内源性CO在缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管重构中的作用

目的和方法 :应用逆转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)、双波长分光光度法、右心导管及维多利亚蓝染色方法 ,动态观察慢性缺氧不同时间点大鼠肺组织中诱导型血红素氧合酶 (HO 1)基因表达、内源性CO生成、肺动脉压力及构型的变化 ,探讨内源性CO在大鼠缺氧性肺动脉高压肺血管重构中的作用。结果 :①正常大鼠肺组织可表达少量HO 1mRNA ,缺氧 5、10、15d大鼠肺组织HO 1mRNA含量分别增加 2 .3、3.6、4 .0倍 (P <0 .0 1) ,动脉血中COHb分别较正常大鼠增加 1.9、2 .6和 2 .9倍 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ,同时RVSP升高。光镜下可见IAPA血管壁增厚 ,管腔变窄。②Hemin可使缺氧大鼠肺组织HO 1mRNA和动脉血中COHb保持在高水平 (分别高达正常对照组的 5 .2和 3.7倍 ,P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ,能部分地抑制缺氧时大鼠RVSP的升高 ,减轻IAPA的病理改变。结论 :在慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织中HO 1基因的表达增加 ,内源性CO生成增多。Hemin促进HO 1基因表达和内源性CO生成 ,可抑制肺动脉压升高 ,阻抑肺血管重构 ,对缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成有一定的防治作用     

内源性一氧化碳减轻大鼠双侧后肢缺血再灌注所致的肺损伤

通过观察血红素氧化酶（HO）阻断剂－－锌原卟啉（ZnPP)对肺组织、肺泡间质多形核白细胞数目肺组织丙二醛含量和湿重干重之比的影响,并对肺组织HO活性和血内碳氧血红蛋白水平（COHb）进行检测,以探讨内源性HO／一氧化碳（CO）在肢体缺血再灌注（I／R）所致肺损伤中的作用。结果发现,大鼠双侧后肢I／R可导致急性肺损伤,同时使肺组织中HO活性和血内COHb水平显著升高;应用ZnPP预处理可使HO活性和COHb水平显著降低,但肺损伤却进一步加重。上述实验结果表明,肢体I／R致肺损伤时,肺组织中HO活性和内源性CO生成增多或减轻大鼠肢体I／R所致的肺损伤。     

缺氧诱导因子1α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶在缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉的表达

目的　观察缺氧诱导因子 1α (HIF 1α)与诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)基因在缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉的表达情况。方法常压间断缺氧法复制缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠模型 ;右心导管测定平均肺动脉压 (mPAP) ;H·E染色观察肺血管重塑情况 ;原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法分别检测HIF 1α和iNOSmRNA及蛋白质。结果　缺氧 7天后大鼠mPAP升高 ,出现缺氧性肺血管重塑 (HPSR) ,缺氧 14天后出现右心室肥大。对照组大鼠肺动脉壁iNOS、iNOSmRNA、HIF 1αmRNA弱阳性 ,HIF 1α蛋白质在肺动脉内膜和中膜分别呈阴性和弱阳性 ;肺动脉壁iNOS蛋白质和mRNA表达水平于缺氧 3天增高 ,缺氧 7天上升达高峰 ,以后维持于高峰水平 ;HIF 1αmRNA表达水平于缺氧 14天以后显著升高 ;全部缺氧大鼠肺动脉内膜HIF 1α蛋白质强阳性 ,肺动脉中膜HIF 1α蛋白质表达水平于缺氧 3天上升达高峰 ,缺氧 14天以后逐渐向基线回降。缺氧条件下iNOS蛋白质水平与mPAP (r =0 74 ,P <0 0 1)和HPSR (r =0 78,P <0 0 1)呈正相关 ,与HIF 1α蛋白质水平呈负相关 (r =- 0 5 2 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　HIF 1α和iNOS均参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发病 ,HIF 1α对iNOS可能具有转录激活作用 ,iNOS对HIF 1α的表达可能具有抑制作用     

内源性一氧化碳参与呼吸节律调节

本文旨在探讨内源性一氧化碳（carbon monoxide,CO）对呼吸节律的调节作用。采用新生Sprague—Dawley大鼠,制备离体延髓脑片标本,分别灌流CO、血红素氧合酶（heme oxygenase,HO）底物高铁血红素（hemin）和HO抑制剂ZnPP-9,观察舌下神经根呼吸样传出放电节律的变化。实验分为5组：单纯人工脑脊液（artificial cerebrospinal fluid,ACSF）对照组、ZnPP-9组、外源性CO组、Hemin组和ZnPP-9＋Hemin组。结果如下：在ZnPP-9组,舌下神经根节律性放电频率（discharge frequency,DF）增快（P〈0．05）;在外源性CO组,舌下神经根节律性DF减慢（P〈0.05）;在Hemin组和ZnPP-9＋Hemin组,舌下神经根节律性DF增快（P〈0．05）。结果表明,内源性CO对呼吸节律可能具有调节作用。     

知母宁对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉高压的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究知母宁对慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,4周低O2高CO2组,4周低O2高CO2^ 知母宁组（知母宁组）。用透射电镜、图像分析、免疫组化、组织原位杂交技术等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压（mPAP)、颈动脉平均压（mCAP)、肺细小动脉显微和超微结构、血CO浓度、血红素氧合酶－1（HO－1）及其基因表达的变化。结果：①低O2高CO2组mPAP比正常组显著增高,知母宁组mPAP比低O2高CO2组显著降低;3组间mCAP比较差异无显著性。②全血CO浓度低O2高CO2组比正常组显著增高,知母宁组比低O2高CO2组增高。③光镜下低O2高CO2组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积、肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞核密度、肺细小动脉中膜厚度均显著升高,知母宁组与低O2高CO2组相比以上指标显著降低。④电镜下知母宁组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生、面积增大、染色质增多、外膜胶原纤维增生均较低O2高CO2组明显减轻。⑤免疫组化、原位杂交发现低O2高CO2组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA与正常组比较均明显增加,知母宁组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA表达均较低O2高CO2组为高。结论：知母宁有抑制慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的作用,上调HO－1及其基因表达、使CO合成增多可能为其重要作用机制。     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织肾上腺髓质素-2的变化

目的：研究新的小分子生物活性肽肾上腺髓质素-2（ADM2／IMD）及其受体在慢性低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织中的变化和可能的作用。方法：SD大鼠随机分成2组（n=10）：正常对照（NC）组和低氧四周（4H）组;放射免疫法测定血浆和肺组织ADM2／IMD和肾上腺素髓质素（ADM）蛋白水平;逆转录-多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）法测定肺组织ADM2／IMD、ADM及其受体（CRLR,RAMP1,2,3）mRNA表达;免疫组化法测定ADM2／IMD在肺细小动脉的定位表达：结果：①4H组平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、右心室与左心室加室间隔重量比[RV／（LV＋S）]高于NC组（P均〈0．01）。②4H组血浆和肺组织匀浆ADM水平分别为NC组的2．3倍和3．2倍（P均〈0．01）,ADM2／IMD水平分别比NC组高89．6％和45．0％（P分别〈0．01、〈0．05）。③4H组肺组织ADM2／IMD与ADMmRNA表达高于NC组（P分别〈0．01、〈0．05）,CRLR和RAMP1mRNA表达显著低于NC组（P均〈0．01）,而RAMP2和RAMP3mRNA表达水平两组间差异无显著性。①ADM2／IMD主要在大鼠肺细小动脉内皮细胞及血管外膜表达。结论：ADM2／IMD与ADM相似,与大鼠慢性低氧性肺动脉高压病理过程密切相关;ADM2／IMD及其受体CRLR／RAMP1基因表达和／或蛋白合成、代谢的改变可能参与了大鼠慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的发生发展.     

野生型p53、bcl2基因在低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺内表达及其分布

目的 :探讨野生型 p5 3、bcl2 基因在慢性低氧性肺动脉高压中的作用。方法 :建立慢性低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠模型 ,用原位杂交的方法观察 p5 3mRNA、bcl2 mRNA在大鼠心脏及肺组织的表达和分布。结果 :缺氧组大鼠肺小动脉壁厚度占血管外径的百分比 (MT % ) 2 9 3 %± 4 5 %明显高于正常对照组 15 2 %± 3 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ,肺小动脉壁 p5 3mRNA表达 0 6 8± 0 12明显弱于对照组 1 12± 0 38(P <0 .0 1) ,而bcl2 mRNA表达 2 38± 1 0 4强于对照组 1 0 9± 0 32 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :①慢性缺氧能导致肺小动脉重建及肺动脉高压 ;②野生型 p5 3bcl2 基因均参与了慢性低氧性肺动脉高压肺血管重建的调控。     

一氧化氮对急、慢性缺氧大鼠血流动力学及缺氧性肺血管收缩反应的影响

观察了吸入０．００４％的一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对急、慢性缺氧大鼠血流动力学、缺氧性肺血管收缩反应（ＨＰＶ）、血气及高铁血红蛋白（ＭｅｔＨｂ）的影响。结果表明：（１）常氧吸入ＮＯ时能明显降低慢性缺氧大鼠肺动脉平均压（Ｐｐａ）和肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ）,但对正常大鼠的Ｐｐａ和ＰＶＲ无明显影响;（２）慢性缺氧大鼠急性缺氧时ＨＰＶ较正常大鼠弱,吸入ＮＯ不但降低两者的急性缺氧肺动脉高压,且完全逆转两者的ＨＰＶ;（３）吸入ＮＯ对急、慢性缺氧大鼠体循环血流动力学、血气及ＭｅｔＨｂ含量无明显影响。提示吸入ＮＯ能选择性降低急、慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压,且逆转ＨＰＶ。     

慢性缺氧对大鼠肺组织中G_(α0)的分布及基因表达的影响

为研究Ｇ蛋白变化与慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压发生的关系,本文应用核酸分子杂交方法及免疫组织化学法,测定了慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织Ｇ蛋白（Ｇα０）ｍＲＮＡ水平及其在肺组织中的分布。结果发现：Ｇα０分布于肺动脉壁肌层的神经纤维中,慢性缺氧可使Ｇα０阳性神经纤维数目明显增多,而且肺组织中Ｇα０ｍＲＮＡ水平为对照组的１．６８倍。结果提示：慢性缺氧性肺动脉高压发病过程可能有通过Ｇα０起作用的神经机制参与     

慢性低氧所致肺动脉高压对大鼠肺血管平滑肌细胞及成纤维细胞中蛋白激酶CβI的膜转位和蛋白表达量的影响

目的通过观察慢性低氧所致肺动脉高压对大鼠肺血管平滑肌细胞及成纤维细胞中蛋白激酶CBI（PKCβI）的膜转位和蛋白表达量的影响,初步探讨PKCpI在慢性低氧诱导大鼠肺动脉高压的发生、发展过程中所起的作用。方法建立慢性常压低氧肺动脉高压大鼠模型,将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、低氧1d、3d、7d、14d和21d组,应用蛋白免疫印迹和免疫组化技术检测肺动脉高压形成过程中大鼠肺血管平滑肌细胞及成纤维细胞中PKCβI的膜转位和蛋白表达水平。结果（1）RVSP和RV／（LV＋S）比值较正常对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）,低氧后3d、7d、14d和21d后大鼠肺血管明显增厚;（2）大鼠肺血管平滑肌细胞和成纤维细胞均有PKCβI的表达,且低氧14d后PKCβI的蛋白表达量较正常对照组相比降低（P〈0．05）。结论PKCβI蛋白表达量的下调可能参与了慢性低氧诱导的大鼠肺动脉高压肺血管重塑的发生、发展过程。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.