烟曲霉FADB基因参与菌株耐药的潜在机理

FAD结合的氧化还原酶编码基因FADB (GenBank ID:Afu4g14630)的编码产物在烟曲霉中为一种与FAD结合的氧化还原酶,可能参与真菌的呼吸。为了探究其具体功能,本研究通过克隆烟曲霉FADB基因,构建烟曲霉FADB基因的敲除株,了解该基因对烟曲霉药物敏感性、渗透压、氧化压力物质敏感性的作用机理。采用高通量基因替换方法构建出FADB基因的敲除盒,筛选出符合的烟曲霉FADB敲除株ΔFADB。观察该突变株与野生株AF293对药物敏感性、氧化压力、渗透压物质敏感性的变化。利用E-test法检测ΔFADB对3种唑类药物(泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑)的敏感性,结果证实ΔFADB对泊沙康唑的敏感性明显提高。在渗透压和氧化压力的培养试验中,与野生株AF293相比较,ΔFADB对氧化剂D-山梨醇和甲萘醌更敏感。加入泊沙康唑后,ΔFADB比野生株AF293产生的活性氧更多。说明烟曲霉FADB基因参与泊沙康唑抗烟曲霉机制并起到一定作用,该基因诱导的氧化应激反应可能是抗真菌药物杀伤真菌的作用机制之一,本研究为烟曲霉唑类耐药机制的研究提供了新的理论基础。     

白念珠菌高铁还原酶职FRP1基因的功能

白念珠菌((Candida albicans)获得铁的能力影响细胞的生长和毒力,高铁还原酶是白念珠菌高亲和铁吸收系统的重要组成部分.[目的]构建高铁还原酶FRP1(Ferric reductase protein)基因缺失突变株,对FRP1基因功能进行初步研究.[方法]使用Northem杂交的方法分析FRP1基因在缺铁和富铁条件下的表达.利用PCR介导的基因敲除技术构建frp1缺失突变株,并且对野生型和缺失突变株在细胞高铁还原酶活性以及缺铁条件下的生长情况进行比较分析.[结果]缺铁条件可以诱导FRP1基因的表达.frp1缺失突变株不能在铁缺陷的固体培养基上生长.[结论]FRP1蛋白可能是白念珠菌在缺铁条件下起主要作用的高铁还原酶.     

白念珠菌高铁还原酶FRP1基因的功能

白念珠菌((Candida albicans)获得铁的能力影响细胞的生长和毒力,高铁还原酶是白念珠菌高亲和铁吸收系统的重要组成部分.[目的]构建高铁还原酶FRP1(Ferric reductase protein)基因缺失突变株,对FRP1基因功能进行初步研究.[方法]使用Northem杂交的方法分析FRP1基因在缺铁和富铁条件下的表达.利用PCR介导的基因敲除技术构建frp1缺失突变株,并且对野生型和缺失突变株在细胞高铁还原酶活性以及缺铁条件下的生长情况进行比较分析.[结果]缺铁条件可以诱导FRP1基因的表达.frp1缺失突变株不能在铁缺陷的固体培养基上生长.[结论]FRP1蛋白可能是白念珠菌在缺铁条件下起主要作用的高铁还原酶.     

烟曲霉af-fadO基因敲除株构建揭示该基因在恩波吡维胺与唑类协同抗烟曲霉中的作用

恩波吡维胺(pyrviniumpamoate,PP)是一种传统抗寄生虫药,与唑类联合具有协同抗烟曲霉作用。af-fadO(FADbindingoxidoreductase,FAD依赖性氧化还原酶)基因的编码产物在烟曲霉中推定为一种与FAD结合的氧化还原酶,可能参与真菌的氧化呼吸过程。通过敲除烟曲霉af-fadO基因,构建烟曲霉af-fadO基因的敲除株,揭示该基因及其编码蛋白在PP与唑类协同抗烟曲霉中的作用,并探索了其对烟曲霉药物敏感性和渗透压、氧化压力物质敏感性的影响。本研究采用同源重组构建出af-fadO基因的敲除盒,筛选出符合的烟曲霉af-fadO敲除株Δaf-fadO。利用纸片法和棋盘法观察该突变株与野生株WT(ku80,pyrG+)在PP与唑类(泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑)联合抗烟曲霉中的敏感性变化。同时,观察该突变株与野生株WT对氧化压力(H2O2和甲萘醌)、渗透压物质(NaCl、D-山梨醇)敏感性的变化。体外联合药物敏感性试验结果显示Δaf-fadO对PP与泊沙康唑的分级抑菌浓度指数(fractional inhibitory concentration index, ...     

高亲和性铁离子渗透酶Ftr1和Ftr2调控白念珠菌生长和形态

摘要:【目的】通过分析FTR1、FTR2基因缺失株在不同培养条件下的生长情况以及菌丝生长能力,明确高亲和性铁离子渗透酶在白念珠菌生长和形态发生中的功能。【方法】将不同基因型的菌株分别置于不同的培养基和培养温度下进行培养,对其生长速度以及菌丝的生长状态进行观察,获取相应的实验结果。【结果】FTR1或FTR2单基因缺失对于白念珠菌的生长没有显著的影响,但是FTR1、FTR2双基因缺失使白念珠菌在Spider培养基中不能生长,铁离子的增加能够恢复该双基因缺失株的生长能力。FTR1、FTR2双基因缺失株在营养贫瘠的合成培养基上生长速度也较慢。此外,ftr1/frt1菌株的菌丝生长能力增强,而ftr2/ftr2菌株的菌丝生长能力减弱。双突变株ftr1/ftr1 ftr2/ftr2的菌丝生长能力能够恢复到野生对照株的水平。【结论】Ftr1与Ftr2对白念珠菌在微量铁元素环境中的生存有着重要的作用,还参与了白念珠菌对碳源N-乙酰葡萄糖胺、乙醇和甘油等的利用。此外,Ftr1对白念珠菌菌丝生长起负调控作用,Ftr2对菌丝生长起正调控作用。因此,ftr1/ftr1 ftr2/ftr2双基因突变株的菌丝生长能力能够恢复到野生对照株的水平。     

几种白念珠菌高铁还原酶基因的功能研究

【目的】高铁还原酶在白念珠菌铁离子获得过程中发挥着重要作用。通过研究高铁还原酶基因的功能和表达调控,揭示其不同的环境应答策略。【方法】通过Northern杂交的方法分析不同低铁环境对高铁还原酶基因表达水平的影响。构建高铁还原酶基因缺失菌株,探究基因缺失后对细胞表面高铁还原酶活力和生长状况的影响。利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察Frp1蛋白的细胞学定位。【结果】酸性条件显著上调FRE10基因的表达水平,而碱性条件能显著提高FRE2基因的表达量。在酸性条件下,FRE10基因的缺失会显著地下调细胞表面高铁还原酶活力。在碱性条件下,fre2Δ/Δ缺失菌株表现出严重缺陷的生长能力和显著降低的表面高铁还原酶活力。细胞学定位实验发现Frp1蛋白位于液泡中。【结论】FRE2和FRE10基因的表达模式主要是酸碱依赖性的。Fre2是碱性条件下高铁还原酶活力的主要贡献者。Frp1蛋白位于液泡中,在液泡内储存铁的活化和转运过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

白假丝酵母CFL1基因通过转录调控参与氧化压力应答

【背景】CFL1基因是白假丝酵母高铁还原酶基因,介导胞外铁离子的还原,在白假丝酵母胞内铁稳态的维持方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】研究CFL1基因调节氧化压力应答的分子机制。【方法】采用液体培养及巨噬细胞模型,测定CFL1缺失对氧化压力耐受性和杀伤巨噬细胞能力的影响;使用羟基自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)分析其对缓解氧化压力敏感性的影响;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析CFL1缺失对氧化压力应答基因表达的影响;采用过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定方法研究CFL1缺失对CAT1基因表达的影响;通过构建WT-CAT1-GFP和cfl1Δ/Δ-CAT1-GFP菌株分析过氧化氢酶基因过表达对cfl1Δ/Δ氧化压力敏感性的影响。【结果】白假丝酵母CFL1基因的缺失会造成杀伤巨噬细胞能力的减弱,氧化压力应答基因表达的下降。过氧化氢酶基因的过表达则能恢复与野生型几乎一致的氧化压力水平。【结论】CFL1基因通过转录调控参与白假丝酵母氧化压力应答过程。     

S. fre dii WGF03 SiR基因的功能鉴定

亚硫酸盐还原酶催化亚硫酸盐还原为硫化物,参与了生物硫循环。为了明确亚硫酸盐还原酶在S. fredii WGF03中是否与亚硫酸盐同化途径有关,通过分子克隆技术,采用同源双交换的方法,利用质粒pK18mobs ac B构建SiR基因缺失突变体SiRI。用不同硫源的液体MM培养基培养检测,发现互补菌株CSiRI与野生型菌株能够利用亚硫酸盐作为唯一硫源,而突变体SiRI却不能,结果证实了亚硫酸还原酶确实与亚硫酸盐同化途径有关。植株试验表明突变株SiRI比野生菌株WGF03推迟结瘤2~3 d,固氮酶活比野生菌株低12%左右,但在瘤数,瘤重,植株干重的平均值却差异不大。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛fimH基因缺失突变株的构建及部分生物学特性的分析

基于禽大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因的已知序列,利用λ噬菌体的Red重组系统构建禽致病性大肠杆菌国内分离株A2(血清型O2:K89)Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因缺失突变株A2△fimH::Cat,在二次重组中利用携带能够表达FLP位点特异性重组酶的质粒pCP20(温度敏感性)以去除上述缺失突变株中抗性基因标志,结合PCR扩增和测序结果,证明fimH基因缺失株.A2△fimH的正确构建.通过fimH基因互补试验使A2△fimH缺失突变株恢复了与野生株具有相同的凝集活性.红细胞和酵母细胞凝集试验结果表明,野生株呈现良好的凝集效果,并能被0.5%甘露糖完全抑制,而A2△fimH缺失突变株未呈现任何凝集现象.体外生长试验结果表明,在同样的培养条件下,A2△fimH缺失突变株生长周期的各个阶段都要稍慢于野生株.禽致病性大肠杆菌国内分离株Ⅰ型菌毛黏附素fimH基因缺失突变株成功构建,为进一步深入研究禽大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛与机体相互作用的分子机制,肠道外感染的致病机理及对国内禽大肠杆菌病的防控策略奠定了一定基础.     

AmoA、AmoE和AmoF蛋白在嗜水气单胞菌铁载体合成中的作用研究

铁载体被认为是嗜水气单胞菌的毒力因子之一, 其由amoCEBFAGH七个基因编码, AmoCGH在前人的研究中已证实参与铁载体的合成。RT-PCR实验表明amoAEF基因的表达受到铁的调控。为进一步探究amoAEF基因的功能, 利用融合PCR和基因同源重组原理, 以自杀性质粒PRE112为载体构建基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF。通过CAS平板检测实验以及arnow实验来检测野生株WT与各基因缺失突变株铁载体的合成情况, 并比较野生株与各缺失株在低铁培养基中的生长差异。结果显示, 成功构建了基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF; 在富铁条件下, 基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF的生长与野生株无显著性差异, 但在低铁条件下, 基因缺失株ΔamoA、ΔamoE和ΔamoF的生长能力、铁载体合成能力显著低于野生株。可见, amoA、amoE和amoF基因是嗜水气单胞菌铁载体合成的关键基因, 其缺失会导致细菌在低铁环境中的生长受到抑制。     

Expression and regulation of the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) in Rhizobium japonicum

The glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene of Escherichia coli was transferred into an ammonium assimilation deficient mutant (Asm^-) of Rhizobium japonicum (CJ9) using plasmid pRP301, a broad host range derivative of RP₄. Exconjugants capable of growth on ammonia as sole N-source occurred at a frequency of 6.8×10^-6. Assimilatory GDH (NADP⁺) activity was detected in the strain carrying the E. coli gdh gene and the pattern of ammonia assimilation via GDH was similar to that of the Asm⁺ wild type strain. However, GDH mediated ammonia assimilation was not subject to regulation by l-glutamate. Nitrogenase activity was expressed ex planta in R. japonicum CJ9 harbouring the gdh gene, however, the presence of the gdh gene did not restore symbiotic effectiveness to the CJ9 Asm^- strain in nodules. The gdh plasmid was maintained in approximately 90% of the isolates recovered from soybean nodules.Abbreviations gdh glutamate dehydrogenase - Asm^- mutant ammonia assimilation deficient mutant     

Effect of aPMR1 disruption on the processing of heterologous glycoproteins secreted in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae

TheSaccharomyces cerevisiae PMR1 gene encodes a Ca²⁺-ATPase localized in the Golgi. We have investigated the effects ofPMR1 disruption inS. cerevisiae on the glycosylation and secretion of three heterologous glycoproteins, human α₁-antitrypsin (α₁-AT), human antithrombin III (ATHIII), andAspergillus niger glucose oxidase (GOD). Thepmr1 null mutant strain secreted larger amounts of ATHIII and GOD proteins per a unit cell mass than the wild type strain. Despite a lower growth rate of thepmr1 mutant, two-fold higher level of human ATHIII was detected in the culture supernatant from thepmr1 mutant compared to that of the wild-type strain. Thepmr1 mutant strain secreted α₁-AT and the GOD proteins mostly as core-glycosylated forms, in contrast to the hyperglycosylated proteins secreted in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the core-glycosylated forms secreted in thepmr1 mutant migrated slightly faster on SDS-PAGE than those secreted in themnn9 deletion mutant and the wild type strains. Analysis of the recombinant GOD with anti-α1,3-mannose antibody revealed that GOD secreted in thepmr1 mutant did not have terminal α1,3-linked mannoses unlike those secreted in themnn9 mutant and the wild type strains. The present results indicate that thepmr1 mutant, with the super-secretion phenotype, is useful as a host system to produce recombinant glycoproteins lacking high-mannose outer chains.     

酿酒酵母全基因组范围内筛选MTM1基因的抑制基因

MTM1 基因对于维持锰超氧化物歧化酶的活性和线粒体正常功能十分重要,MTM1 基因的缺失会严重影响酵母锰超氧化物歧化酶活性,并损伤线粒体功能,因此在非发酵培养基上不能生长．利用MTM1 基因缺失的突变体在非发酵培养基上的生长缺陷,转入酵母基因组文库筛选MTM1 抑制基因,发现MTM1基因缺失造成的损伤一旦形成不可逆转,重新引入MTM1 基因也无法挽救,直接筛选无法得到抑制基因．为了避免MTM1缺失造成的不可逆损伤,在野生型酵母中先转入带有MTM1 基因的质粒,再敲除染色体上的MTM1 基因,随后转入基因组文库,再利用药物5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)迫使细胞丢失表达MTM1基因的外源质粒,再筛选能在非发酵培养基上生长的转化子,通过这种方法筛选发现,POR2等5个基因的过表达可以挽救MTM1 基因缺失造成的非发酵培养基上的生长缺陷,为深入了解MTM1基因的功能提供了线索,对筛选其他造成不可逆损伤的突变基因的抑制基因提供了一条可行的研究思路．     

Characterisation of the laccase-encoding gene abr2 of the dihydroxynaphthalene-like melanin gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an important pathogen of the immunocompromised host. Previously, it was shown that the polyketide synthase encoded by the pksP (alb1) gene represents a virulence determinant. pksP is part of a gene cluster involved in dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-like melanin biosynthesis. Because a putative laccase-encoding gene (abr2) is also part of the cluster and a laccase was found to represent a virulence factor in Cryptococcus neoformans, here, the Abr2 laccase was characterised. Deletion of the abr2 gene changed the gray-green conidial pigment to a brown color and the ornamentation of conidia was reduced compared with wild-type conidia. In contrast to the white pksP mutant, the susceptibility of the Δabr2 mutant against reactive oxygen species (ROS) was not increased, suggesting that the intermediate of DHN-like melanin produced up to the step catalysed by Abr2 already possesses ROS scavenging activity. In an intranasal mouse infection model, the Δabr2 mutant strain showed no reduction in virulence compared with the wild type. In the Δabr2 mutant, overall laccase activity was reduced only during sporulation, but not during vegetative growth. An abr2p-lacZ gene fusion was expressed during sporulation, but not during vegetative growth confirming the pattern of laccase activity due to Abr2.     

Operation of the cbb3-type terminal oxidase in Azotobacter vinelandii

A part of the gene encoding cbb ₃-type cytochrome oxidase CcoN subunit was cloned from Azotobacter vinelandii and a mutant strain of this bacterium with disrupted ccoN gene was constructed. In contrast to the wild type strain, this one is unable to oxidize cytochromes c ₄ and c ₅. Thus, the A. vinelandii respiratory chain is shown to contain cbb ₃-type cytochrome c oxidase. It is also shown that the activity of this enzyme is not necessary for diazotrophic growth of A. vinelandii at high oxygen concentrations.     

Deficiency in frataxin homologue YFH1 in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii leads to missregulation of iron acquisition and riboflavin biosynthesis and affects sulfate assimilation

Pichia guilliermondii is a representative of yeast species that overproduce riboflavin (vitamin B₂) in response to iron deprivation. P. guilliermondii YFH1 gene coding for frataxin homologue, eukaryotic mitochondrial protein involved in iron trafficking and storage, was identified and deleted. Constructed P. guilliermondii Δyfh1 mutant grew very poorly in a sucrose-containing synthetic medium supplemented with sulfate or sulfite as a sole sulfur source. Addition of sodium sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, N-acetyl-l-cysteine partially restored growth rate of the mutant suggesting that it is impaired in sulfate assimilation. Cellular iron content in Δyfh1 mutant was ~3–3.5 times higher as compared to the parental strain. It produced 50–70 times more riboflavin in iron sufficient synthetic media relative to the parental wild-type strain. Biomass yield of the mutant in the synthetic glutathione containing medium supplemented with glycerol as a sole carbon source was 1.4- and 2.6-fold increased as compared to sucrose and succinate containing media, respectively. Oxygen uptake of the Δyfh1 mutant on sucrose, glycerol or succinate, when compared to the parental strain, was decreased 5.5-, 1.7- and 1.5-fold, respectively. Substitution of sucrose or glycerol in the synthetic iron sufficient medium with succinate completely abolished riboflavin overproduction by the mutants. Deletion of the YFH1 gene caused hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and exogenously added riboflavin and led to alterations in superoxide dismutase activities. Thus, deletion of the gene coding for yeast frataxin homologue has pleiotropic effect on metabolism in P. guilliermondii.