别测定了各处理F2代麦长管蚜的发育历期、体重差及相对日均体重增长率等生物学参数。结果表明：在1h紫外辐射处理后,在德国品种Astron上,红色型F2代麦长管蚜的生长发育显著加快,而绿色型无显著变化;而在中国品种小偃-22上,两种体色型F2代麦长管蚜均无显著变化;在8h紫外辐射处理后,在两种小麦品种上,两种体色型F2代麦长管蚜的生长发育均显著延缓,且绿色型延缓比例均比红色型大。说明紫外辐射对两种体色型的麦长管蚜生长发育的影响均能遗传到F2代,在Astron 小麦品种上,短时间紫外辐射能够促进红色型麦长管蚜的生长发育;在小偃22和Astron小麦品种上,长时间紫外辐射均能抑制两种体色型麦长管蚜的生长发育,且绿色型比红色型敏感。表明紫外辐射在蚜虫体色遗传中起着重要作用。     

紫外线胁迫麦长管蚜DNA变异的AFLP分析

在6个不同时间段对不同体色、世代和寄主条件下的麦长管蚜进行紫外胁迫,应用AFLP技术对麦长管蚜基因组变异进行分析.研究结果表明:处理时间与变异频率之间存在正相关(r=0.9466);不同体色型的蚜虫和不同抗性寄主饲养条件下的蚜虫对紫外胁迫表现出不同的抗性,红色型蚜虫的变异较强,高抗寄主上的蚜虫变异较弱;F1代可累代遗传.     

不同紫外(UV-B)辐射时间对两种体色型麦长管蚜后代生物学特征的影响

研究紫外(UV-B)辐射对红和绿体色型麦长管蚜的生物学特征的影响,探求紫外辐射在蚜虫种下体色分化及遗传中的作用。采用两种不同体色型的麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fab.)]成蚜经过30W紫外线(UV-B)照射不同时间后,单头饲养在不同小麦品种上,分别测定了各处理F2代麦长管蚜的发育历期、体重差及相对日均体重增长率等生物学参数。结果表明:在1h紫外辐射处理后,在德国品种Astron上,红色型F2代麦长管蚜的生长发育显著加快,而绿色型无显著变化;而在中国品种小偃-22上,两种体色型F2代麦长管蚜均无显著变化;在8h紫外辐射处理后,在两种小麦品种上,两种体色型F2代麦长管蚜的生长发育均显著延缓,且绿色型延缓比例均比红色型大。说明紫外辐射对两种体色型的麦长管蚜生长发育的影响均能遗传到F2代,在Astron小麦品种上,短时间紫外辐射能够促进红色型麦长管蚜的生长发育;在小偃22和Astron小麦品种上,长时间紫外辐射均能抑制两种体色型麦长管蚜的生长发育,且绿色型比红色型敏感。表明紫外辐射在蚜虫体色遗传中起着重要作用。     

红体色麦长管蚜发育起点温度和有效积温

研究观测红体色麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)无性世代各个若虫龄期在14,17,20,23和26℃条件下的生长发育速率。结果表明,红体色麦长管蚜各龄期若虫的发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短。采用不同的方法计算得到的红体色麦长管蚜发育起点温度和有效积温不同,而直线回归法计算的变异系数较小,其结果显示红色麦长管蚜若虫期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别是4.478℃和110.662日.度。     

不同地理种群和红色及绿色麦长管蚜遗传多样性分析

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)体色变异(红色和绿色)是一种常见的生物学现象,揭示其体色的转换机制对该类害虫的防控和测报具有潜在意义。本文利用微卫星标记技术,对麦长管蚜种群进行聚类分析和分子方差分析,从群体遗传学角度研究了不同地理种群和不同色型之间遗传多样性差异。研究结果表明,麦长管蚜的遗传分化主要以种群内的变异为主,种群间的变异占总变异的比例很小。此外,研究发现,红、绿体色间的遗传分化并不显著,且存在频繁的基因交流。这说明不同区域的不同体色麦长管蚜种群各自之间具有相似的遗传背景。     

紫外长期胁迫对高世代麦长管蚜生命表参数的影响

为了评估紫外连续处理对第20代以后麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)种群动态的影响,采用特定年龄生命表方法,设置不同强度(0,0.50,0.70 m W/cm2) UV-B连续多代处理麦长管蚜成虫,统计经紫外处理后的麦长管蚜第22代,第27代,第32代,第37代麦长管蚜生命表种群参数的变化并总结了1—37代麦长管蚜内禀增长率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)处理组供试麦长管蚜平均世代周期(T)呈先显著升高后下降的趋势。(2)低强度处理组内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)均呈先升高后下降又升高的趋势,高强度处理组供试麦长管蚜内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)呈先下降后显著升高的的趋势,且均在G37达到最大值。(3) 1—37代处理组麦长管蚜rm呈现先显著增高后下降又升高又下降又显著升高的变化规律,且均在G37达到最大值。由此可见:麦长管蚜经过多代的UV-B胁迫后,对其生命表参数的影响依然显著,在G37麦长管蚜对紫外的适应能力最强。本研究的创新点在于解析了第22代以后紫外胁迫对麦长管蚜种群动态的影响,从而为全面深入的阐述紫外胁迫对麦长管蚜生长繁殖的影响规律,掌握不同紫外胁迫下的剂量效应关系及麦长管蚜的适应性提供实验基础和理论依据。     

温度对桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响

【目的】桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)和马铃薯长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)是2种主要的马铃薯害虫。本研究旨在明确温度对这两种马铃薯蚜虫生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长的影响。【方法】在室内测定了5个温度（10, 15, 20, 25和30℃）下桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜的生长发育、存活和繁殖指标,并组建了4个恒温条件下（10,15,20和25℃）的实验种群生命表。【结果】在10~25℃范围内,2种蚜虫的若蚜期、世代历期、成蚜寿命和产蚜期等均随温度的升高而缩短,而30℃高温抑制了其发育、存活和繁殖。2种蚜虫的平均世代历期（T）随温度的升高而缩短,桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜分别从10℃的30.08 d和35.35 d缩短至25℃的14.28 d和12.95 d。桃蚜的净增殖率（R₀）在15℃时最高（86.00）,其次为20℃（73.75）,再次为25℃（62.49）,最低为10℃（51.00）;马铃薯长管蚜的R0在15℃最高（58.97）,其次为10℃（51.98）,再次为20℃（48.94）,最低为25℃（12.36）。桃蚜的内禀增长率（r_m）随温度的升高而增大,从最小10℃的0.1307增大到25℃的0.2896;马铃薯长管蚜的r_m在20℃时最大（0.2182）,其次为25℃（0.1942）,再次为15℃（0.1485）,最小为10℃（0.1118）。在相同的温度下,桃蚜的发育速率、净增殖率和内禀增长率均高于马铃薯长管蚜。【结论】温度对2种马铃薯蚜虫的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,桃蚜在马铃薯上的种群增长能力强于马铃薯长管蚜。这一结果为马铃薯蚜虫预测模型的建立奠定了必要的基础,并解释了桃蚜在马铃薯上发生数量多于马铃薯长管蚜的原因。     

CO_2浓度升高对红色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响

【目的】为探明红色型豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum吸食不同CO_2浓度下培育的苜蓿Medicago staiva后对其生物学特性的间接影响,明确CO_2浓度升高在豌豆蚜种群演替中的作用。【方法】在二氧化碳光照培养箱内设置380μL/L(对照)、550μL/L和750μL/L 3个CO_2浓度培育苜蓿幼苗并连续饲养红色型豌豆蚜6代,观察分析各代蚜虫的生长发育参数、繁殖参数以及种群生命参数。【结果】CO_2浓度升高对红色型豌豆蚜生物学参数具有显著影响(P 0.05)。随着CO_2浓度升高、世代数目增加,各处理红色型豌豆蚜若蚜历期明显延长、成蚜期显著缩短、平均产蚜量明显降低。而且,在同一世代中,随着CO_2浓度升高,豌豆蚜净增殖率R_0、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ均降低,而平均世代周期T先缩短后延长。与对照相比,在750μL/L CO_2浓度下,净增殖率最大下降为同世代的7.71%,内禀增长率最大降低为同世代的34.57%,周限增长率最大降低为同世代的84.39%。【结论】大气CO_2浓度升高对红色型豌豆蚜种群数量产生不利的影响,且随世代数的增加影响越显著。     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.     

Uniquely derived upper molar morphology of Eocene Amphipithecidae (Primates: Anthropoidea): Homology and phylogeny

The extinct Southeast Asian primate family Amphipithecidae is regularly cited in discussions of anthropoid origins, but its phylogenetic position remains controversial. In part, the lack of consensus regarding amphipithecid relationships can be attributed to uncertainty regarding the homology of upper molar structures in this group. Here, we describe a virtually pristine upper molar of Pondaungia cotteri from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar, which is the first example of a relatively unworn and well-preserved amphipithecid upper molar ever recovered. The distolingual upper molar cusp in this new specimen of Pondaungia appears to be a lingually displaced and enlarged metaconule, rather than a hypocone or pseudohypocone as previous workers have thought. Reassessment of the upper molar morphology of other amphipithecids and putative amphipithecids reveals a very similar pattern in Siamopithecus, Myanmarpithecus and Ganlea, all of which are interpreted as having upper molars showing many of the same derived features apparent in Pondaungia. In contrast, the upper molar morphology of Bugtipithecus diverges radically from that of undoubted amphipithecids, and the latter taxon is excluded from Amphipithecidae on this basis. Phylogenetic analyses of several character–taxon matrices culled from the recent literature and updated to reflect the new information on amphipithecid upper molar morphology yield similar results. Consensus tree topologies derived from these analyses support amphipithecid monophyly and stable relationships within Amphipithecidae. Amphipithecids appear to be stem members of the anthropoid clade.