小家鼠和实验小鼠遗传特性的比较研究

本文用同工酶电泳法、微量细胞毒法和免疫双向扩散法对我国4个动物地理区的6个采集点的156个小家鼠(Mus musculus)进行了遗传特性的调查。结果发现:在全部被测的13个位点中,小家鼠在7个位点上存在着多种实验小鼠中罕见的基因组成;而不同动物地理区和亚区的小家鼠的遗传特性又各不相同。从而指出将小家鼠的特有基因导入实验小鼠,培育新品系的重大意义。     

年龄对小家鼠筑巢的影响

为研究不同年龄组小家鼠筑巢能力的差异,分别采用24-h等级法和连续4d巢材获取重量法,对幼年组、亚成年组、成年组小家鼠筑巢能力进行了测定。结果表明:1)小家鼠在亚成年期已具备较强的筑巢能力;2)成年组与亚成年组小家鼠能够快速完成筑巢,24h即可筑成稳定的杯状巢,而幼年组未能筑成稳定巢;3)小家鼠雄性与雌性筑巢能力相当;4)连续4d巢材获取重量表现为成年组>亚成年组,这与两组间身体大小有关,而4d后两组间筑巢等级无显著差异。研究结果提示,不同年龄组的小家鼠均有较强的筑巢需求,筑巢能力基本形成于亚成年期。     

野生小家鼠与实验小白鼠杂交世代的血红蛋白电泳分析

两种基因型不同的亲本之间的杂交试验是遗传学家和育种工作者熟悉的手段。杂种优势通常在高度近交系间的杂交子代中是常见的,也是育种学家赖以培养新品种的依据。 实验小白鼠(Mus musculus albino)是从野生小家鼠(Mus musculus)培育而来的。Klein(1975)和Moriwaki等(1979)认为现在广泛应用的实验小白鼠很可能来源于中国和日本的小家鼠。但是这2种近亲系小鼠的杂交试验至今未见报道。     

不同品系小鼠对实验感染念珠状链杆菌敏感性的观察

本文通过念珠状链杆菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｂａｃｉｌｕｓｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ,Ｓ．ｍ．）实验感染昆明、Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ、ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ、ＩＣＲ、ＮＩＨ、ＤＢＡ共６个品系小鼠,观察其对Ｓ．ｍ．敏感性的差异。其中昆明、Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ两个品系在腹腔接种后表现出明显的临床、病理改变。昆明小鼠发病率和死亡率分别为９２％和８０％;Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ分别是８０％和１２％。昆明小鼠较之Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠起病急、病情严重,多数动物死于感染的急性期。其余品系的发病率为：ＮＩＨ８％、ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ和ＤＢＡ４％,没有动物死亡;ＩＣＲ在接种后无任何临床病理改变。在实验感染后临床病理改变方面,昆明小鼠和Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠间有较大不同。昆明小鼠以末梢血管淤血、四肢尾部水肿、关节炎、截瘫、腹泻为主,而Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠则以注射部位和其它部位皮下脓肿、化脓性关节炎为主。本研究提示,中国昆明小鼠对Ｓ．ｍ．敏感性最高,可以将其作为“哨兵动物”用于实验大鼠Ｓ．ｍ．的常规监测;不同品系小鼠不仅对实验感染Ｓ．ｍ．的敏感性不同,而且表现出不同的临床病理改变。     

中华按蚊和雷氏按蚊对间日疟原虫敏感性的比较实验

关于中华按蚊人工感染间日疟原虫的问题,早在1929年Hindle与冯兰洲,1934年姚永政曾先后作过实验。1970年以来,河北、山东、河南(史冬元等,1982)等省也作了有关研究。上述实验研究结果表明其感染率差异较大。至于雷氏按蚊,上海陈登宏等(实用疟疾学,1978)曾提及作过人工感染实验。但是中华按蚊和雷氏按蚊在同一情况下比较其对间日疟原虫的敏感性差异,还未见报导。这两种按蚊在我省分布较广,比较这两种按蚊的敏感性,无论在疟疾流行病学上或防治对策上都有着重要的意义。为此,我们于1981及1982年的8～10月,连续两年共作了9批中华按蚊和雷氏按蚊…     

对草履虫培养和观察实验的改进

尾草履虫Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg,又称草履虫、大草履虫,属原生动物门,纤毛纲,是动物界中较原始、较低等、较典型的单细胞动物。其个体较大、结构典型、繁殖快、观察方便、容易采集和培养,不仅生物学教学中以它做代表动物,也用作一种研究模型,在遗传学、细胞生物学、生物化学及生理学等领域广泛应用,在揭示生命的一些基本规律中显示出极大的科学价值。尽管草履虫很容易采集到,但培养和观察草履虫的实验多安排在初冬季节,此时室外温度一般在10℃左右,天然水体中的草履虫密度远远不能满足实验的要求,必须提前进行人工培养。     

死细菌和活细菌的细胞壁对溶菌酶敏感性的比较观察

研究了溶菌酶对溶表微球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌死细菌和活细菌的细胞、以及制备的细胞壁的作用。讨论了所制备的细胞壁纯净度的测定方法。由衍射图谱所示明的“指纹”证实了细胞壁结构的不均一性。还讨论了偏光显微镜用于鉴定细胞壁特征的局限性和用处。扫描电镜照片为追索三氯乙酸处理后的细胞干粉对溶菌酶敏感性较低的原因提供了线索。     

小家鼠种群密度对肾上腺、胸腺、性腺和血糖值的影响研究

动物种群增长与密度是紧密相关的,往往当种群密度远远低于最高水平时,种群增长最快,而当达到最高水平时,种群增长降至零。 动物种群密度对内分泌系统和其他器官生理反应的影响,已广泛地引起动物生态学家的兴趣。许多研究证明,内分泌系统在种群数量调节中起着重要的作用。Krebs等     

小家鼠种群年龄研究及其对预测预报的意义

关于鼠类种群的研究,国内外有不少报道,它们一般着重于种群内部结构和特征的论述,对用年龄组可作预测种群数量的依据早已引起重视,但这方面的应用尚不多见。 等(1973)用在南克麦罗沃省收集的资料来计算种群内外因子对红背(鼠平)(clethrionomys rutilus)5月及7月数量水平的影响。 本文通过对新疆塔西河小家鼠种群年龄研究进行翌年种群数量测报,取得初步成功。     

LOW FREQUENCY OF t HAPLOTYPES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HOUSE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS DOMESTICUS)

t haplotypes are a naturally occurring, autosomal, meiotic-drive system found on chromosome 17 of the house mouse. They show non-Mendelian transmission from heterozygous +/t males, such that 90% or more of the male's offspring inherit the t-bearing chromosome. Although they are expected to become rapidly fixed, surveys of natural populations typically report low overall frequencies of only ~15–25% +/t heterozygotes. Generally, such studies of t haplotypes in wild populations have sampled only small numbers of individuals due to the need to genotype mice by breeding, thus we have conducted a large survey of wild mice, Mus musculus domesticus, using DNA markers to examine the frequency and distribution of t haplotypes in natural populations. The overall frequency of +/t heterozygotes from our entire sample was 0.062, which is much lower than all previous estimates of t haplotype frequency. t haplotypes were patchily distributed and rare, and were present in only 46% of the populations we sampled. There were no significant sex-specific differences in the frequency of t haplotypes. Our data suggest that the frequency of +/t heterozygotes in independent populations varies with respect to population size and stability: t haplotypes were at low frequency in all large, relatively persistent populations, whereas they were at more variable, and often higher, frequencies in small, temporally unstable populations. The extinction and recolonization of many of the smaller populations may contribute to the greater variation in t haplotype frequency observed, and small populations may be important reservoirs of t haplotypes in the wild. The highest frequencies of t haplotypes were obtained from populations with semilethal, or complementing lethal, t haplotypes, where t/t homozygous mice were present.     

小家鼠种群中长期预测—灰色系统模型及随机序列分析

小家鼠种群中长期波动受很多因素影响,采用灰色系统模型及随机序列分析的方法可以较好地从宏观上预测其波动趋势。本文以灰色系统GM(1,1)模型为基础,利用历年小家鼠种群数量的调查值,对其变动趋势进行预测;然后,对预测剩余误差进行随机序列分析,建立线性预测式预测随机项;趋势预测值与随机项预测值的和,做为小家鼠种群中长期波动的预测。对新疆天山北麓农区1969年至1979年小家鼠自然种群数量的模拟结果表明,本文中的方法是较为简便有效的。     

灰仓鼠和小家鼠种群16年动态分析

灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius Pallas)和小家鼠(Mus musculus Linnaeus)在新疆北部农区田野众害鼠中种群数量居第二和第一位(新疆鼠害研究组,1975a,b;李春秋,1981),其数量消长有何规律?特点如何?两者同栖于农田,相互关系如何?有否促进或制约作用?这对鼠害防治工作颇具理论及实践意义。     

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF SPRINT RUNNING SPEED AND SWIMMING ENDURANCE IN LABORATORY HOUSE MICE (MUS DOMESTICUS)

We tested the hypothesis that locomotor speed and endurance show a negative genetic correlation using a genetically variable laboratory strain of house mice (Hsd:ICR: Mus domesticus). A negative genetic correlation would qualify as an evolutionary “constraint,” because both aspects of locomotor performance are generally expected to be under positive directional selection in wild populations. We also tested whether speed or endurance showed any genetic correlation with body mass. For all traits, residuals from multiple regression equations were computed to remove effects of possible confounding variables such as age at testing, measurement block, observer, and sex. Estimates of quantitative genetic parameters were then obtained using Shaw's (1987) restricted maximum-likelihood programs, modified to account for our breeding design, which incorporated cross-fostering. Both speed and endurance were measured on two consecutive trial days, and both were repeatable. We initially analyzed performances on each trial day and the maximal value. For endurance, the three estimates of narrow-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.17 to 0.33 (full ADCE model), and some were statistically significantly different from zero using likelihood ratio tests. The heritability estimate for sprint speed measured on trial day 1 was 0.17, but negative for all other measures. Moreover, the additive genetic covariance between speeds measured on the two days was near zero, indicating that the two measures are to some extent different traits. The additive genetic covariance between speed on trial day 1 and any of the four measures of endurance was negative, large, and always statistically significant. None of the measures of speed or endurance was significantly genetically correlated with body mass. Thus, we predict that artificial selection for increased locomotor speed in these mice would result in a decrease in endurance, but no change in body mass. Such experiments could lead to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to trade-offs in aspects of locomotor abilities.     

草原兔尾鼠和昆明白小鼠卵透明带3 DNA疫苗免疫不育效果的研究

为探讨不同种类小鼠卵透明带3（zp,）的免疫不育效果,并筛选高效且具有物种特异性的DNA抗生育疫苗,本研究选择草原兔尾鼠卵透明带3（Lzp3）和昆明白小鼠卵透明带3（Mzp3）构建不同的DNA抗生育疫苗表达载体,pcDNA3-mzp3（pcD-M）、pcDNA3-1zp3（pcD-L）、pcDNA3-aat-comp-mzp3（pcD-ACM）和pcDNA3-aat-comp-lzp3（pcD-ACL）分别免疫NIH小白鼠。研究中用水动力转染技术取代传统的Hela细胞真核转染检测小鼠体内真核表达情况．结果表明四种质粒均能在小鼠肝脏中进行表达;ELISA图示表明重组质粒均能使小鼠激发较高水平的特异性抗体;抗生育结果表明四种DNA疫苗均具有免疫不育的效果（P〈0．05）,其中pcDNA3-aat-comp-mzp3（pcD-ACM）的免疫效果最好（P〈0．01）;卵巢病理切片H．E染色结果显示pcD-M和pcD-L组卵巢结构与对照小鼠区别不大,而pcD-ACL和pcD-ACM组卵巢结构发生病理性变化。结果初步说明草原兔尾鼠和昆明白小鼠卵透明带3对NIH小白鼠均有抗生育效果,但不具有物种特异性。     

REDUCED GENE FLOW AT PERICENTROMERIC LOCI IN A HYBRID ZONE INVOLVING CHROMOSOMAL RACES OF THE HOUSE MOUSE MUS MUSCULUS DOMESTICUS

The West European house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, is a particularly suitable model to investigate the role of chromosomal rearrangements in reproductive isolation. In fact, it exhibits a broad range of chromosomal polymorphism due to Robertsonian (Rb) fusions leading to various types of contact zones between different chromosomal races. In the present study, we analyzed a parapatric contact in central Italy between the Cittaducale chromosomal race (CD: 2n= 22) and the surrounding populations with standard karyotype (2n= 40) to understand if Rb fusions play a causative role in speciation. One hundred forty‐seven mice from 17 localities were genotyped by means of 12 microsatellite loci. A telomeric and a pericentromeric locus situated on six chromosome arms (four Rbs and one telocentric) were selected to detect differences in the amount of gene flow for each locus in different chromosomal positions. The analyses performed on the two subsets of loci show differences in the level of gene flow, which is more restricted near the centromeres of Rb chromosomes. This effect is less pronounced in the homozygotes populations settled at the border of the hybrid zone. We discuss the possible cause of the differential porosity of gene flow in Rbs considering “hybrid dysfunctions” and “suppressed recombination” models.     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FEEDING ACTIVITY IN THE WILD HOUSE-MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS L.)

Solitary house mice confined in a large pen were supplied with wheat in wooden trays distributed evenly throughout the area, and the number of grains removed daily from each was counted. A mouse tended to feed sporadically over the whole area, but feeding was more intense at a few trays, not necessarily near the nest, and not the same on successive nights. When new sources of the same food were introduced a mouse tended to patronize them during the first night. At the same time there was a significant drop in the number of the old trays visited. This suggested that new food sources stimulated investigation rather than avoidance.     

SALIVARY ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN (ABP) MEDIATES SEXUAL ISOLATION IN MUS MUSCULUS

We wanted to determine whether the microevolution of the mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) Alpha subunit gene (Abpa) could mediate sexual selection and thereby have a potential role in maintaining gene pool integrity where radiating mouse subspecies make secondary contact. This hypothesis is based upon previous work in this laboratory, which has shown that each subspecies apparently has its own allele and that these alleles have a 25-fold excess of nonsynonymous/synonymous base substitutions compared to an average protein under purifying selection. We provide direct evidence for ABP-assortative mate selection in a laboratory setting: Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus female mice recognize and discriminate between the territories of male mice that essentially differ solely in their Abpa genotype and, when the males are present, the female prefers to mate with the one of her own ABP type. The observation that females could differentiate between the territories of the two males when those mice were absent suggests that the males marked their territories with ABP. In this study, we also detected ABP on the pelts of male mice and in their environment. It is likely that the animals apply the protein to their pelts by licking and that it is then deposited in their surroundings. We suggest that females of the two subspecies are able to discriminate between males of those subspecies on the basis of this protein molecule. Mouse salivary ABP might present a worthwhile system with which to study a prezygotic isolation mechanism in a mammal.     

小家鼠的肥满度研究

夏武平等(1963)以东北红背(鼠平)(Clethrionomys rutilus)为对象,首次提出用鱼类学上表示鱼类生活状况的肥满度应用于鼠类对环境适应情况的形态--生理指标,发现秋季肥满度对次年夏季种群数量有一定的影响;他们(1964)还对大林姬鼠(Apodemus speciosus peninsulae)进行了探讨。近来,秦耀亮(1981)对南方黄毛鼠(Rattus rattoides exiguus)肥满度进行了比较研究。