酵母细胞中碱性应答蛋白Rim101与ESCRT复合物的相互调控作用

本研究采用同源重组、倍比稀释及荧光定位等方法研究了ESCRT基因对Rim101蛋白定位的影响及Rim101其对钙稳态相关基因VNX1和SPF1的调控作用。结果显示,7个ESCRT基因(SNF7, SNF8, VPS20,STP22, VPS25, VPS28和VPS36)的缺失导致GFP-Rim101不能进入细胞核,VNX1基因的缺失不影响7个ESCRT缺失株对钙离子的敏感性,而SPF1基因的缺失导致7个ESCRT缺失株对钙离子更加敏感。研究表明ESCRT基因不仅调控Rim101的功能也影响其定位,VNX1和SPF1基因是Rim101组成型活性蛋白Rim101-531抑制ESCRT缺失株对钙离子敏感性所必需的,这些研究结果为进一步研究ESCRT的功能提供了基础。     

酿酒酵母中与钙离子稳态调控因子ScRCH1细胞质膜定位相关的转录因子基因的筛选检测

酿酒酵母细胞中ymr034c基因与白念珠菌的Carch1基因同源,CaRCH1与白念珠菌对钙离子、锂离子和硝唑类药物的耐受性相关。因此,把ymr034c命名为Scrch1。前期研究结果显示,在胞外高钙离子胁迫条件下,ScRCH1定位于细胞质膜上。为了研究Scrch1基因表达的调控机理,通过荧光显微镜技术对酵母细胞基因组中编码转录因子的223个单基因缺失菌株进行了筛选,分别检测了ScRCH1-GFP融合蛋白在它们中的亚细胞定位情况。结果发现,钙离子处理后,ngg1、hal9、crz1、ada2和swi6五个转录因子基因的缺失造成ScRCH1-GFP没有细胞质膜定位,而ino2基因的缺失导致ScRCH1-GFP在不经钙离子处理的条件下即定位到细胞质膜上。     

在钙离子敏感性方面与RCH1遗传互作的酿酒酵母基因的筛选

酿酒酵母ScRCH1是白念珠菌CaRCH1的同功基因,作为人体溶质转运蛋白SLC10A7的同源蛋白,两者都是细胞质膜上钙离子内流的抑制因子。为了研究酿酒酵母RCH1与基因组中其他基因之间的遗传互作,利用合成遗传阵列(Synthetic Genetic Array,SGA)方法构建了RCH1分别与其他非必需基因之间的双基因缺失株文库。钙离子表型筛选表明RCH1与17个基因之间存在遗传互作,其中4个基因BUD9、THR1、RAS2和CPR7在钙离子敏感性方面的功能以前没有报道过。这些结果为深入研究Rch1对钙离子稳态的调控提供了参考。     

prfA基因缺失影响单增李斯特菌诱导细胞凋亡的能力

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes,Lm)入侵宿主细胞并带来危害,包含3个关键性环节,即宿主细胞的黏附和侵袭、细胞内增殖和运动、细胞间传播。每个环节的实现均需要不同毒力因子的调控,不同血清型Lm毒力的强弱取决于其毒力因子的活性,prfA基因作为Lm毒力的调控基因起到至关重要的作用。本研究使用单增李斯特菌野生株EGDe及其prfA基因缺失株EGDe-ΔprfA,以人结肠癌腺细胞Caco-2和人肝癌上皮细胞HepG2为研究对象,通过细胞侵袭实验和诱导凋亡能力探究prfA基因缺失对EGDe毒力的影响。溶血实验结果表明prfA基因的缺失并不会明显改变EGDe的溶血能力;侵袭实验表明突变株与EGDe野生株相比对Caco-2细胞和HepG2细胞侵袭能力分别下降了40%和30%;EGDe-ΔprfA处理组与EGDe处理组相比较,Caco-2细胞和HepG2细胞平均凋亡比例分别下降了35.8%和43.7%,说明prfA基因敲除后会降低细胞凋亡。本研究初步证实了prfA基因对EGDe毒力的调控作用,prfA基因缺失降低EGDe侵袭过程中的细胞凋亡,这对于了解EGDe的致病机理及进行相关研究有重要作用。     

中国水仙NtSOC1基因克隆及亚细胞定位

以中国水仙‘金盏银台’为实验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR技术获得1个与开花相关的转录因子(SOC1)的同源基因NtSOC1。NtSOC1的cDNA全长1 603bp,含有1个687bp开放阅读框,编码228个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,NtSOC1与单子叶植物的SOC1同源基因的氨基酸序列较为相似,且在C末端同样含有一个保守性很高的SOC1motif序列,说明NtSOC1是属于SOC1/TM3亚家族基因。荧光定量PCR分析显示,NtSOC1在花芽分化阶段的表达量随着花芽的分化而升高,花芽分化结束时减少,表明NtSOC1基因可能参与中国水仙的花芽分化。成功构建了NtSOC1基因表达载体pCAMBIA1302-NtSOC1,通过农杆菌转化洋葱表皮对编码蛋白进行亚细胞定位结果显示,NtSOC1基因编码蛋白定位于细胞核,符合转录因子的亚细胞定位特征。该实验结果为进一步研究NtSOC1基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

转录调节因子σ~(38)介导铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素合成代谢调控

【目的】为了进一步鉴定铜绿假单胞菌转录调控因子σ~(38)对2个拷贝吩嗪合成基因簇(phz A1-G1和phz A2-G2)的具体调控方式并推定介导绿脓菌素合成代谢的可能调控机制。【方法】根据铜绿假单胞菌基因组信息,利用同源重组原理构建rpo S基因缺失突变株Δrpo S以及克隆全长rpo S基因作互补分析;再以单一吩嗪基因簇缺失突变株Δphz1和Δphz2为出发菌株,分别构建rpo S缺失突变株Δrpo Sphz1和rpo S插入突变株Δrpo Sphz2,测定并比较野生株及相关突变株的绿脓菌素合成量,初步推定σ~(38)因子对2个不同吩嗪基因簇表达的调控方式。【结果】在GA培养基中,突变株Δrpo S的绿脓菌素合成量比野生株显著增加;互补分析证实,σ~(38)可使突变株Δrpo S的绿脓菌素降低并接近野生株PAO1水平;与对照株Δphz1相比,突变株Δrpo Sphz1的绿脓菌素合成量因σ~(38)因子缺失而显著减少;而与对照株Δphz2相比,突变株Δrpo Sphz2的绿脓菌素合成量因σ~(38)因子缺失显著增加。【结论】转录调控因子σ~(38)对铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成代谢的确具一定的负调控作用;结合已报道的研究结果,初步推定:σ~(38)因子通过负调控吩嗪基因簇phz1,正调控吩嗪基因簇phz2的表达实现对绿脓菌素合成代谢的调控。     

双组分系统rcsC基因影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的致病性及相关生物学特性

【目的】双组分系统Rcs感受外界环境变化,并调控细菌的适应性及生存等。本文探讨Rcs双组分系统传感器激酶RcsC对禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)相关生物学特性及致病性的影响。【方法】采用Red同源重组的方法构建rcsC基因缺失株,并利用互补质粒构建互补株,然后比较野生株、基因缺失株与互补株的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜、凝集沉淀能力、致病力及毒力基因转录水平的差异。【结果】rcsC基因缺失不影响APEC的生长速度,然而,缺失RcsC导致APEC的运动能力升高、生物被膜形成能力降低和凝集能力增强。凝集试验结果显示rcsC基因有助于APEC的凝集沉降。细胞黏附入侵结果表明,rcsC在APEC侵袭DF-1细胞过程中发挥作用,而对黏附能力无影响。动物感染试验结果表明rcsC基因缺失能显著降低APEC的毒力。荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,rcsC基因缺失株中ompA、aatA、fyuA和luxS基因的转录水平均显著降低,而fimC和tsh基因的转录水平显著升高。【结论】RcsC参与调控APEC的运动性、生物被膜形成、凝集沉降和致病力。     

‘741杨’D2类细胞周期蛋白基因的克隆及功能鉴定

D类细胞周期蛋白(D-type cyclin,CYCD)调控细胞周期G1/S期转变。CYCD与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)结合形成CYCD/CDK复合物,被激活的CYCD/CDK复合物通过磷酸化下游细胞周期响应因子调控细胞周期有序进行,进而影响植物的生长发育。该研究以‘741杨’为实验材料,成功鉴定得到1个D2类细胞周期蛋白基因(PtoCYCD2;1)。研究表明:(1)实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)显示,PtoCYCD2;1基因在根、茎、叶、叶柄、树皮和木质部中均有表达,在叶中的相对表达水平最高。(2)亚细胞定位表明PtoCYCD2;1蛋白定位于细胞核。(3)与野生型(Wild-Type poplar,WT)相比,过表达PtoCYCD2;1基因的‘741杨’出现株高降低,茎直径减小,叶片明显下卷的表型。(4)扫描电镜分析(SEM)显示,转基因杨树叶片的上表皮细胞平均面积变小,细胞数量增多;树脂切片结果显示与WT相比,转基因杨树叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织的细胞间隙疏松。(5)qRT-PCR结果显示,转基因杨树中细胞周期调控基因CDKA;1、CDKB1;1和CDKB2;1的表达水平显著上调,植物成视网膜细胞瘤相关蛋白1(retinoblastoma-related protein1,RBR1)基因、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子(kip-related protein,KRP)基因的表达水平显著下调。该研究结果为进一步研究木本植物CYCD2基因的功能奠定了基础。     

白菜BcMAF2基因克隆及功能验证

为了揭示白菜（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino）开花调控转录因子（MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 2）MAF2在开花过程中的作用,该研究通过同源克隆的方法获得BcMAF2基因的全长序列。结果表明：（1）BcMAF2基因含有1个长度为588 bp开放阅读框,编码196个氨基酸;将BcMAF2蛋白氨基酸序列与其他物种MAF2氨基酸比较表明,BcMAF2基因与其他物种中该基因具有高度保守的结构域。（2）将BcMAF2与YFP和HA标签融合,构建亚细胞定位载体pEarleyGate101 BcMAF2 YFP HA,采用农杆菌介导法将其瞬时表达于本氏烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）叶片中,激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现BcMAF2蛋白定位于细胞核中,表明BcMAF2符合作为转录因子的功能。（3）将BcMAF2基因遗传转化拟南芥中进行功能验证,通过蛋白印迹试验获得5个过表达株系,且在选取的蛋白表达量较高的第8、10株拟南芥中均表现出明显延迟其抽薹开花表型。研究推测BcMAF2基因可能参与植物开花的春化途径。     

棉花抗逆基因GhAREB4的克隆及功能分析

AREBs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应,在植物抵御各种逆境胁迫中起着非常重要的作用。该研究经序列电子拼接克隆了陆地棉GhAREB4基因,该基因全长1 784bp,其开放阅读框为1 227bp,编码408个氨基酸,预测分子量为44.3kD,等电点为8.88。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白二级结构中含有bZIP基因家族的保守结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhAREB4与可可的AREB转录因子同源性最高。绿色荧光蛋白亚细胞定位分析表明,GhAREB4蛋白分布在细胞核内。qRT-PCR分析表明,GhAREB4基因在花中的表达量最高;且GhAREB4基因表达受到干旱、高盐、低温、脱落酸(ABA)等处理的诱导,其可能调控棉花对非生物逆境的耐性响应。研究结果为进一步研究该基因对棉花耐逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis> cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are nuclear-localized and show different localization patterns within the nucleoplasm

The Arabidopsis genome contains seven cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (ICK for inhibitor/interactor with cyclin-dependent kinase) which share a small conserved C-terminal domain responsible for the CDK-inhibition activity by these proteins. Different ICK/KRPs have been shown to have unique expression patterns within tissues, organs and during the cell cycle. Previous studies have shown that overexpressing one of the ICK/KRPs inhibits CDK activity, cell division, and profoundly affects plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the subcellular localization of the seven Arabidopsis ICK proteins and domains responsible for this localization. Using transgenic expression in Arabidopsis plants and transient expression in tobacco leaf cells, all ICK/KRPs fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) were localized to the nucleus, suggesting that the nucleus is the cellular compartment for the plant CDK inhibitors to function. While ICK2/KRP2, ICK4/KRP6, and ICK5/KRP7 were localized to the nucleoplasm in a homogeneous manner, ICK1/KRP1, ICK3/KRP5, ICK6/KRP3, and ICK7/KRP4 showed a punctate pattern of localization. A small motif conserved amongst the latter group of ICK/KRPs is required to confer this subcellular pattern as deletion of this motif from ICK7/KRP4 resulted in a shift from a punctate to a homogeneous pattern of localization. While a single nuclear localization signal (NLS) is responsible for the nuclear localization of ICK2/KRP2, multiple mechanisms for nuclear localization are suggested to exist for the other six ICK/KRPs since deletion mutants lacking predicted NLS motifs and the conserved C-terminal domain are still localized in the nucleus.     

Membrane Protein Rim21 Plays a Central Role in Sensing Ambient pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

External alkalization activates the Rim101 pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this pathway, three integral membrane proteins, Rim21, Dfg16, and Rim9, are considered to be the components of the pH sensor machinery. However, how these proteins are involved in pH sensing is totally unknown. In this work, we investigated the localization, physical interaction, and interrelationship of Rim21, Dfg16, and Rim9. These proteins were found to form a complex and to localize to the plasma membrane in a patchy and mutually dependent manner. Their cellular level was also mutually dependent. In particular, the Rim21 level was significantly decreased in dfg16Δ and rim9Δ cells. Upon external alkalization, the proteins were internalized and degraded. We also demonstrate that the transient degradation of Rim21 completely suppressed the Rim101 pathway but that the degradation of Dfg16 or Rim9 did not. This finding strongly suggests that Rim21 is the pH sensor protein and that Dfg16 and Rim9 play auxiliary functions through maintaining the level of Rim21 and assisting in its plasma membrane localization. Even without external alkalization, the Rim101 pathway was activated in a Rim21-dependent manner by either protonophore treatment or depletion of phosphatidylserine in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, both of which caused plasma membrane depolarization like the external alkalization. Therefore, plasma membrane depolarization seems to be one of the key signals for the pH sensor molecule Rim21.     

The Substrate Preference and Histochemical Localization Argue against the Direct Role of Cucumber Stress-Related Anionic Peroxidase in Lignification

The substrate preference and the localization of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) stress-related anionic peroxidase (srPRX) were investigated in order to assess whether this activity correlates with the lignification. The results showed that none of the purified srPRX isoenzymes (PRX 1 –3) could oxidize the lignin monomer analog syringaldazine. The srPRX immunospecific signal was found to be highly abundant in both the extrafascicular and fascicular phloem regions in cucumber stem and leaf petiole. In Nicotiana, Petunia and Dahlia, the srPRX homologs were specifically deposited in both outer and inner phloem elements of stem and in both abaxial and adaxial phloem of leaf stems. The srPRX mRNA expression analysis showed similar pattern as for immunolocalization. The subcellular localization of immunospecific srPRX demonstrated that at least part of the peroxidase could be ionically-bound to phloem cell wall.     

Determination of the critical region of KRAS-induced actin-interacting protein for the interaction with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor

KRAS-induced actin-interacting protein (KRAP) was originally characterized as a filamentous-actin-interacting protein. We have recently found that KRAP is an associated molecule with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R) and is critical for the proper subcellular localization and function of IP₃R. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of IP₃R by KRAP remain elusive. In this report, to determine the critical region of KRAP protein for the regulation of IP₃R, we generate several mutants of KRAP and examine the association with IP₃R using coimmunoprecipitation and confocal imaging assays. Coimmunoprecipitations using the deletion mutants reveal that amino-acid residues 1–218 but not 1–199 of KRAP interact with IP₃R, indicating that the 19-length amino-acid residues (200–218) are essential for the association with IP₃R. This critical region is highly conserved between human and mouse KRAP. Within the critical region, substitutions of two phenylalanine residues (Phe202/Phe203) in mouse KRAP to alanines result in failure of the association with IP₃R, suggesting that the two consecutive phenylalanine residues are indispensable for the association. Moreover, the KRAP-knockdown stable HeLa cells exhibit the inappropriate subcellular localization of IP₃R, in which exogenous expression of full-length of KRAP properly restores the subcellular localization of IP₃R, but not the 1–218 or 1–236 mutant, indicating that the residual carboxyl-terminal region is also required for the proper subcellular localization of KRAP–IP₃R complex. All these results provide insight into the understandings for the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of IP₃R, and would reveal a potent strategy for the drug development targeting on IP₃R.     

十字花科黑腐病菌III型效应物XopXccR1植物亚细胞定位

[目的] 植物病原细菌通过III型分泌系统（type III secretion system,T3SS）将III型效应物（type III secreted effectors,T3SEs）分泌转运到宿主细胞的不同位点上,进而行使不同的致病功能。本研究旨在确定Xcc 8004 III型效应物中分子量最大的蛋白XopXccR1在植物中的亚细胞定位。[方法] 利用生物信息学方法分析XopXccR1的跨膜信息。通过同源重组方法将XopXccR1全长、N端（1–1220 aa）和C端（1221–2030 aa）分别克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA-2300-35S：：EGFP上,利用根癌农杆菌介导的瞬时表达浸染本生烟,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察亚细胞定位结果。[结果] XopXccR1全长和N端定位在本生烟细胞膜上,而C端定位在细胞质中。[结论] XopXccR1的N端与C端可能分别存在定位信号,N端信号主导全长蛋白的最终定位。     

Differential subcellular localization of ribosomal protein L7 paralogs in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ribosomal protein L7, one of the ∼46 ribosomal proteins of the 60S subunit, is encoded by paralogous RPL7A and RPL7B genes. The amino acid sequence identity between Rpl7a and Rpl7b is 97 percent; they differ by only 5 amino acid residues. Interestingly, despite the high sequence homology, Rpl7b is detected in both the cytoplasm and the nucleolus, whereas Rpl7a is detected exclusively in the cytoplasm. A site-directed mutagenesis experiment revealed that the change in the amino acid sequence of Rpl7b does not influence its sub-cellular localization. In addition, introns of RPL7A and RPL7B did not affect the subcellular localization of Rpl7a and Rpl7b. Remarkably, Rpl7b was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm in rpl7a knockout mutant, and overexpression of Rpl7a resulted in its accumulation in the nucleolus, indicating that the subcellular localization of Rpl7a and Rpl7b is influenced by the intracellular level of Rpl7a. Rpl7b showed a wide range of localization patterns, from exclusively cytoplasmic to exclusively nucleolar, in knock-out mutants for some rRNA-processing factors, nuclear pore proteins, and large ribosomal subunit assembly factors. Rpl7a, however, was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm in these mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that although Rpl7a and Rpl7b are paralogous and functionally replaceable with each other, their precise physiological roles may not be identical.     

巨桉BRI1基因的克隆和表达分析

为了解BRI1基因在巨桉中的功能,采用PCR技术克隆了EgrBRI1基因,分析了EgrBRI1的生物信息学和亚细胞定位,并对EgrBRI1基因响应激素和胁迫的差异表达进行了分析。结果表明,EgrBRI1基因全长3 893 bp,编码1 197个氨基酸。EgrBRI1蛋白稳定,空间结构复杂,存在3个motifs,主要定位于细胞膜。茉莉酸甲酯和油菜素内酯(BR)处理后,EgrBRI1基因在叶片中的表达上升,而水杨酸处理则没有明显的变化。盐胁迫和冷胁迫下,EgrBRI1基因表达表现为先下降后上升的趋势。因此,EgrBRI1基因能快速对外施激素做出响应,并在巨桉抗逆方面发挥重要作用,这可能是通过对BR信号的响应来实现的。