人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺和活性

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺,并通过粗多糖对果蝇寿命、果蝇体内SOD活性及MDA含量的影响研究了粗多糖的活性。试验结果表明:人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的最佳提取工艺为液料比20∶1、时间2 h、温度90℃、浸提2次、醇沉乙醇浓度70%、醇沉时间为24 h;在该条件下的粗多糖得率为8.65%。孢梗束粗多糖能明显延长雌雄果蝇的寿命,延长率分别为18.78%和26.23%;孢梗束粗多糖能显著提高雌雄果蝇的SOD活性,并明显降低了雄性果蝇体内MDA含量,说明人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖具有抗氧化活性和延长果蝇寿命的作用。     

蛹虫草多糖对果蝇寿命影响的研究

研究了蛹虫草多糖对果蝇寿命的影响.实验结果表明:蛹虫草多糖可明显延长果蝇的最高寿命、平均寿命及半数死亡时间,具有显著的抗衰延寿作用.其中,浓度为0.15%的蛹虫草多糖可使雌性果蝇的最高寿命延长率达21.77%;使雌雄果蝇的平均寿命延长率分别达34.35%和11.24%;使雌雄果蝇的半数死亡时间延长率分别为61.76%和23%.但是蛹虫草多糖对果蝇的延寿作用并不随培养基中虫草多糖浓度的提高而增强,只有在适当的浓度下,才能表现出显著的延寿效果.     

云芝、灵芝和柱状田头菇胞外多糖对果蝇寿命的影响

研究了云芝、灵芝、柱状田头菇等3种食药用真菌胞外多糖及复合多糖对黑腹果蝇寿命的影响.分别将3种食药用真菌胞外多糖及复合多糖以1、5g/L的剂量加入果蝇培养基中,观察对黑腹果蝇寿命的影响.结果表明,3种食药用真菌的胞外多糖及复合多糖对果蝇寿命均有不同程度的延长,云芝5g/L、柱状田头菇5g/L、云芝2.5g/L＋柱状田头菇2.5g/L、灵芝2.5g/L＋柱状田头菇2.5g/L对果蝇平均寿命延长率分别达到了36.38%、46.60%、36.69%、47.08%.     

四种不同来源的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）对黑腹果蝇寿命、 繁殖力和抗逆能力的影响

【目的】 评价不同来源的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）对果蝇延长寿命, 增强繁殖力和抗逆能力的功效。【方法】以黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为实验材料, 比较研究从家蝇Musca domestica中提取的SOD、 在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris中重组表达的人hEC SOD、 在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae中重组表达的中国拟青霉Paecilomyces sinensis SOD (ps-SOD)以及商品SOD对果蝇寿命、 繁殖力和抗逆能力的影响。【结果】在饲料中添加4种SOD均能显著延长果蝇的平均寿命, 雌果蝇寿命延长8.09%~12.38%, 雄果蝇寿命延长12.01%~15.86%; F1代雌性子代数量增加25.94%~30.07%, 雄性增加21.75%~39.54%。果蝇的耐高温和抗紫外辐射能力与添加的SOD浓度有关。在饲料中添加较高剂量的SOD, 使热暴露雌性果蝇的寿命延长7.45%~9.88%, 雄性果蝇延长13.46%~15.12%; 受紫外线辐射的雌性果蝇的寿命延长13.47%~20.47%, 雄性果蝇延长16.49%~23.73%。【结论】综合评价认为, 4种SOD均能延长果蝇寿命, 增强其繁殖力和抗逆能力, 但这些功效在本研究供试的4种SOD间无显著差异, 为不同来源SOD的应用提供了重要数据。     

香椿子对果蝇的寿命及其抗氧化相关指标的影响作用

香椿子[Toona sinensis(A.Juss.)Roem seed]为楝科植物香椿的果实,本文研究了香椿子对野生黑腹果蝇的寿命和抗氧化相关指标的影响作用。实验收集羽化8 h内的黑腹果蝇,置于含1、5 g/L和10 g/L浓度的香椿子培养基上培养,以基础培养基作为对照,采用生存实验检测果蝇的寿命,并研究了不同浓度香椿子对果蝇抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT)、脂质过氧化酶产物丙二醛(MDA)以及蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,雌雄果蝇的寿命与香椿子存在剂量依赖关系,当香椿子浓度为10 g/L时能够显著提高雌雄果蝇的平均寿命、最高寿命和半数死亡时间(P0.05或P0.01);随着香椿子浓度的增大,雌雄果蝇组织总SOD、CAT酶活性升高,MDA含量降低,蛋白含量增加,且对雌蝇的影响高于雄蝇。结论,香椿子具有延缓衰老、抗氧化的作用。     

香椿子对果蝇的寿命及其抗氧化相关指标的影响作用北大核心CSCD

香椿子[Toona sinensis(A.Juss.)Roem seed]为楝科植物香椿的果实,本文研究了香椿子对野生黑腹果蝇的寿命和抗氧化相关指标的影响作用。实验收集羽化8 h内的黑腹果蝇,置于含1、5 g/L和10 g/L浓度的香椿子培养基上培养,以基础培养基作为对照,采用生存实验检测果蝇的寿命,并研究了不同浓度香椿子对果蝇抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT)、脂质过氧化酶产物丙二醛(MDA)以及蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,雌雄果蝇的寿命与香椿子存在剂量依赖关系,当香椿子浓度为10 g/L时能够显著提高雌雄果蝇的平均寿命、最高寿命和半数死亡时间(P<0.05或P<0.01);随着香椿子浓度的增大,雌雄果蝇组织总SOD、CAT酶活性升高,MDA含量降低,蛋白含量增加,且对雌蝇的影响高于雄蝇。结论,香椿子具有延缓衰老、抗氧化的作用。     

中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉小鼠免疫功能调节作用的比较

目的观察中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法分别给予中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉后,测定观察对小鼠碳粒廓清功能、迟发性变态反应、溶血素抗体、淋巴细胞增殖和NK细胞活性等的影响。结果3．0g／kg中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉可显著提高小鼠吞噬指数和半数溶血值（P〈0．01）、显著提高T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）、显著提高NK细胞活性（P〈0．05）,0．5～1．5g／kg中国被毛孢都能显著抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,同时还能抑制脾脏和胸腺增大（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。结论中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉均具有免疫调节作用,而中国被毛孢免疫抑制及增强天然免疫系统作用要优于蝙蝠蛾拟青霉,而对适应性免疫系统增强作用蝙蝠蛾拟青霉优于中国被毛孢。     

香菇多糖体内抗氧化活性研究

目的：探究香菇多糖的体内抗氧化活性。方法：以灌胃生理盐水的小鼠为正常对照组,将香菇多糖药物组分为低、中、高3种剂量组。小鼠在灌胃3w后,由眼眶取血,按照试剂盒要求测定小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力以及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：香菇多糖可显著提高小鼠血清中SOD和GSH-Px的活力,同时减少血清中MDA含量。结论：香菇多糖对小鼠体内抗氧化活性的提高具有显著作用。     

双歧啤酒对延缓衰老作用的研究

目的研究双歧啤酒的延缓衰老作用。方法将老龄小鼠和黑腹果蝇随机分成纯净水对照组、市售啤酒对照组和双歧啤酒低、中、高三个剂量组,进行果蝇生存实验,检测小鼠血液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性和丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果与对照组比较,双歧啤酒高、中剂量组能显著延长果蝇的半数死亡时间、平均寿命和平均最高寿命,提高老龄小鼠血液中SOD、GSH-PX的活性,降低老龄小鼠血液中MDA的含量。结论双歧啤酒具有延缓衰老的作用。     

汉黄芩苷通过调节抗氧化基因表达和机体代谢延长果蝇寿命

为探究汉黄芩苷是否具有抗衰老作用,本研究以果蝇为模型,考察汉黄芩苷对果蝇自然寿命的影响。采用RT-PCR和UPLC-MS/MS 代谢组学技术,探索汉黄芩苷发挥抗衰老作用的潜在机制。结果显示,0.02和0.5 mg/mL 汉黄芩苷均可整体延长果蝇寿命,并能够分别延长果蝇平均寿命5.64%和5.39%,延长最高寿命2.74%和5.12%;与30 d组相比,汉黄芩苷能够显著上调果蝇体内抗氧化酶基因SOD1、SOD2和CAT的表达水平,下调MTH的表达水平。果蝇代谢组学分析共找到17个潜在生物标志物,主要参与氨基酸代谢（D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸代谢）和能量代谢（氮代谢）。该结果表明,汉黄芩苷延缓衰老与上调抗氧化基因表达和调控不同代谢途径有关。     

天麻糖复合物抗衰老作用的实验研究

天麻糖复合物是从兰科植物天麻的根茎中提取的水溶性物质,经柱色谱将其分为两个组分,分别命名为：Con.1,Con.2;考察灌胃后两个组分对小鼠血清中超氧化物岐化酶活性和过氧化脂质含量的影响,同时探讨两个组分对小鼠和果蝇的抗衰老作用及其机制.结果Con.1 0.1g/kg.d能明显提高小鼠血清中T-SOD活性,降低血清中过氧化脂质降解产物（MDA）含量;Con.1可延长果蝇的平均寿命和最高寿命,因此Con.1具有明显的抗衰老作用。但Con.2影响结果不明量.     

烟草水提物对果蝇寿命及有关基因转录的影响

探究烟草的水浸泡液对果蝇寿命与衰老情况的影响以及其中的分子机制。取羽化12 h内的新生W^1118系雄果蝇,分别培养于添加不同浓度烟草浸出液的培养基中处理,每日统计果蝇死亡情况;每7日提取对照组与最高浓度处理组果蝇全RNA,通过Real-time PCR检测过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、去泛素化酶(Rpn11)和去乙酰化酶(Sirt6)等与寿命有关基因的表达水平变化。结果显示,烟草影响使雄果蝇寿命显著缩短,且影响随烟草提取液浓度增加影响逐渐增大;烟草影响下果蝇的抗氧化基因出现显著上调,泛素化调节基因与去乙酰化基因等表达水平的变化均出现显著改变。表明烟草对果蝇的寿命情况有不利影响,可能通过引起氧化胁迫导致果蝇早衰。     

Phototoxic effect of UVR on wild type, ebony and yellow mutants of Drosophila melanogaster : Life Span, fertility, courtship and biochemical aspects

Melanin plays an important role in protecting organisms from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore, it is possible that differently colored strains can show different sensitivities to UVR. In the present work, life span, fertility and courtship behavior of wild type (w), ebony (e) and yellow (y) strains of Drosophila melanogaster were studied to evaluate their sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV). Because a range of photo- toxic effects of UVR are mediated through generation of free radicals, levels of free radicals, lipid per- oxide (malondialdehyde, MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of three strains were examined to indicate their antioxidant defending ability and oxidative status. It was shown that w always had the highest lifespan and fertility not only in the control but also in UV-exposed groups. Moreover, lifespan and fertility of e were significantly higher (P<0.0001) than those of y in the UV-exposed groups, but not for the control. On the other hand, UV exposure had an adverse effect on courtship of flies. Stronger electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals could be detected in w, e and y exposed to 5 min UV. And there were more significant changes of EPR signals in y than in w and e. UVR had no significant (P=0.1782) effect on the SOD activities. After pooling data from the control and UV-exposed groups, we found that w had a significantly (P<0.05) higher level of SOD activity, but e and y were nearly at the same levels (P>0.05). MDA levels were increased in the UV dose-dependent manner (P=0.0495). In con- clusion, our results suggested that UVR can decrease life span and fertility of flies and do harm to courtship, which may be due to oxidative damage to flies tissues (e.g. central nervous system) induced by free radicals. w had the highest tolerance to UVR, which may be ascribed to its advantage of survival under the natural condition and at high level of SOD activity. Then differences of pigment between e and y in absorbing UV, shielding against UV and scavenging free radicals produced by UVR should be responsible for their different sensitivity to UVR.     

果醋对高脂小鼠血脂和肝脏脂质过氧化的影响

本文目的在于研究果醋对高脂小鼠血脂和肝脏脂质过氧化的影响。长期饲喂高脂饲料造成小鼠高血脂和肝脏脂质过氧化模型,预防性给予果醋,测定血清中总胆固醇（TC）,甘油三酯（TG）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）的含量;测定肝脏中脂质过氧化终产物丙二醛（地A）的含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。结果证明果醋可以明显降低高脂小鼠血清中TC,LDL含量和肝脏组织中MDA含量,提高肝脏组织SOD活性。     

OXIDIZED LIPIDS DID NOT REDUCE LIFESPAN IN THE FRUIT FLY,Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is often associated with accumulation of oxidative damage in proteins and lipids. However, some studies do not support this view, raising the question of whether high levels of oxidative damage are associated with lifespan. In the current investigation, Drosophila melanogaster flies were kept on diets with 2 or 10% of either glucose or fructose. The lifespan, fecundity, and feeding as well as amounts of protein carbonyls (PC) and lipid peroxides (LOOH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase activity of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) were measured in “young” (10‐day old) and “aged” (50‐day old) flies. Flies maintained on diets with 10% carbohydrate lived longer than those on the 2% diets. However, neither lifespan nor fecundity was affected by the type of carbohydrate. The amount of PC was unaffected by diet and age, whereas flies fed on diets with 10% carbohydrate had about fivefold higher amounts of LOOH compared to flies maintained on the 2% carbohydrate diets. Catalase activity was significantly lower in flies fed on diets with 10% carbohydrates compared to flies on 2% carbohydrate diets. The activities of SOD, GST, and TrxR were not affected by the diet or age of the flies. The higher levels of LOOH in flies maintained on 10% carbohydrate did not reduce their lifespan, from which we infer that oxidative damage to only one class of biomolecules, particularly lipids, is not sufficient to influence lifespan.     

Nutrient-dependent requirement for SOD1 in lifespan extension by protein restriction in Drosophila melanogaster

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate aging and aging-related diseases. Dietary composition is critical in modulating lifespan. However, how ROS modulate dietary effects on lifespan remains poorly understood. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is a major cytosolic enzyme responsible for scavenging superoxides. Here we investigated the role of SOD1 in lifespan modulation by diet in Drosophila. We found that a high sugar-low protein (HS-LP) diet or low-calorie diet with low-sugar content, representing protein restriction, increased lifespan but not resistance to acute oxidative stress in wild-type flies, relative to a standard base diet. A low sugar-high protein diet had an opposite effect. Our genetic analysis indicated that SOD1 overexpression or dfoxo deletion did not alter lifespan patterns of flies responding to diets. However, sod1 reduction blunted lifespan extension by the HS-LP diet but not the low-calorie diet. HS-LP and low-calorie diets both reduced target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and only the HS-LP diet increased oxidative damage. sod1 knockdown did not affect phosphorylation of S6 kinase, suggesting that SOD1 acts in parallel with or downstream of TOR signaling. Surprisingly, rapamycin decreased lifespan in sod1 mutant but not wild-type males fed the standard, HS-LP, and low-calorie diets, whereas antioxidant N-acetylcysteine only increased lifespan in sod1 mutant males fed the HS-LP diet, when compared to diet-matched controls. Our findings suggest that SOD1 is required for lifespan extension by protein restriction only when dietary sugar is high and support the context-dependent role of ROS in aging and caution the use of rapamycin and antioxidants in aging interventions.     

Stress Resistance of Drosophila Transgenic for Bovine CuZn Superoxide Dismutase

Several oxidative and non-oxidative stresses were applied to two transgenic strains of Drosophila melanogaster (designated P(bSOD)5 and P(bSOD)11) that express superoxide dismutase (SOD) at elevated levels, and control strains that express normal SOD levels. Transgenic strain P(bSOD)5 exposed to paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride), a redox cycling agent that generates superoxide anion when metabolized in vivo, was significantly more resistant to this xenobiotic than control flies. When test flies were subjected to 100% oxygen for 20 min each day, the mean lifespan was 3.62 days for control strain 25, but 4.35 days for both transgenic strains. The mortality curves of all strains fed 1% H₂O₂ were similar, but the median lifespan of 72 h for controls and 64 h for transgenics suggests that the transgenic flies were slightly more sensitive to H₂O₂. The activity of catalase was the same for all strains. Using starvation resistance as a non-oxidative stress, flies maintained on water without any food had identical survival curves; for all strains, the median lifespan was 72 h. Throughout the lifespan, no statistically significant difference in physical activity was displayed for transgenic versus control flies. Collectively, these data suggest that the increased lifespan previously observed in SOD transgenics is specifically related to resistance to oxidative stresses.