生态空间理论与景观异质性

概述生态空间理论的若干主要方面：尺度、空间格局、景观异质性、镶嵌与生态交错带以及干扰与景观动态等。生态空间理论是景观评价,管理和生态规划的重要基础,对于区域可持续发展和生物多样性保护等方面的研究都具有重要的指导意义。     

景观生态学：生态系统的空间异质性

许多生态现象对空间异质性与空间镶嵌体内的流很敏感,作为一门涉及空间动态变化（含有机体流、物质流和能量流）和受控于异质性镶嵌体内生态流方式的学科,景观生态学提供了探索空间异质性和揭示空间格局怎样控制生态过程的新途径。景观生态学是一门研究空间格局对生态过程相互作用的科学,它促进了空间关系模型和理论的发展、空间格局与动态方面新型数据的采集以及生态学中很少强调的对空间尺度的检验。从生态学发展史来看,为方便或简化起见,空间被假定为同质的,研究过程中的尺度也被强调为均质的,这样异质性就成为一种不受欢迎的复杂…     

城市景观异质性及其维持

城市景观异质性及其维持李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＨｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙａｎｄＩｔｓＭａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆＵｒｂａｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃ...     

生态学系统的空间异质性

空间异质性是生态学系统的一个普遍牧场生,生态学家对它在生态学中的重要性已取得了比以往更深刻的认识。试图从空间异质性的含义,空间异质性与尺度和等级的关系,空间异质性的定量描述,空间异质性对生物和非生物过程的影响,以及空间异质性的动态等5个方面综述了有关空间异质性的生态学研究的新进展。     

景观生态学的核心:生态学系统的时空异质性

1　景观生态学与景观异质性景观生态学是研究在一个相当大的区域内 ,由许多不同生态系统所组成的整体 (即景观 )的空间结构、相互作用、协调功能以及动态变化的生态学新分支[1 ] 。它的出现促进了空间关系模型和理论、空间格局与动态的数据类型的获取以及经典生态学很少涉及的空间尺度检测等方面的发展[2 ] 。Ｒｉｓｓｅｒ等认为景观生态学研究就是异质性的研究[3] 。其实 ,“景观”本身就具有“变化的异质性整体”的含义[4] 。景观生态学集中关注于对生态系统空间关系的研究 ,它把景观视为空间上镶嵌出现和紧密联系的生态系统组合 ,景观可…     

景观生态学——概念与理论

现代景观生态学是一门新兴的、正在深入开拓和迅速发展的学科。因此 ,不但欧洲和北美的景观生态学有显著不同 ,就是在北美景观生态学短暂的发展进程中也逐渐形成了不同的观点和论说。概括地说 ,景观生态学研究的重点主要集中在下列几个方面 ,即 :空间异质性或格局的形成及动态 ;空间异质性与生态学过程的相互作用 ;景观的等级结构特征 ;格局 -过程 -尺度之间的相互关系 ;人类活动与景观结构 ,功能的反馈关系以及景观异质性 (或多样性 )的维持和管理[1～ 6] 。反映这些研究重点的主要景观生态学概念和理论是什么呢 ?本文拟在总结该学科最近 2…     

连接景观异质性与社会环境系统——2017年美国景观生态学年会（The US-IALE 2017 Annual Meeting）会议述评

美国景观生态学年会于2017年4月9日至13日在美国马里兰州巴尔的摩举行。此次会议内容丰富、气氛活跃、交流形式多样,讨论了景观生态学领域的最新研究进展。会议中关于景观异质性与社会环境系统关系的探讨主要从景观格局与社会环境系统耦合方法、景观格局和社会环境系统变化过程、景观异质性与社会环境系统研究在政策制定中的应用三方面展开。对我国景观生态学研究的启示主要有以下方面:(1)重视景观格局变化和社会环境系统的耦合研究;(2)加强景观格局-过程-服务的多尺度综合集成研究;(3)加强景观生态学研究在实际中的应用,为政策制定和实际管理提供支持。     

农业景观异质性对地表节肢动物多样性影响的最优尺度分析

农业景观均质化与破碎化是近代农田生物多样丧失的重要原因之一.为明确景观异质性对地表节肢动物多样性的影响,对下辽河平原典型农区——昌图县地表节肢动物多样性与不同尺度景观异质性进行相关性分析.结果表明:1000 m为研究景观指数对农田地表节肢动物多样性影响的最优尺度;地表节肢动物Simpson多样性指数与景观香农多样性指数...     

空间异质性定量研究理论与方法

通过变异函数对空间异质性定量研究进行了讨论．结果表明,空间异质性定量研究应从空间特征和空间比较两方面去考虑．对空间特征,着重讨论怎样应用变异函数将空间异质性分解成各定量组分;确定空间异质性程度;探测空间异质性变化的尺度．对空间比较,怎样对同一变量和不同变量用变异函数比较空间异质性时的统计检验;采用标准化变异函数比较同一地点上的不同变量的空间异质性．最后通过阔叶红松景观中林型和土壤类型的空间异质定量研究实例验证了上述理论与方法．     

关帝山森林景观异质性及其动态的研究

以４期航片为基础资料,在ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ支持下,应用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术,通过景观要素优势度指数、景观多样性指数、景观斑块密度、景观边缘密度、景观镶嵌度指数和景观聚集度指数５类指标,对关帝山林区５０年代末以来的景观异质性及其动态特征进行了全面分析,并介绍了各指标的数据来源和计算方法,分析了各指标的实用性．在ＧＩＳ支持下,上述各指标可以从不同侧面描述和反映景观异质结构特征,用于景观异质性动态变化规律的研究．研究表明,自５０年代末以来,关帝山森林景观受环境异质性、植被自然演替和人为活动的共同控制,总体异质性发生了很大变化,３个时期表现出不同的动态特征．对人为活动频繁的次生林区的森林景观异质性动态变化的基本规律和控制因素进行了讨论     

Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming

Abstract. A map of burn severity resulting from the 1988 fires that occurred in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and used to assess the isolation of burned areas, the heterogeneity that resulted from fires burning under moderate and severe burning conditions, and the relationship between heterogeneity and fire size. The majority of severely burned areas were within close proximity (50 to 200 m) to unburned or lightly burned areas, suggesting that few burned sites are very far from potential sources of propagules for plant reestablishment. Fires that occurred under moderate burning conditions early during the 1988 fire season resulted in a lower proportion of crown fire than fires that occurred under severe burning conditions later in the season. Increased dominance and contagion of burn severity classes and a decrease in the edge: area ratio for later fires indicated a slightly more aggregated burn pattern compared to early fires. The proportion of burned area in different burn severity classes varied as a function of daily fire size. When daily area burned was relatively low, the proportion of burned area in each burn severity class varied widely. When daily burned area exceeded 1250 ha, the burned area contained about 50 % crown fire, 30 % severe surface burn, and 20 % light surface burn. Understanding the effect of fire on landscape heterogeneity is important because the kinds, amounts, and spatial distribution of burned and unburned areas may influence the reestablishment of plant species on burned sites.     

沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构与异质性分析

对沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构和异质性进行了分析。结果表明,沈阳城区绿地景观斑块以街头绿地斑块最多,占城区绿地块数的50％以上,但绿地面积只占4．45％,斑块大小以防护绿地和公园绿地斑块平均值最大,分别为66．97hm^2和59．21hm^2。而街头绿地和游园绿地斑块平均值最小,为0．71hm^2和0．38hm^2。景观多样性指数以街头绿地最高,而公园绿地最低,在沈阳城区的7个区中不同绿地类型中的优势度和均匀度都比较小,但斑块绿地优势度高于廊道绿地的10倍多,绿地分布不均衡,应增加绿地斑块数量,均匀配置公共绿地(公园绿地、道路绿地),增加绿色廊道,建立城区与城郊自然生态系统绿色通道和充分发挥沈阳城区3条人工运河带状绿地美化环境、泄洪排涝和调节气候功能作用。     

广州市城郊景观的生态演化分析

以广州市郊为例 ,定量地描述了广州市近、中、远郊区景观的结构、功能和发展特征及其所处的生态演化阶段 ,并根据景观动态变化规律 ,最终确定了“自然景观→乡村景观→城乡二元化景观→城乡一体化景观→城市景观”这一城郊景观的自组织生态演化序列     

人为干扰强度对村级景观破碎度的影响

村落具有人类活动所造成的许多景观特征,是研究人为干扰对景观破碎度影响的良好场所;本文运用地表植被的改变状况和主要辅助能的投入为指标,按重度干扰强度、中度干扰强度和轻度干扰强度3个等级把村落分为中心区、过渡区和基质区,分别不同研究区的景观破碎度与人为干扰强度的相互关系,3个研究区域的斑块密度指数分别为0．3416、0．3109和0．0028;景观破碎度分别为0．0820、0．0746和0．0007,重度干扰和中度干扰比轻度干扰下景观具有明显高的斑块密度指数和破碎化指数,随着人为干扰强度的增加,景观破碎化程度相应增加,中度人为干扰使景观破碎度值较高。     

沈阳市庭院绿地的结构特征与异质性分析

对沈阳城区庭院绿地的景观结构和格局进行了分析.结果表明,沈阳城市庭院绿地景观斑块以居住区最多,占研究区庭院总数的32.2%,但绿地面积只占19.5%.各类庭院占地平均为4.04 hm²,庭院绿地面积平均为0.93 hm²,绿地率为23%.研究区内62.7%的庭院绿地率在15%以下,绿地率达到30%以上的庭院仅占总数的13.3%.庭院绿地以微型斑块为主,占庭院总数的70%以上.景观多样性指数以居住区绿地最高,而医院和部队绿地最低.在7个城区中不同庭院绿地类型的优势度差异较大,尤其是于洪区的工厂绿地优势度是和平区的31.23倍.各区庭院绿地均匀度指数变化幅度较大,其中居住区绿地的均匀度指数最大,部队绿地最小.居住区绿地斑块破碎化程度最大,部队绿地最小;老城区较新城区破碎化程度严重,其中沈河区破碎化程度最重.     

广州城市绿地系统景观异质性分析

选用景观多样性等7个指数对广州城市绿地景观异性质进行了分析.结果表明,广州绿地斑块密度和绿廓道密度分别为118和187km·km-2,在老城区绿地具有斑块小,破碎度大,多样性高,以随机分布为主的高异质性空间结构;在新城区,绿地斑块大,以均匀分布为主,因此,在同等大小的区域内,这类绿地空间结构更能提高景观的异质性,更有效地发挥绿地的生态功能     

Interpreting multiscale domains of tree cover disturbance patterns in North America

Spatial patterns at multiple observation scales provide a framework to improve understanding of pattern-related phenomena. However, the metrics that are most sensitive to local patterns are least likely to exhibit consistent scaling relations with increasing extent (observation scale). A conceptual framework based on multiscale domains (i.e., geographic locations exhibiting similar scaling relations) allows the use of sensitive pattern metrics, but more work is needed to understand the actual patterns represented by multiscale domains. The objective of this study was to improve the interpretation of scale-dependent patterns represented by multiscale domains. Using maps of tree cover disturbance covering North American forest biomes from 2000 to 2012, each 0.09-ha location was described by the proportion and contagion of disturbance in its neighborhood, for 10 neighborhood extents from 0.81 ha to 180 km². A k-means analysis identified 13 disturbance profiles based on the similarity of disturbance proportion and contagion across neighborhood extent. A wall to wall map of multiscale domains was produced by assigning each location (disturbed and undisturbed) to its nearest disturbance profile in multiscale pattern space. The multiscale domains were interpreted as representing two aspects of local patterns – the proximity of a location to disturbance, and the interior-exterior relationship of a location relative to nearby disturbed areas.     

肇庆市景观生态规划研究

肇庆市生态资源丰富,自然保护现状良好,生态环境建设潜力大,但整个生态缺乏合理规划,与经济发展联系不大,对经济发展贡献率低,与旅游规划脱节,致使各地旅游形象不突出,特色不鲜明,景观整体性和连续性遭受破坏,景观、景区间协调不足,过渡不自然,景观视线范围内荒山和采矿点依稀可见,没有充分发挥生态在旅游中的作用。针对以上问题和矛盾,文章对肇庆市景观生态进行功能分区和规划设计,为肇庆市城市规划及景观生态建设提供一定的依据。     

Combined effects of landscape composition and heterogeneity on farmland avian diversity

Conserving biodiversity on farmland is an essential element of worldwide efforts for reversing the global biodiversity decline. Common approaches involve improving the natural component of the landscape by increasing the amount of natural and seminatural habitats (e.g., hedgerows, woodlots, and ponds) or improving the production component of the landscape by increasing the amount of biodiversity‐friendly crops. Because these approaches may negatively impact on economic output, it was suggested that an alternative might be to enhance the diversity (compositional heterogeneity) or the spatial complexity (configurational heterogeneity) of land cover types, without necessarily changing composition. Here, we develop a case study to evaluate these ideas, examining whether managing landscape composition or heterogeneity, or both, would be required to achieve conservation benefits on avian diversity in open Mediterranean farmland. We surveyed birds in farmland landscapes of southern Portugal, before (1995–1997) and after (2010–2012) the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform of 2003, and related spatial and temporal variation in bird species richness to variables describing the composition, and the compositional and configurational heterogeneity, of the natural and production components of the landscape. We found that the composition of the production component had the strongest effects on avian diversity, with a particularly marked effect on the richness of farmland and steppe bird species. Composition of the natural component was also influential, mainly affecting the richness of woodland/shrubland species. Although there were some effects of compositional and configurational heterogeneity, these were much weaker and inconsistent than those of landscape composition. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts in our area should focus primarily on the composition of the production component, by striving to maximize the prevalence of biodiversity‐friendly crops. This recommendation probably applies to other areas such as ours, where a range of species of conservation concern is strongly associated with crop habitats.