生物干燥处理城市垃圾技术的研究进展

生物干燥是对城市垃圾的一种预处理技术。它是利用生物反应放热来干燥城市垃圾,以改善其燃烧特性。经常用于在机械生物处理工厂干燥城市垃圾。生物干燥技术与堆肥工艺不同,它旨在干燥和保留垃圾基质中的生物质含量。在生物干燥反应器中主要干燥机制为空气对流蒸发,而物料的物理特性对干燥效果也有一定影响。反应器通风系统的类型的选择也是生物干燥的一个重要的影响因素。本文主要介绍了影响生物干燥过程的各项因素和研究进展。     

城市生活垃圾的危害与处理方法浅析

随着城市生活垃圾产生量不断增长,其对环境的危害逐步扩大。城市生活垃圾在收集、运输、处置过程中垃圾所含有的和产生的有害成分会对大气、土壤、水体造成污染。解决垃圾问题的目标是使垃圾减容、减量、资源化、能源化和无害化。目前在我国乃至世界范围内广泛使用的城市生活垃圾处理方式主要有卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥三种。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群变化规律的研究

通过对垃圾处理厂静态堆肥不同区域的微生物菌群与数量的分析,表明了城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群的变化规律,温度与微生物菌群的相关性,指出了高温微生物菌群数量影响堆肥的效率。建议在静态一次堆肥发酵周期中,增加通气量和翻堆频率,有利于增强微生物菌群的活力和提高堆肥质量。     

城市生活垃圾和粪便堆肥过程中有机质的变化

城市生活垃圾和粪便具有污染物和资源两种概念,在符合国情的前提下利用生活垃圾和粪便生产有机复混肥的研究具有特别重要的意义。混合堆肥的有机质含量以65%为宜,堆肥的最佳C/N比为(25~35):1。     

生态环境与城市生活垃圾无害化处理方式

而无害化处理是城市生活垃圾处理的必然选择。本概述了六种目前常见的无害化处理方式,及其各自的优越性和局限性。     

城市生活垃圾代谢的研究进展

城市代谢是导致城市发展、能量生产和废物排放的社会、经济和技术过程的总和。生活垃圾管理系统是一类典型的、具备社会、经济、自然要素的复杂系统,它不仅同管理体制、技术水平和居民素质有关,也贯穿生产、消费、流通、还原过程,更和水体、土壤、大气、生物、矿产等自然环境紧密联系。综述了近年来基于城市生态系统代谢思路,在生活垃圾碳、重金属、营养元素和能量的城市代谢等方面的研究进展,分析了未来该领域研究需重点关注的方向。生活垃圾在城市生态系统中的能量流动、物质循环、代谢效率等方面的研究,可为生活垃圾管理系统的评价、规划、工程、管理研究提供科学基础。     

城市生活污水处理中微生物技术的应用

在城市化进程持续加快的背景下,生态环境污染问题长期得不到妥善的解决,尤其是城市生活用水污染问题,严重影响了城市居民的生活质量和用水安全。在众多城市生活污水处理技术中,微生物技术凭借处理效率高、使用能耗低、对生态环境破坏小等优点得到了广泛应用。故文章针对微生物技术进行分析,并论述了微生物技术在城市生活污水处理中的应用,以期为城市生活污水处理提供参考。     

微生物除臭剂消除垃圾压缩中恶臭的效果评估

针对广州市城市生活垃圾的收运和处置现状 ,采用一种新型的微生物除臭剂及自行研发的高效除臭自动喷雾装置对城市垃圾压缩、转运过程中产生的臭气污染进行控制 ,并对其除臭效果进行了评估。     

基于环境微生物资源库快速构建易腐垃圾高效堆肥复合菌剂

【目的】针对易腐垃圾成分快速构建一种高效堆肥复合菌剂。【方法】研究以"中国科学院战略生物资源服务网络计划"支持建设的微生物资源库为基础,根据菌株产酶活功能信息,针对易腐垃圾有机成分定向挑选出高产酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木质素酶、脂肪酶)菌株,通过测定菌株间拮抗作用,构建了一种高效堆肥复合菌剂CM菌剂。进行了菌剂发酵条件优化和易腐垃圾堆肥应用研究。【结果】CM菌剂最适发酵条件为接种7%的种子液于红糖培养基中,30°C下培养48h,此时菌剂产生蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木质素酶、脂肪酶酶活分别为181.76、52.92、1.57、12.81、9.94 U/mL。堆肥结果表明CM菌剂堆肥产品pH、含水率、有机质含量均满足生物有机肥标准(NY884-2012)。CM菌剂堆肥过程中最高温度为63.5°C,高温期9–12 d,30 d后含水率为28.7%,有机质降解率为30.4%,C/N为8.93,与商品菌剂BM相比堆肥效果更好,可使堆体高温期延长4–7d、含水率降低3.8%,可加快易腐垃圾中有机质降解,降解率提升6.2%,并具有更强的固氮能力,缩短腐熟时间,提升堆肥产品品质。【结论】基于环境微生物资源库功能信息构建堆肥复合菌剂是一种快速有效的菌剂构建方法。     

城市生活垃圾综合管理决策研究进展

城市生活垃圾综合管理主要是指选择合适的方案、政策手段等来实现特定的管理目标。选择适宜的研究方法是开展城市生活垃圾管理科学决策的重要基础和保障。综述了近年来该领域常用的相关研究方法和研究进展,总结分析了以统计分析、多准则决策分析、全生命周期分析、费用效益分析等为代表的传统数学模型方法和以系统动力学、基于Agent的建模等为代表的复杂系统模拟方法两大类方法的适用场景、优缺点和研究进展,分析了未来该领域研究的趋势和需重点关注的方向。研究发现：传统的数学模型方法被广泛应用于生活垃圾管理决策领域,成为支撑决策的重要研究工具,但这类方法通常大多以单一主体为研究对象,难以解释各种因素对其它主体及整个生活垃圾管理系统的作用,且大多为静态的或对某个或某几个时间点进行分析,容易忽略系统性和系统中各主体间的非线性关系、行为的交互作用及随时空的动态变化等。未来研究需充分关注城市生活垃圾管理系统的复杂性和系统不同主体间的行为交互作用,加强系统模拟模型开发,开展系统性政策评估分析等,为城市生活垃圾精细化管理决策提供科学支撑。     

Effect of Temperature Variations on Vermicomposting of Household Solid Waste and Fecundity of Eisenia fetida

Experiments were conducted in winter (October to January) and summer (May to August) seasons to study the effect of seasonal temperature variations on the vermicomposting of household waste using Eisenia fetida earthworms. The prevailing temperatures during experiments were in the range of ?2.7°C to 35.0°C during winter season and 18.0°C to 44.4°C during summer season. Organic matter degradation was higher during winter than summer season. The electrical conductivity (EC) of vermicomposts was increased in the range of 2.3–7.8% in winter season; however, the increase in EC was 0.9–1.8% during summer season for different waste mixtures. There was about 56.2–80% increase in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content during winter season, whereas the TKN increase was 23.9–44% during summers. The C:N ratio also decreased remarkably in all the waste mixtures during vermicomposting in both the seasons. However, the C:N ratio reduction was more significant during winter (47–60%) than in summer (31–44%). After the observation period, the net worm biomass achieved was higher during winter than summer season. The temperature variations during winter supported the life activities of earthworms more favourably than in summer. The results indicated that growth and reproductive potential of the earthworms were affected not only by the quality and quantity of the feed but also by ambient temperature.     

以生活垃圾堆肥为基质的废弃物铺网草皮建植研究

以生活垃圾堆肥为基质,5种生活废弃物为铺网,对高羊茅、草地早熟禾及本特3种草坪植物的草皮培植与铺坪应用进行了研究.结果表明:(1)在草皮培植中,同种草坪植物在不同铺网草皮中的生长效应差异较大,其中早熟禾在草席与塑料纱网草皮中的综合性能表现较好;本特和高羊茅在竹席和草席中的表现较好.(2)草皮的刈割再生生长能力总体上与草皮培植时的生长状况密切相关,草种与基质、铺网间的协同性存在差异,生长协同性较好的草皮组合为早熟禾的草席草皮、本特的草席与塑料纱网草皮以及高羊茅的草席、纤维网袋与塑料纱网草皮.(3)5种生活废弃物铺网中,塑料薄膜在草皮培植中与各草种间的协同性均最差,其铺网草皮在铺坪应用中的再生生长能力也较差,可见塑料薄膜不适宜作为草皮铺网.     

Life Cycle Management of Municipal Solid Waste

Life-cycle assessment concepts and methods are currently being applied to evaluate integrated municipal solid waste management strategies throughout the world. The Research Triangle Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are working to develop a computer-based decision support tool to evaluate integrated municipal solid waste management strategies in the United States. The waste management unit processes included in this tool are waste collection, transfer stations, recovery, compost, combustion, and landfill. Additional unit processes included are electrical energy production, transportation, and remanufacturing. The process models include methodologies for environmental and cost analysis. The environmental methodology calculates life cycle inventory type data for the different unit processes. The cost methodology calculates annualized construction and equipment capital costs and operating costs per ton processed at the facility. The resulting environmental and cost parameters are allocated to individual components of the waste stream by process specific allocation methodologies. All of this information is implemented into the decision support tool to provide a life-cycle management evaluation of integrated municipal solid waste management strategies.     

Input-Output Analysis of Waste Management

A new scheme of hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) termed the waste input-output (WIO) model is presented that ex-plicitly takes into account the interdependence between the flow of goods and waste. The WIO model has two distin-guishing features. First, it expands the Leontief environmental input-output (EIO) model with respect to waste flows. It turns out that the EIO model is a special case of the WIO model in which there is a strict one-to-one correspondence between waste types and treatment methods. By relaxing this condition, the WIO model provides a general framework for LCA of waste management. Second, the WIO model takes into account the "dynamics of waste treatment", which refers to the fact that the input-output relationships of waste treatment are significantly affected by the level and composition of waste feedstock, by incorporating an engineering process model of waste treatment. Because waste treatment is expected to accept whatever waste is generated by industry and households, a proper consideration of this feature is vital for LCA of waste management. We estimated a WIO table for Japan and applied it to evaluating effects of alternative waste management poli-cies with regard to regional concentration of incineration and the sorting of waste with regard to flammability. We found that concentrating treatment in a small number of large incin-erators combined with an increased degree of sorting could decrease both landfill consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide.     

Chemical composition of fresh and composted urban waste

Chemical, spectroscopic (IR and NMR), and molecular characteristics of humus extracted from urban waste before and after compositing are reported. The main differences are in the contents of acidic groups and straight aliphatic chains which diminish in the composted material. In comparing humus characteristics of composted urban waste and soils, the only real difference was found in the elution curves on Sephadex G-100, where the ratio of 100,000 and 1,300 peaks was higher in the compost than in the soil curve. The finding suggests that this ratio is a parameter that could enable us, even if in a semiquantitative manner, to follow the humification process of the compost when its addition to the soil is not less than the autochthonous organic matter content.Research work supported by CNR, Italy, Special grant I.P.R.A.-Sub-project 1. Paper N. 1531.     

Island Waste Management Systems

Island waste management professionals are faced with limited land resources, high energy costs, large seasonal fluctuations in waste volumes, and complex social and political dynamics that stem from their often closely knit societies. These and other factors can discourage typical waste management practices, but they also provide opportunities for island governments and businesses to explore alternative technologies and policies that suit their particular circumstances and that might be environmentally preferable. This critical review discusses the waste management literature on islands to date, including several industrial ecology (IE) studies. Common advantages and disadvantages faced by island waste management challenges are presented from the perspectives of business and municipal management. Waste generation data are presented from more than 40 islands around the world and tested for correlation with economic and geographic parameters and using cluster analysis, with the aim of identifying trends among island types. Poor data quality and comparability are ongoing challenges that underscore the potential benefits of a consistent program of island waste management data collection. Finally, the review explores opportunities for applying IE research to generate useful insights and policies in the areas of material flow analysis, industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment, and social ecology.     

N~+离子诱变高效降酚菌及其含酚废水模拟处理的研究

取降酚效果较好菌株E为诱变出发菌株,利用N+离子束诱变,获得若干突变菌株,计算诱变存活率和正突变率,利用正交实验对离子束诱变的优势菌KE2菌株进行了最适宜生长条件的优化,并进行实验室模拟实验.结果表明诱变注入的较适宜剂量为18.4×1014N+/cm2.诱变菌株中降酚效果最好的诱变菌KE2的降酚率较出发菌E高,且在传代时性状稳定.经初步鉴定,出发菌株E和诱变降酚菌KE2属于假单胞菌(Pseudo-monas.sp.).KE2降酚诱变菌的生长适宜参数为:葡萄糖浓度1 000 mg/L,pH值为7,温度30℃.实验室模拟实验显示,添加诱变菌株的一组降酚效果较好,在500 mg/L的酚浓度下,9 h降酚率可达到100%,1 000 mg/L的酚浓度下,加诱变菌组在12 h可完全降解,达到100%.     

Quality Assessment and Circularity Potential of Recovery Systems for Household Plastic Waste

Plastic recycling is promoted in the transition toward a circular economy and a closed plastic loop, typically using mass‐based recycling targets. Plastic from household waste (HHW) is contaminated and heterogeneous, and recycled plastic from HHW often has a limited application range, due to reduced quality. To correctly assess the ability to close plastic loops via recycling, both plastic quantities and qualities need to be evaluated. This study defines a circularity potential representing the ability of a recovery system to close material loops assuming steady‐state market conditions. Based on an average plastic waste composition including impurities, 84 recovery scenarios representing a wide range of sorting schemes, source‐separation efficiencies, and material recovery facility (MRF) configurations and performances were assessed. The qualities of the recovered fractions were assessed based on contamination and the circularity potential calculated for each scenario in a European context. Across all scenarios, 17% to 100% of the generated plastic mass could be recovered, with higher source‐separation and MRF efficiencies leading to higher recovery. Including quality, however, at best 55% of the generated plastic was suitable for recycling due to contamination. Source‐separation, a high number of target fractions, and efficient MRF recovery were found to be critical. The circularity potential illustrated that less than 42% of the plastic loop can be closed with current technology and raw material demands. Hence, Europe is still far from able to close the plastic loop. When transitioning toward a circular economy, the focus should be on limiting impurities and losses through product design, technology improvement, and more targeted plastic waste management.     

Assessing the Sustainability of the Lithuanian Hazardous Waste Management System

Human activities generate waste, whose amounts tend to increase as the demand for quality of life becomes greater and greater. Hazardous waste (HW) generally makes up only about 1% of all waste in Europe; nevertheless, it presents a serious risk to the ecosystem and human health unless managed and treated safely. Several countries of the European Union (EU) report treatment rates of HW in excess of 40%; the others export a large portion of it. Notwithstanding that lots of efforts have been made to properly identify, treat, recycle, store, transport, and dispose of HW, this is still a hot topic faced by the governments of many EU countries. The objective of this article is to present a sustainable indicators system to assist in the implementation of a modern and sustainable hazardous waste management (HWM) system in Lithuania. The specific goals are (1) to promote the development of a comprehensive monitoring and enforcement system for timely implementation of HWM rules and other related pieces of legislation and (2) to assist in the implementation of training and awareness of the programs of HWM in support of the development of background data for policy making, including improvement of a hazardous waste identification scheme. The emphasis is put on preventing future discharges of HW by promoting the actions that will result in avoidance, recycling, or recovery of the otherwise hazardous waste.     

荧光原位杂交技术及其在环境微生物生态学中的应用研究

荧光原位杂交技术是一种能够同时对微生物进行定性、定量和研究微生物群落空间分布情况的有力工具。简要介绍了荧光原位杂交技术的方法,并对其在人为创制环境和自然环境中特征性微生物种群及群落生态学中的应用研究进行了讨论,指出了该种技术在应用中存在的问题与缺陷,最后对荧光原位杂交技术在堆肥微生物生态中的应用及与其他方法的组合应用进行了展望。