胰岛素早期强化治疗对脓毒症患者血清内毒素、二胺氧化酶和D-乳酸指标的影响及疗效观察

目的探讨胰岛素早期强化治疗对脓毒症患者血清内毒素、二胺氧化酶(DAO)和D-乳酸指标的影响及疗效。方法 70例脓毒症患者随机分为强化组(35例)和普通组(35例)。两组均予以控制感染、能量营养支持和治疗基础疾病等常规治疗,必要时予以机械通气或血管活性药物治疗。强化组将胰岛素加入微量泵持续泵入,调整速度24h内血糖控制在4.4~6.1mmol/L;普通组常规使用胰岛素治疗,24h内血糖控制在10.0~11.1mmol/L。判断并记录两组治疗前和治疗7d后血清内毒素、DAO和D-乳酸变化,并评估其疗效。结果治疗7d后,两组血清内毒素、DAO和D-乳酸指标[(0.20±0.048)EU/mL、(2.92±0.43)U/mL、(0.11±0.03)mmol/L,(0.27±0.06)EU/mL、(3.78±0.50)U/mL、(0.17±0.03)mmol/L]较前[(0.37±0.07)EU/mL、(4.52±0.61)U/mL、(0.24±0.05)mmol/L,(0.36±0.08)EU/mL、(4.47±0.64)U/mL、(0.23±0.04)mmol/L]明显下降(t=4.25、2.89、3.48、2.37、2.19、2.41,P0.01或P0.05),且强化组下降值更明显(t=2.31、2.21、2.43,P0.05);在临床总有效率方面强化组(94.29%)明显高于普通组(77.14%)(χ2=4.20,P0.05)。结论胰岛素早期强化治疗脓毒症的疗效较显著,可降低内毒素、DAO和D-乳酸水平,降低肠黏膜通透性。     

CpG对乙型肝炎基因重组(CHO细胞)疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究CpG-寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-OPN)作为佐剂对乙型肝炎基因重组(CHO细胞)疫苗(简称乙肝疫苗)免疫效果的影响,以乙肝疫苗加Al(OH)3、疫苗加CpG和疫苗加Al(OH)3与CpG3三种配伍方式,通过腹腔、皮下或肌内3种不同途径免疫Balb/c小鼠,观察不同免疫途径和不同配伍的免疫效果.同时又将疫苗与CpG混合后在4℃存放6个月再免疫小鼠,观察CpG的稳定性.结果表明:①3种免疫途径中以肌内注射效果最好,这在使用CpG的实验组尤为明显,在该组肌内免疫的ED50比腹腔的低了10倍,而诱发的抗体滴度提高了3倍;②疫苗与CpG、Al(OH)3联合使用的免疫效果最好,在肌内免疫时联合使用的免疫效果比疫苗+Al(OH)3提高4倍,比疫苗+CpG提高7倍;③疫苗+Al(OH)3免疫时,表现为IgG1抗体亚型占优势,而再加入CpG后则IgG1和IgG2a均升高,以IgG2a最显著;④疫苗与CpG混合后4℃保存半年,不影响其活性.     

重组人BD3-BPI的内毒素中和活性及其在高盐环境中抗菌活性的稳定性

目的：验证重组人BD3-BPI（rhBD3-BPI）是否具有内毒素中和活性,研究其在高盐环境中是否能保持抗菌活性。方法：根据内毒素标准品绘制内毒素活性标准曲线,将100 μL梯度稀释的rhBD3-BPI-与100 μL 10EU／mL脂多糖（LPS）混匀,37℃水浴60min,同时设标准对照（只含10EU／mL LPS的标准品溶液）,并以无热源水作为空白对照,采用基质显色法进行鲎试验测定LPS的活性;将6×10^8 CFU／mL的革兰阳性和阴性标准菌株及临床分离的多药耐药菌株接种于含1mg／mL rhBD3-BPI和0～250mmol／L不同浓度NaCl的液体细菌培养基中,37℃培养3h后用10mmol／L磷酸钠按1：1～1：1000的比例稀释,铺LB培养基平板,37℃过夜培养,观察各平板菌落生长情况,计数并计算杀菌率。结果：在5EU／mL的标准内毒素体系中,当rhBD3-BPI的浓度高于4μg／mL时即开始表现出一定的内毒素中和活性,当rhBD3-BPI的浓度分别为16、32 μg／mL时,其内毒素中和率分别为23％和88％,随后rhBD3-BPI对内毒素的中和活性趋于平稳,50 μg／mL的rhBD3-BPI对所有受检菌均表现出100％的杀伤效应。当NaCl浓度低于150mmol／L时,rhBD3-BPI对各受检菌的杀菌活性均未受明显影响;NaCI浓度升高至150-200mmol/L,rhBD3-BPI对各受检菌的杀菌活性有所下降,但其杀伤率仍在90％以上;当NaCl浓度高于200mmol／L时,盐浓度对rhBD3-BPI杀菌活性的影响才较为明显,但即使NaCl浓度达到250mmol／L,rhBD3-BPI的杀菌活性仍保持在85％以上。结论：rh-BD3-BPI具有内毒素中和活性,在高盐环境中具有良好的抗菌活性稳定性。     

不同佐剂对含S+PreS1融合抗原的乙型肝炎病毒颗粒疫苗免疫原性的影响

本研究在前期工作基础上,用CHO细胞表达的含PreS1+S融合抗原的新型基因工程HBV颗粒疫苗(HBSS1)与Al(OH)3、CpG及CpG+Al(OH)3等佐剂配伍,在Balb/C小鼠模型上研究不同佐剂对HBV颗粒疫苗肌肉注射后免疫应答的影响,主要包括抗体滴度、抗体亚型分类及特异性细胞免疫(γ-IFNELISpot检测)。结果表明:CpG佐剂结合HBSS1颗粒疫苗可快速诱导(单针免疫)高水平的抗PreS1及S抗体,IgG2a/IgG1比率1,同时可诱导较高抗原特异的细胞免疫应答;Al(OH)3+CpG双佐剂组一次免疫后可诱导产生最高的抗S抗体滴度(1:105),其产生的抗体亚类包括IgG1、IgG2a与IgG2b;在S抗原N端(13~49aa)存在优势CTL表位。结论:CpG佐剂结合HBSS1颗粒疫苗应是发展新型治疗性乙肝疫苗的较佳选项。     

右旋糖酐40制备过程中细菌内毒素含量的影响因素

右旋糖酐40生产中分离纯化采用乙醇沉淀和超滤方法,将细菌内毒素作为分离纯化的一项指标,对影响因素进行探究,将细菌内毒素含量引入右旋糖酐40原料药产品标准,并且达到国际标准。随着乙醇浓度的增加,相应沉淀产品的细菌内毒素含量逐渐降低;在乙醇分步沉淀中,随着乙醇浓度逐级提高,分离产品的细菌内毒素含量也在降低。分离纯化用水和环境因素均会影响右旋糖酐40分离纯化的细菌内毒素指标。乙醇沉淀分离纯化的右旋糖酐40产品,细菌内毒素含量均<6.00 EU/g,最低含量<3.00 EU/g,优于国际标准(≤10 EU/g),重均分子量和分子量均符合《中国药典》质量标准。100 kDa+20 kDa二膜组合超滤分离纯化的右旋糖酐40的细菌内毒素含量可以达到10 EU/g以下。100 kDa+20 kDa+50 kDa三膜组合超滤分离纯化,右旋糖酐40的细菌内毒素含量达到3 EU/g以下,重均分子量及分子量分布达到《中国药典》标准。改进右旋糖酐40生产工艺,提高产品品质,细菌内毒素含量引入右旋糖酐40原料药质量指标,使其达到和超过国际最高质量标准。     

钙调磷酸酶B亚单位(CnB)作为佐剂对新型乙型肝炎病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响

比较不同佐剂配伍的效果,探讨常规剂量(5μg)钙调磷酸酶B亚单位(Calcineurin subunit B,CnB)佐剂对含PreS1+S融合抗原的乙型肝炎病毒新型疫苗(HBSS1)免疫效果的影响。采用Al(OH)3、常规剂量(5μg)CnB及CnB+Al(OH)3等佐剂与HBV颗粒疫苗配伍初次免疫,重组腺病毒载体疫苗加强免疫的策略,在C57BL/6小鼠模型上研究不同佐剂对HBV颗粒疫苗肌肉注射后免疫应答的影响,主要包括抗体滴度、抗体亚型分类及特异性细胞免疫(γ-IFN ELISpot检测)。研究结果显示Al(OH)3佐剂存在明显免疫增强作用,而单独加入5μg CnB佐剂或CnB与Al(OH)3佐剂联合应用对Anti-PreS1抗体无明显的增强作用,但可显著降低anti-HBs抗体水平;各免疫组在重组腺病毒载体疫苗加强后,其抗体亚类包括IgG1、IgG2a和IgG2b;并可诱导高水平的细胞免疫应答反应。因而常规剂量(5μg)CnB单独或联合Al(OH)3佐剂对新型HBV疫苗无明显的免疫增强作用。     

钙调磷酸酶B亚单位(CnB)作为佐剂对新型乙型肝炎病毒疫苗免疫效果的影响北大核心CSCD

比较不同佐剂配伍的效果,探讨常规剂量(5μg)钙调磷酸酶B亚单位(Calcineurin subunit B,CnB)佐剂对含PreS1+S融合抗原的乙型肝炎病毒新型疫苗(HBSS1)免疫效果的影响。采用Al(OH)3、常规剂量(5μg)CnB及CnB+Al(OH)3等佐剂与HBV颗粒疫苗配伍初次免疫,重组腺病毒载体疫苗加强免疫的策略,在C57BL/6小鼠模型上研究不同佐剂对HBV颗粒疫苗肌肉注射后免疫应答的影响,主要包括抗体滴度、抗体亚型分类及特异性细胞免疫(γ-IFN ELISpot检测)。研究结果显示Al(OH)3佐剂存在明显免疫增强作用,而单独加入5μg CnB佐剂或CnB与Al(OH)3佐剂联合应用对Anti-PreS1抗体无明显的增强作用,但可显著降低anti-HBs抗体水平;各免疫组在重组腺病毒载体疫苗加强后,其抗体亚类包括IgG1、IgG2a和IgG2b;并可诱导高水平的细胞免疫应答反应。因而常规剂量(5μg)CnB单独或联合Al(OH)3佐剂对新型HBV疫苗无明显的免疫增强作用。     

人轮状病毒ZTR-5株灭活疫苗的制备及小鼠血清免疫学评价

目的: 研究人轮状病毒ZTR-5株灭活疫苗的制备及在实验小鼠中的免疫原性评价。方法: 轮状病毒ZTR-5株在MA104细胞上经蚀斑筛选纯化后,获得单一克隆接种至Vero细胞上适应性培养,免疫荧光定量检测病毒的感染性滴度,对收获的病毒液进行离心、超滤、分子筛纯化,甲醛灭活,抗原定量检测Al(OH)₃吸附制备的实验性疫苗。使用不同剂量(8EU、32EU、128EU、256EU)经肌内注射免疫小鼠,共免疫三次,免疫间隔2周。采用间接ELISA法检测血清特异性抗体效价。 结果: 通过蚀斑纯化,筛选得到一株纯化的病毒株ZTR-5纯-1,在Vero细胞上适应性后感染性滴度达7.35logCCID₅₀/ml;大量培养收获的病毒原液滴度为7.57logCCID₅₀/ml,制备获得轮状病毒样品抗原含量为2 560EU/ml;经肌内注射,初次免疫后,所有剂量组动物均获得抗体阳转,阳转率为100%;第一次加强免疫后,各组血清特异性抗体水平均明显增高,免疫剂量为128EU和256EU的两组小鼠血清抗体效价均达1∶10 240;第二次加强免疫后,各剂量组(8EU、32EU、128EU、256EU)血清抗体效价依次达1∶5 120,1∶7 456,1∶14 481.54,1∶14 481.54。 结论:人轮状病毒ZTR-5株可在Vero细胞上稳定增殖,所制备的疫苗具良好免疫原性,用128EU/2次免疫即可获得良好的免疫效果。     

HDL能抵抗内毒素引起得小鼠损伤

目的:观察HDL、LPS和(HDL+LPS)对小鼠血液SOD及MDA的影响,研究HDL抗LPS的作用.方法:(1)用不同浓度的PEG-6000离心人血浆脂蛋白,提取HDL并脱脂;(2)给小鼠注射HDL,LPS或HDL+LPS,对照组小鼠注射生理盐水;观察小鼠存活时间,测定其血液中SOD活性及MDA含量.结果:(1)相比对照组及HDL组,LPS组和HDL+LPS组小鼠的存活时间明显缩短,且后两者之间存在显著性差异;(2)LPS组小鼠血浆中SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,均和其他三组有显著性差异.结论:LPS能使内毒素损伤小鼠血浆中SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,HDL有抗内毒素损伤的作用.     

毕赤酵母表达的含前S1、前S2和S表位乙肝表面抗原疫苗的制备和免疫原性研究

整合了乙肝表面抗原嵌合基因SS1和SS2的毕赤酵母工程菌株GS115-SS1S2经高密度发酵培养,甲醇诱导,抗原表达量达到300~600mg/L发酵液。SS1S2抗原经细胞破碎、硅胶吸附、疏水层析和凝胶过滤纯化,纯度达99%以上,每升培养物可收获纯化抗原82mg。纯化的SS1S2抗原经Al(OH)3吸附,在NIH小鼠中进行免疫效果评价。三组NIH雌性小鼠,分别腹腔接种2.5μg、0.625μg和0.156μgSS1S2疫苗或商品化的单S疫苗。部分小鼠在30天时采血,测定各疫苗组的ED50值。在SS1S2疫苗组,前S1、前S2和S抗原的ED50值分别为0.46、0.29和0.84μg,而S疫苗组S抗原的ED50为0.99μg。另一部分小鼠分别在7天和14天时采血,考察抗体阳转率与时间的关系。SS1S2疫苗前S1、前S2抗体阳转率在7d和14d时比S抗体的阳转率为高,提示前S抗体出现的时间较早。上述结果显示SS1S2疫苗比单S疫苗具有更好的免疫原性。     

Alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase and starch synthesis in amyloplasts

The aim of this work was to see if amyloplasts contained inorganic pyrophosphatase. Alkaline pyrophosphatase activity, largely dependant upon MgCl₂ but not affected by 100 M ammonium molybdate or 60–100 mM KCl, was demonstrated in exracts of developing and mature clubs of the spadix of Arum maculatum L. and of suspension cultures of Glycine max L., but not in extracts of the developing bulb of Allium cepa L. The maximum catalytic activity of alkaline pyrophosphatase in the above tissues showed a positive correlation with starch synthesis, and in the first two tissues was shown to exceed the activity of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. Of the alkaline pyrophosphatase activity in lysates of protoplasts of suspension cultures of Glycine max, 57% was latent. Density-gradient centrifugation of these lysates showed a close correlation between the distribution of alkaline pyrophosphatase and the plastid marker, nitrite reductase. It is suggested that much, if not all, of the alkaline pyrophosphatase in suspension cultures of Glycine max is located in the plastids.Abbreviations PPase inorganic pyrophosphatase - PPi inorganic pyrophosphate     

Isolation and Screening of Alkaline Lipase-producing Fungi from Brazilian Savanna Soil

Summary Fifty-nine lipase-producing fungal strains were isolated from Brazilian savanna soil by employing enrichment culture tecniques. An agar plate medium containing bile salts and olive oil emulsion was employed for isolating and growing fungi in primary screening assay. Twenty-one strains were selected by the ratio of the lipolytic halo radius and the colonies radius. Eleven strains were considered good producers under conditions of submerged liquid fermentation (shaken cultures) and solid-state fermentation. The most productive strain, identified as Colletotrichum gloesporioides, produced 27,700 U/l of lipase under optimized conditions and the crude lipase preparation was capable of hydrolysing a broad range of substrates including lard, natural oils and tributyrin.     

Alkaline phytase from Lilium longiflorum: purification and structural characterization

Phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells. Phytases are of great commercial importance because their use as food and animal feed supplement has been approved by many countries to alleviate environmental and nutritional problems. Although acid phytases have been extensively studied, information regarding alkaline phytases is limited. Alkaline phytases with unique catalytic properties have been identified in plants, however, there is no report on the purification or structural properties. In this paper, we describe the purification of alkaline phytase from plant tissue. The purification was challenging because of contamination from non-specific phosphatases and acid phytases and low endogenous concentration. The purification of alkaline phytase from pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum involved selective precipitation by heat and ammonium sulfate followed by anion exchange and chromatofocusing chromatography and, finally, gel electrophoresis. Alkaline phytase was purified approximately 3000-fold with an overall recovery of 4.2%. The native molecular mass was estimated to be in the range of 118+/-7 kDa by Ferguson plot analysis and Mr of denatured protein in the range of 52-55 kDa by SDS-PAGE suggesting that the enzyme is a homodimer. Separation by 2-D gel and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis of separated proteins indicates the presence of multiple mass and charge isoforms with pI values between 7.3 and 8.3. To our knowledge, this is the first alkaline phytase to be purified from plant sources. The unique properties suggest that the enzyme has the potential to be useful as a feed and food supplement.     

Alkaline phosphatase activities of anAnabaena sp. from deep-water rice

Anabaena sp. grew with mono- and di-ester phosphate compounds as sources of phosphate, indicating the presence of phosphomonoesterase (PMEase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activities. Cell-bound PMEase and PDEase activities were detected during growth in 0.5 and 10 mg PO₄l^–1 only when the cellular phosphate concentration fell to 0.46% of cell protein and the activities increased as cellular phosphate content decreased. The K_m values for these enzymes were 0.3mm forp-nitrophenyl phosphate and 0.2mm for bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, respectively. Only PMEase activity was found extracellularly. The pH optima for PMEase and PDEase were 10.2 and 10.4, respectively, and the temperature optima at pH 10.2 were 37°C and 40°C, respectively. Ca²⁺ increased the enzyme activities while Zn²⁺ caused marked inhibition. The inorganic phosphate repressed the cellular PMEase activity after a lag of 4 h.     

Inactivation of the pgsA Gene Affects Biosynthesis and Secretion of Alkaline Phosphatase in Escherichia coli

Inactivation of pgsA, which is responsible for biosynthesis of anionic phospholipid phosphatidyl-glycerol (PG), was shown to affect biosynthesis and secretion of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) in Escherichia coli. A decrease in PG, but not in total anionic phospholipids, correlated with reduction of PhoA secretion, suggesting the role of PG in this process. A dramatic decrease in PG (from 18 to 3, but not 8, percent of the total phospholipids) inhibited not only secretion, but also synthesis of PhoA. In addition, pgsA inactivation expedited repression of PhoA synthesis by exogenous orthophosphate.     

Alkaline phosphatase at the cell wall of the yeast phase ofParacoccidioides brasiliensis

The activity of alkaline phosphatase demonstrated by histochemical techniques was shown at the cell wall of the yeast form ofParacoccidioides brasiliensis at 3, 6, and 9 days of culture. The results showed a very active deposition at the cell wall as early as 9 days of culture of the fungus which made us think an inactive salt precipitate was also present.     

Polarized Growth of Fungal Hyphae Is Defined by an Alkaline pH Gradient

Robson, G. D., Prebble, E., Rickers, A., Hosking, S., Denning, D. W., Trinci, A. P. J., and Robertson, W. 1996. Polarized growth of fungal hyphae is defined by an alkaline pH gradient.Fungal Genetics and Biology20,289–298. Polarized cell growth is exhibited by a diverse range of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The events which are responsible for this growth are poorly understood. However, the existence of ion gradients may play an important role in establishing and driving cell polarity. Using a pH-sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent dye to monitor intracellular pH in growing fungal hyphae, we report a gradient at the extending hyphal tip that is up to 1.4 pH units more alkaline than more distal regions. Both the magnitude and the length of the pH gradient were strongly correlated with the rate of hyphal extension and eradication of the gradient-arrested growth. These results suggest that alkaline pH gradients may be integral to hyphal extension in fungi.     

Alkaline adaptation induces cross-protection against some environmental stresses and morphological change in Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The relationship between alkaline adaptation and the resistance against environmental stresses was examined in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Alkali-adapted cells were found to have increased resistance against various stresses, including heat, crystal violet, deoxycholic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. However, alkali-adapted cells showed no increased resistance against acid stress and heat-adapted cells did not show increased resistance against alkaline stress. Furthermore, alkaline treatment induced cell elongation with heterogenous size of the bacterium.     

Schistosoma mansoni: molecular characterization of Alkaline Phosphatase and expression patterns across life cycle stages

Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the Schistosoma mansoni Alkaline Phosphatase (SmAP), previously identified in the tegument of adult worms. SmAP encodes a complete sequence composed of 536 amino acids containing an N-terminal signal peptide, five N-glycosylation sites, and a GPI anchor signal, similar to that described for mammalian orthologs. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot experiments suggest a rapid translation as soon as cercariae are transformed into schistosomula. Immunolocalization analysis shows that the protein is widely distributed in the worm tissues, with increased concentration in the vitelline glands of female parasites. Furthermore, the surface localization of this enzyme was quantitatively supported by its enzymatic activity in live ex vivo or cultured parasites throughout the life cycle stages. The fact that cercariae accumulate large amounts of SmAP mRNA, which rapidly translates into protein upon schistosomula transformation, indicates it may have an important role in host invasion.     

A Highly Active Alkaline Phosphatase from the Marine Bacterium Cobetia

An alkaline phosphatase with unusually high specific activity has been found to be produced by the marine bacterium Cobetia marina (strain KMM MC-296) isolated from coelomic liquid of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. The properties of enzyme, such as a very high specific activity (15000 DE U/1 mg of protein), no activation with divalent cations, resistance to high concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, as well as substrate specificity toward 5′ nucleotides suggest that the enzyme falls in an intermediate position between unspecific alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1) and 5′ nucleotidases (EC 3.1.3.5).