烟草叶绿体NAD(P)H脱氢酶在抵御高温胁迫中的作用

经42℃高温处理48 h以上, 烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)ndhC-ndhK-ndhJ基因缺失突变体(ΔndhCKJ)植株较其野生型(WT)先出现茎部褐变、叶片萎蔫等氧化伤害症状. 作用光关闭后的叶绿素荧光动力学表明, WT植株中NAD(P)H脱氢酶(NDH)介导的PSI循环电子传递和叶绿体呼吸在高温胁迫时被促进了. 用甲基紫精(MV)处理叶圆片的结果显示, ΔndhCKJ光合机构更易受到光氧化伤害, 甚至首先发生叶绿素漂白. P700氧化还原分析表明, NDH介导的循环电子传递途径可能通过与MV竞争电子而减少活性氧(ROS)的积累. 将叶圆片于42℃处理6 h后, ΔndhCKJ光化学反应活性的下降比WT更显著, 与此一致, 可溶性Rubisco活化酶含量显著低于WT, 且电子传递链还原程度和非光化学能量耗散水平均显著高于WT. 叶绿素毫秒延迟发光慢相的测定结果显示NDH介导的循环电子传递有助于跨膜质子梯度(ΔpH)的形成, 但其耗用在DndhCKJ中受到严重抑制. 根据以上结果推测, NDH介导的循环电子传递在高温胁迫下运转加快, 并将过剩的电子分流至叶绿体呼吸途径, 此外, NDH途径提供的DpH可能在一定程度上有利于维持CO₂同化的进行, 从而能够减轻光氧化胁迫的伤害.     

还原型二(三)磷酸吡啶核苷酸[NAD(P)H]脱氢酶复合体及叶绿体呼吸研究进展

除了经过光系统II和光系统I的非循环电子传递以外,围绕光系统I的循环电子传递对维持高效率的光合作用也是不可缺少的,其中叶绿体还原型二(三)磷酸吡啶核苷酸[NAD(P)H]脱氢酶复合体(NDH复合体)介导的循环电子传递是目前研究的热点。随着质体末端氧化酶(PTOX)的发现,NDH参与的循环电子传递与叶绿体呼吸在补充光合作用所需能量以及抵御光氧化胁迫过程中的作用正日渐引起研究者的重视。文章根据近年的研究进展就叶绿体NDH复合体及其介导的循环电子传递与叶绿体呼吸的生理功能做了综述。     

集胞蓝藻PCC6803含疏水亚基的NAD（P）H脱氢酶亚复合体的分离

利用离子交换与凝胶过滤层析 ,从n dodecylβ D maltoside(DM)处理的集胞蓝藻SynechocystisPCC6 80 3细胞粗提液中 ,首次分离到两个包含NDH疏水亚基NdhA的亚复合体。酶活性分析表明 ,分离到的NDH亚复合体具有NADPH 氮蓝四唑 (NBT)氧化还原酶活性 ,以NADPH为电子供体可以还原铁氰化钾、二溴百里香醌 (DBMIB)、二氯酚靛酚 (DCPIP)、duroquinone以及UQ 0等质醌类电子受体。     

《Molecular Plant》文章中文摘要2009年第2卷第6期

1 Suorsa M, Sirpi6 S, Aro E-M （2009）. Towards characterization of the chloroplast NAD（P）H dehydrogenase complex. Mol Plant, 2 （6）： 1127-1140 题目：叶绿体NAD（P）H脱氢酶复合体的特征（综述）摘要：叶绿体类囊体膜中NAD（P）H脱氢酶[NAD（P）Hdehydrogenase，NDH]复合体参与循环电子转运与叶绿体呼吸。NDH至少由15个亚基组成，同时包含叶绿体编码及核编码蛋白。     

渗透调节对低温伤害敏感大豆种子质膜氧化还原活性的影响

选用对吸胀冷害敏感的大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种"黑河23"种子为试材,研究了渗透调节增强大豆种子活力过程中种子质膜氧化还原活性的变化.结果表明,大豆种子活力指数与种子质膜氧化还原活性呈正相关.与对照相比,渗控12 h显著提高大豆种子活力,表现在发芽指数、活力指数和TF生成量的提高,种子质膜NADH和NADPH氧化速率及Fe(CN)63-和EDTA-Fe3 还原速率明显上升;随着引发时间的延长,种子活力上升变缓,种子质膜NADH和NADPH氧化速率及Fe(CN)63-还原速率上升速度变慢,EDTA-Fe3 的还原速率在渗控24 h后开始下降,但渗控72 h仍高于对照.     

氧化胁迫对酿酒酵母NAD(H)激酶突变体呼吸链活性的影响

【目的】了解酿酒酵母线粒体NAD(H)激酶Pos5p对呼吸链活性的维持是否与其抗氧化功能有关。【方法】比较在不同类型的氧化胁迫试剂作用下,野生菌BY4742、POS5基因缺失体pos5Δ及其回补体pos5Δ/POS5-YEp的呼吸链各个酶复合体的活性变化及细胞内活性氧水平变化。【结果】在非胁迫条件下,pos5Δ的各个复合体活性明显低于BY4742,而pos5Δ/POS5-YEp的活性有所恢复,这与它们的胞内活性氧水平相一致。在甲萘醌胁迫下,BY4742和pos5Δ的各个复合体活性都发生不同程度的下降,但pos5Δ/POS5-YEp的活性都升高。在H2O2、马来酸二乙酯胁迫下,除个别复合体外,BY4742、pos5Δ和pos5Δ/POS5-YEp的呼吸链复合体活性都降低,尤以pos5Δ的活性降低最为严重,BY4742的活性降低则较少,而pos5Δ/POS5-YEp在H2O2胁迫下的活性降低得到了缓解。说明甲萘醌、H2O2和马来酸二乙酯胁迫会造成酿酒酵母呼吸链各个复合体发生损伤,而过表达Pos5p则有助于缓解甲萘醌和H2O2引起的损伤。【结论】Pos5p对呼吸链的作用与其抗氧化功能有相关性。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶绿体活性氧清除系统和结合态多胺含量的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下抗盐能力不同的两个黄瓜品种幼苗生长、叶绿体中活性氧清除系统、转谷酰胺酶(TGase)活性、结合态多胺含量及植株光合速率的影响.结果表明,外源Spd能提高NaCl胁迫下叶绿体中TGase活性、叶绿体结合态腐胺(Put)、Spd、精胺(Spm)及总多胺含量;提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,提高抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/ GSSG)比值,降低脱氢抗坏血酸/抗坏血酸(DAsA/AsA)比值;同时显著降低叶绿体过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高植株净光合速率,缓解NaCl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制.表明Spd对黄瓜盐害的缓解作用之一可能是通过提高叶绿体结合态多胺含量和叶绿体活性氧清除能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对叶绿体膜的伤害.     

CsRCA超表达对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

以CsRCA超表达黄瓜株系T1-7、T1-2和野生型‘08-1’为试材,在三叶一心时用光照培养箱模拟高温环境[40℃,光量子通量密度(PFD)600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)],研究了CsRCA超表达对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的调控机理.结果表明:CsRCA超表达可显著提高转基因黄瓜幼苗核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)大、小亚基的mRNA表达量,Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性亦显著高于野生型植株.高温胁迫2 h后,超表达和野生型黄瓜幼苗的光合速率(P_n)、以吸收光能为基础的光化学性能指数(PIABS)、Rubisco活性和RCA活性及其mRNA表达量均显著降低.经JIP-test分析发现,高温胁迫导致叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线中K点明显上升,而捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A下游的其他电子受体的概率(Ψ_o)和用于电子传递的产额(φ_(E0))均显著下降,说明PSⅡ放氧复合体(OEC)和Q_A之后的电子传递链在高温下受到抑制,但是超表达植株的变化幅度要小于野生型植株.可见CsRCA超表达可以通过提高Rubisco、RCA和PSⅡ活性,缓解高温对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响,增强其对高温的适应性.     

NaCl胁迫对玉米根质膜H^＋分泌和氧化还原系统的影响

玉米(Zea mays L.)根相对伸长速率(RER)、质膜H~ 分泌速率和Fe(CN)_6~(3-)还原速率均随NaCl浓度的增加而下降。随着胁迫时间的延长,H~ 分泌速率又有不同程度恢复,Fe(CN)_6~(3-)还原速率则随胁迫时间的延长而下降。NaCl胁迫时间在12h前,随着NaCl浓度的增加NADH的氧化速率也增加,超过12h明显下降。在同一NaCl浓度下,NADH氧化速率随胁迫时间的延长而下降。统计结果表明,盐胁迫下BER与H~ 分泌速率的相关系数为0.9998。所以,盐胁迫对根伸长生长的抑制可能与质膜H~ -ATPase和氧化还原系统等H~ 分泌过程的抑制有关。     

热锻炼对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题.以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草(前者较耐热)为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、42、46℃的高温下处理14h.在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明:(1)热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2)的产生速率.(2)高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降程度有所缓减.(3)热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤.这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.