金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒的免疫治疗策略

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素（staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs）是由金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）分泌的一类具有呕吐活性的细菌外毒素，可引起严重的炎症反应和食物中毒。SEs具有超抗原活性，可与T细胞受体的可变区和MHC II类分子形成三元复合物（TCR-SEs-MHC II），直接刺激T淋巴细胞大量产生肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、白介素（interleukin,IL）-2、IL-6和γ干扰素（interferon γ,IFN-γ）等细胞因子，从而导致中毒性休克综合征（toxicshocksyndrome, TSS）。在临床常见的SEs中，肠毒素A (staphylococcalenterotoxin A, SEA)和肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)是出现频率最高、毒性最大、危害最严重的两种。目前尚没有针对SEs中毒治疗策略的综述性研究。本文首先概述了SEs的分类、结构及毒性作用，重点围绕SEA和SEB，分析了TCR-SEs-MHC II类...     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B型(SEB)是一种典型的T细胞性超抗原,可引起T细胞多克隆活化。本文综述了金黄色葡萄球菌SEB的结构功能,生物学效应,诊断及治疗方面的研究进展,并重点介绍了金黄色葡萄球菌SEB的临床应用。     

超级抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用

超级抗原（Superantigen,SAg）作为一种优秀的免疫激活剂,通过诱导T细胞的活化来增强机体抗肿瘤免疫反应,可能是未来肿瘤免疫治疗的新希望。“超级抗原”一词在1989年被首次提出,用来描述细菌毒素对免疫系统的高效刺激特性。金黄色葡萄球菌能产生约20种不同类型的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素（Staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs),这类蛋白质抗原是典型的细菌超级抗原,是一种能够在极低浓度下即可有效刺激细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性和促进细胞因子产生的诱导剂。超级抗原通过与抗原呈递细胞（APCs）上的主要组织相容性复合体II（MHC-II）的外沟和T细胞受体（Tcr）的特异性Vβ区交叉结合,直接激活T淋巴细胞,使含有TCR Vβ结构域的T细胞进行超表达,使免疫细胞释放大量的抗肿瘤细胞因子和其他效应分子。基于免疫细胞具有识别自我和非我的特点,超级抗原利用人体自身免疫系统杀死肿瘤细胞,因此在肿瘤免疫治疗领域具有巨大应用潜力。对超级抗原的生物活性特征、临床抗肿瘤效果、药物开发策略等多方面进行简要综述,并对其未来应用前景加以展望。对超级抗原的作用机理及临床应用的深入研究,将有助于肿瘤免疫治疗的发展,从而使通过T淋巴细胞干预治疗恶性肿瘤成为可能。     

用竞争性ELISA方法测量葡萄球菌蛋白A和价测携带蛋白A的葡萄球菌菌株

<正>引言 葡萄球菌蛋白A(SPA)在组织免疫学和血清学方面已经成为广泛使用的工具。大多数致病性金黄色萄萄球菌产生萄萄球菌蛋白A。线形的SPA多肽链与细胞壁共价结合,有些缺乏细胞结合SPA位点的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株变种大量产生细胞外SPA,而具有麦面SPA的菌株释放可溶性细胞外SPA: 使用ELISA类心法做为葡萄球菌肠毒     

肠毒素C2中Met24对其超抗原活性无重要作用

目的:分析金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的T细胞受体结合区域α3结构中,第24位甲硫氨酸对其超抗原活性的影响作用.方法:应用定点突变技术对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的Met24进行无意义突变,获得突变蛋白SEC2(M24A),对突变蛋白和野生型蛋白的体内、体外超抗原活性进行比较.结果:分别对野生型蛋白及突变蛋白的免疫刺激活性、肿瘤抑制活性、体内致热毒性进行了比较,发现突变蛋白的增值指数(PI)、抑瘤率、热源效应与野生型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),这表明对第24位甲硫氨酸的替换没有对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的超抗原活性造成明显影响.结论:在金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的α3结构中,Met24并不是决定其超抗原活性的重要氨基酸残基.     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素是由金黄色葡萄球菌分泌的一类胞外毒素,其中传统型为SEA-SEE,具有催吐活性。目前也发现了一些催吐活性未知的新类型肠毒素,命名为SEls。所有肠毒素的分子量都在22-28KDa之间,由单一肽链组成,其稳定性好,可耐大多数蛋白水解酶。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素具有较强的超抗原特性,可促使T淋巴细胞大量增殖,同时表现出对组织相容性复合物Ⅱ类分子(MHCⅡ)等位基因的不同偏爱性。超抗原的产生和调控依赖agr系统,同时也受其它因素的调控,如一些氨基酸。因此在免疫治疗中具有着重要作用。本文从性质、组成、结构、功能、检测方法等方面对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素进行简要介绍,为肠毒素的研究提供依据。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B用于肿瘤治疗的研究现状

自从 195 4年发现肠毒素B(SEB)以来 ,人们对它的研究就一直没有停止。随着对治疗恶性肿瘤药物研究的进展 ,肠毒素B逐渐成为人们注意的焦点。肠毒素B作为超抗原 ,激活T淋巴细胞 ,致使其释放细胞因子 ,从而达到杀伤肿瘤细胞的目的。不同细胞周期的T细胞对作为超抗原的肠毒素B的反应不同。AtsuoOchi等将肠毒素B和一功能蛋白Id通过化学方法连接在一起 ,在小鼠体内建立淋巴瘤系 38C13模型中应用 ,达到了很好的治疗效果。SEB 抗 Id结合物能够活化体内Vβ 8+T细胞、阻止体内Id +B淋巴瘤的过度增殖。LewisE等用黑色素瘤细胞在小鼠体内建立肿瘤模型 ,并用SEB和双特异性抗体bsAb研究了抗活体肿瘤的效果。BethA .Pulaski建立了缺少免疫原性鼠 4T1乳腺癌术后动物模型 ,研究了SEB和MHCⅡ ,CD80联合细胞免疫对乳腺癌的治疗。KyojiOka da等同时将SEB和西法安生应用于抗鼠骨肉瘤研究 ,发现抑瘤效果良好 ,而且会在转移病灶处引发细胞凋亡。     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的病原体,它产生多种类型的毒素,从而引起各种类型的疾病。金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(Staphylococcal enterotoxins,SEs),是一组血清学上互不相同的热稳定肠毒素,有10个血清型。由于食入了被SEs污染的食品而主要引起肠胃炎,此外,SEs还是一种强的超抗原,它可以刺激非特异性T细胞增殖。SEs各型之间有着相似的结构和功能。     

葡萄球菌肠毒素的研究进展

葡萄球菌肠毒素是引起细菌性食物中毒的主要原因之一,葡萄球菌肠毒素按照血清学的方法可分为SEA、SEB、SEC1-3、SED和SEE等七个经典肠毒素。但仍有5％未知的新型肠毒素存在,其编码基因有seg、sei、sej、sek、sel等。葡萄球菌肠毒素也是一种超抗原,能刺激非特异性T细胞的大量增殖。本文对葡萄球菌肠毒素结构、编码基因和功能等方面的研究进展作了简要综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌滤液制剂中肠毒素的检测研究

使用反向被动血凝试验(RPHA),对金黄色葡萄球菌滤液制剂中的肠毒素(SET)进行了检测研究.证明已生产和临床应用近10 a的金黄色葡萄球菌滤液制剂中检测到SET存在.其型别系属SET中的C型.按原生产工艺所生产的金黄色葡萄球菌滤液制剂原液中SET的含量在12.5～50 mg/L.生产时欲提高SET含量的条件试验中证实,使用葡萄球菌产毒的胰酪胨综合培养基,以摇瓶方式培养24～36 h,可使SET含量比用生产培养基培养提高16倍.金黄色萄萄球菌滤液制剂中SET的成分是极其稳定的,室温存放2 a未见该成分降低.其半衰期可达4 a.在采用RPHA和RPLA检测SET比较试验中证明:RPLA试剂的敏感性高于RPHA的4倍.但对于检测金黄色葡萄球菌滤液制剂中SET的实际含量几乎是相等的.     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.     

Mitochondrial antioxidant defence in radio-resistantLepidopteran insect cells

Cells isolated from Lepidopteran insects (butterfly and moths) display very high radioresistance as compared to mammals and other insect species. Since free radical induced mitochondrial damage under stress conditions is very crucial for cellular fate determination, antioxidant system is the major protective modality required to minimize stress-induced damage and to modulate cellular sensitivity. In this study, we predict the mitochondrial localization potential and co-existence of important antioxidant enzymes in insect cells and compare with other radiosensitive (mammals, Dipteran insects) and radioresistant (nematodes) species. Our study clearly demonstrates the inter-species variation in then localization potential of various antioxidant enzymes. A higher mitochondrial localization potential as a function of mitoprot score was evident for all important antioxidant enzymes in the lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori (Mn-SOD, 0.694; GPx, 0.862; TRPx, 0.997; TR, 0.9), besides an unusual mitochondrial localization prediction for catalase (0.453). We further found coexistence of glutathione and thioredoxin system in the mitochondria of lepidopteran insects as also reported in various plant species. On the basis of above observations, we hypothesize that a strong mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme system including the unusual coexistence of catalase, glutathione and thioredoxin system may help minimize the free radical mediated damage to mitochondria and can contribute to the intrinsic radioresistance of lepidopteran insects.     

Invited Review Free Radicals in Foods

During the last decade increasing attention has been given to the role of free radicals in biological oxidations. The subject has been of increasing interest to both the food scientist and the physiologist. Free radical scavengers in the form of both indigenous and added antioxidants are necessary for the successful preservation of food; free radicals are increasingly being implicated in the onset of, among others, ischaemic heart disease and for protection against these diseases it is suggested that the dietary intake of the antioxidant vitamins should be increased especially for diets high in polyunsaturated fats. ^1,2 Convenience and snack foods which absorb substantial amounts of frying oils are being increasingly consumed. Since poly-unsaturated fatty acids are particularly susceptible to oxidation by free radicals during the storage, cooking and frying of foods, the potential risk of exposure to lipid degradation products' is likely to have increased. In foods the non-enzymic and lipoxygenase catalysed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, β-carotene and vitamin A can result in the loss of essential nutrients and the development of off-flavours.     

镉(Cd)与UV-B复合胁迫影响大豆胚轴生长的生理调节机制研究

通过研究大豆胚轴生长及内源吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GAs)、过氧化物酶(POD)和吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAA oxidase)活性变化对Cd、UV-B辐射和Cd UV-B(复合胁迫)的响应。分析了激素水平、酶活性变化以及胚轴生长变化特性。结果表明,UV—B辐射引起大豆上胚轴伸长减小;但Cd对上胚轴伸长无明显影响;Cd UV—B使上胚轴长度比UV—B作用时明显增加。UVB辐射显著降低了胚轴IAA含量;而GAs含量却显著升高;Cd胁迫下IAA和GAs变化并不明显;但Cd UV—B使IAA含量显著升高,而对GAs无明显影响。UVB辐射使IAA氧化酶和POD活性显著增强,而Cd对这两种酶活性影响并不明显;但Cd UV—B复合胁迫下胚轴的IAA水平较高。尽管UVB辐射引起胚轴中GAs含量显著增加,但研究结果显示IAA含量变化是胁迫下引起胚轴生长改变的更直接原因。研究还表明Cd UV—B时,大大削弱了UV—B辐射下IAA氧化酶活性增强,加之Cd对POD活性的抑制,导致复合胁迫下胚轴的IAA水平较高。证明复合胁迫可以改变单一胁迫下植物激素的调控机制。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Cellulose-microfibril-orienting mechanisms in plant cells walls

A brief review is given of the changing views over the years, as knowledge of wall structure has developed, concerning the mechanism whereby cellulose chains may be oriented. This leads to an examination of current concepts, particularly those concerning microtubules. It is shown that none of the mechanisms suggested whereby microtubules might cause orientation of cellulose microfibrils is consistent with the known range of molecular architectures found in plant cell walls. It is further concluded that any mechanism which necessitates an indissoluble link between the plasmalemma and the cellulose-synthesising complex at the tip of a microfibril is unacceptable. A new proposal is presented in which it is speculated that both microtubules and microfibrils are oriented by a mechanism separate from both. It is shown that if two vectors are contemplated, one parallel to cell length and one at right angles, and a sensor exists on the plasmalemma surface which responds to changes in the vectors, then all known wall structures may be explained. The possible nature of the vectors and the sensor are considered.     

The effects of microRNAs in activating neovascularization pathways in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus that causes diabetic macular edema and visual loss. DR is categorized, based on the presence of vascular lesions and neovascularization, into non-proliferative and proliferative DR. Vascular changes in DR correlate with the cellular damage and pathological changes in the capillaries of blood-retinal barrier. Several cytokines have been involved in inducing neovascularization. These cytokines activate different signaling pathways which are mainly responsible for the complications of DR. Recently; microRNAs (miRNAs) have been introduced as the key factors in the regulation of the cytokine expression which plays a critical role in neovascularization of retinal cells. Some studies have demonstrated that changing levels of miRNAs have essential role in the pathophysiology of vascular changes in patients with DR. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of DR via activating neovascularization pathways.     

Changes in defence-related enzymes in rice responding to challenges by Rhizoctonia solani

Sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is becoming a major constraint to rice production, especially in the intensified cultivation system. To know the in rice, it is important to get the knowledge of the activity of defence-related enzymes due to the fungal infection. The pathogen induced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and chitinase activities in rice plants, while suppressing peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities at 36 and 24 h after inoculation, respectively. Induction of two POD isozymes, POD-3 and -4, up to 48 h after inoculation and disappearance of the said isomers at 72 h onwards in rice–Rhizoctonia interaction implicated the role of these isomers in susceptible host–pathogen interaction. Apart from POD and SOD, the activities of other stress-related enzymes, viz. PAL, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-1,3-glucanase were also studied. From this study, it was found that these defence-related enzymes are most significantly related to host–pathogenic interaction.     

Nitric oxide inhibition decreases bleomycin-detectable iron in spleen,bone marrow cells and heart but not in liver in exercise rats

The possible role of nitric oxide on the exercise-induced changes in bleomycin-detectable iron (BDI) in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart was investigated. Female Sprague—Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: S1 (Sedentary), S2 (Sedentary + L-NAME [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester]), E1 (Exercise) and E2 (Exercise + L-NAME). Animals in the E1 and E2 swam for 2 h/day for 3 months. L-NAME in the drinking water (1 mg/ml) was administrated to rats in the S2 and E2 groups for the same period. At the end of the 3rd month, nitrite and nitrate (NOx), BDI and non-heme iron (NHI) contents in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart were measured. The ratio of BDI/NHI was calculated. The exercise induced a significant increase in NOx and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratio in the spleen, bone morrow cells and heart. Treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, led to a significant decrease in NOx and an increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios in these tissues. The correlative analysis showed that there is significantly positive correlation between NOx levels and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratios in the spleen, bone marrow cells and heart. These results suggest that the increased nitric oxide might be one of the reasons leading to the increased BDI levels in these tissues in the exercised rats. In contrast to the above tissues, in the liver, exercise led to a significant decrease rather than increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios with a significant increase in NOx contents. Treatment with L-NAME led to a significant increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios and a decrease in NOx contents in the tissue. These findings plus the results reported by others imply that nitric oxide might have an inhibitory effect on BDI in the liver.     

Microparticles in physiological and in pathological conditions

Chronic diseases pose a severe burden to modern National Health Systems. Individuals nowadays have a far more extended lifespan than in the past, but healthy living was only scantily extended. As much as longer life is desirable, it is saddened by chronic diseases and organ malfunctions. One contributor to these problems was recognized to be represented by microparticles (MPs). Our purpose is to better understand MPs, to contrast their ominous threat and possible clinical importance. For this intent we correlated MPs with thrombotic pathologies, hemophilia, malaria, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunctions, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic stroke, pre-eclampsia, rheumatologic diseases-rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis-dermatomyositis, angiogenesis and tumor progression-cancer; we listed the possibilities of using them to improve transfusion methods, as a marker for acute allograft rejection, in stem cell transplantation, as neuronal biomarkers, to understand gender-specific susceptibility for diseases and to improve vaccination methods and we presented some methods for the detection of MPs.