益生芽胞杆菌肠道微生态学研究进展

芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂的一种重要来源细菌,在维护人和动物肠道健康、促进微生态平衡方面起着重要的作用。但是对于益生芽胞杆菌的作用机制却知之甚少。近年来,人们对芽胞杆菌在肠道微生物调控方面做了大量的基础研究,随着芽胞杆菌肠道分子微生态学研究的不断深入,人们发现芽胞杆菌的芽孢能够在体内迅速萌发增殖,从而起到免疫促进、改善肠道菌群以及相关的代谢酶活性等生理作用。本文从芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的分布与定植、芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的增殖以及芽胞杆菌与肠道菌群之间的关系等三个方面综述了益生芽胞杆菌对肠道微生态的调控作用的最新研究进展,为指导芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂机制研究和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

感受态还是芽胞？细胞命运决定的遗传调控网络

枯草芽胞杆菌作为一般认为安全(GRAS,Generally recognized as safe)菌株,被广泛应用于饲料、食品、生物防治等领域,同时,枯草芽胞杆菌作为表达宿主在工业酶的应用中扮演重要角色。然而,低效的芽胞形成率与感受态效率极大限制了枯草芽胞杆菌的应用潜力。尽管已有大量关于芽胞形成与感受态形成的分子遗传机制的研究报道,但是通过遗传改造提高枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞形成率与感受态效率的研究报道并不多。可能的原因是芽胞形成与感受态形成作为枯草芽胞杆菌生长后期两个主要的发育事件,受胞内复杂的遗传调控机制操纵,且两个遗传通路之间存在相互调控关系,对遗传改造工作形成挑战。随着基因工程与代谢工程研究的不断发展,积累了大量关于细胞生长、代谢与发育等方面的遗传信息,通过综合这些遗传信息构建细胞遗传调控网络,用于指导生产实践,已经成为当前研究的热点之一。基于此,本文简要概述了枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞形成和感受态形成的遗传通路,初步探讨了芽胞形成与感受态形成之间的遗传调控网络,及细胞在生长后期的遗传决定机制,并讨论了该遗传调控网络对枯草芽孢杆菌及其近缘种应用研究的指导作用。     

在枯草杆菌芽胞表面展示P74蛋白膜外肽段

目的:对家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)囊膜蛋白P74膜外肽段与枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)CotC与进行融合表达,制备表面展示有P74蛋白的重组芽孢,为深入研究该重组芽孢的功能提供基础.方法:将CotC基因与BmNPV P74膜外编码序列进行融合,构建表达CotC-P74融合蛋白的重组质粒pJS700-p74.通过双交换使该重组质粒中的CotC-P74表达盒整合到枯草芽胞杆菌染色体淀粉酶基因位点,并对发生同源重组后的菌株进行筛选和PCR鉴定.结果:PCR结果表明CotC-P74成功地整合到枯草芽孢杆菌基因组上,通过作者实验室制备的P74多抗对诱导后的重组芽孢衣壳总蛋白进行Western blot分析,结果在49 kDa位置处能杂交到一条特异的蛋白带.结论:P74蛋白胞外肽段成功地展示在枯草芽胞杆菌芽胞表面.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌的分类地位和鉴定标准

<正>需氧芽孢杆菌属中发现最早的是枯草芽孢杆菌(1835,1835,1872),其次是炭疽芽孢杆菌(1872)。后来陆续发观许多新的芽孢杆菌,形态与炭疽芽胞杆菌类似或相仿,于是人们把一些与炭疽芽胞杆菌相似的近缘菌统称之为“类炭疽杆菌”或“伪炭疽杆菌”,直到本世纪三十年代尚且如此。(Wagner,1920,1923,Grierson,1928)。 本世纪四十年代以来,对需氧芽孢杆菌属的分类研究有了很大进展,基本均以Bergey的细菌鉴定手册为准。但在各个种的分类地位上仍有不同观点,如Smith等     

静态强磁场对枯草芽胞杆菌的影响研究

目的:研究静态强磁场下微生物的生物学效应.方法:以超导磁体产生的静态强磁场为基础,枯草芽孢杆菌为模式生物,通过测定生长曲线、芽胞生成率、蛋白酶表达量、蛋白酶活力等研究静态强磁场条件下微生物性状的变化.结果:强磁场可以影响枯草芽胞杆菌的芽胞形成速率,抑制营养体的死亡;测定菌体生长过程中蛋白酶的含量以及碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶的酶活力,发现磁场处理前后蛋白酶的含量没有发生显著性变化,处理组碱性蛋白酶的酶活力明显高于对照组,而中性蛋白酶酶活力则低于对照组.结论:强磁场可以延长枯草芽孢杆菌的世代周期,降低菌体死亡率,对细菌酶活性的影响因酶的种类不同而异.     

芽胞杆菌中重组蛋白分泌表达的优化策略及研究进展

芽胞杆菌属具有良好的蛋白表达和分泌能力,在工业酶的生产中被广泛应用,是理想的工业宿主菌,但实现蛋白分泌表达的普遍高效性还存在许多瓶颈。本文综述了芽胞杆菌的蛋白分泌表达策略,从启动子、信号肽、分泌途径、宿主和培养条件这5个方面总结了提高芽胞杆菌中分泌表达重组蛋白的方法,对芽胞杆菌高效生产工业酶有一定的参考价值,最后展望了优化芽胞杆菌分泌表达的研究方向,各种新型生物技术的发展必将推进芽胞杆菌在分泌表达领域有更深入的应用。     

关于细菌spore的中文名称，建议统一使用“芽胞”

今天在审稿过程中遇到了“spore”的中文名称问题,我曾经建议使用“芽胞”而不是“芽孢”,具体建议如下,供《遗传》杂志参考。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌检测方法的研究进展

蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)是革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,广泛存在于自然环境中,对不良环境有较强的抵抗力,是一种人畜共患的食源性条件致病菌。蜡样芽孢杆菌能够产生多种毒素,这些毒素决定了其致病性。因此,建立快速、准确的蜡样芽孢杆菌检测方法对疾病的诊断和发病后的及时治疗至关重要。本文对近年来检测蜡样芽孢杆菌的菌体与毒素的方法进行了全面的总结,主要是对各方法的原理、检测范围、优缺点等进行比较,并探讨新方法的可行性,以期为科学检测、鉴定蜡样芽孢杆菌提供依据和思路。     

芽胞表面展示技术研究进展

芽胞表面展示技术作为微生物表面展示技术的一种,因所表达的异源蛋白无需经过跨膜过程及芽胞的抗逆性等独特优势而备受研究者的关注。以下介绍了芽胞的生理结构和形成过程、芽胞表面展示系统构建原则及目前所构建的芽胞表面展示系统种类。芽胞表面展示技术不仅在疫苗生产中应用广泛,在生物催化和细胞工厂研究领域也具有广阔的应用前景。     

长柄石杉芽胞及芽胞植株形态研究

为研究石杉属植物芽胞形态特征以及芽胞在石杉属植物无性繁殖中的作用,对野外采集和移栽后新生的长柄石杉（Huperzia javanica）芽胞体、芽胞的形态特征、芽胞萌发形成芽胞植株的过程进行了描述,并对芽胞和芽胞残体发生数量进行计数。结果表明,芽胞体由芽胞和芽托部组成,前者是6个小叶围住的小芽,后者为具有6个鳞状叶的柄状体;芽胞脱落后一周开始萌发并进一步发育为芽胞植株;芽胞体发生枝条上平均有5个芽胞发生;芽胞发生具有一定程度的周期性,可以据此估计石杉植株株龄和生长速度。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.