Electrophysiological studies and identification of possible sex pheromone components of Brazilian populations of the sugarcane borer,Diatraea saccharalis

Virgin female gland extracts of sugarcane moth Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), from three locations in Brazil, have been analyzed. By GC-MS analysis and comparison of the chromatographic retention time of the components of the pheromone gland with those retention times of synthetic standards, we observed the presence of (Z)-hexadec-11-enal (1), hexadecanal (2), (9E,11Z)-hexadecadienal (4), (9Z,11Z)-hexadecadienal (5) and (9E,11E)-hexadecadienal (6), as minor components besides the major constituent (9Z,11E)-hexadecadienal (3) already reported. We found no variations in the composition of the gland extracts deriving from the three Brazilian populations and only two compounds, (Z)-hexadec-11-enal (1) and (9Z,11E)-hexadecadienal (3), elicited antennal responses (GC-EAD). In electroantennography (EAG), however, pure compounds 1 and 3, a binary mixture containing 1 and 3, and a mixture containing all of the six synthetic compounds 1-6 elicited a depolarization in male antennae of D. saccharalis, without any statistically different delay. The EAG responses to the other isomers of 9,11-hexadecadienal were small and not significantly different from the control, except for the (9Z,11Z)-isomer (5) which showed an relatively strong electroantennal activity.     

Sex pheromone of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi

The sex pheromone blend of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of wind-tunnel bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts ± s.d. of the four compounds in a single sex pheromone gland were 7.9±3.7 ng, 10.1±3.2 ng, 1.1±0.5 ng and 11.6±5.1 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland (45:5:50) elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females and pheromone gland extract. Removal of any single compound from the ternary blend significantly diminished the pheromonal activity, whereas addition of 14:OAc to the ternary blend had no effect on the males' behavioral responses. Therefore, it was concluded that the sex pheromone blend of O. zaguliaevi is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 45:5:50.     

Sex pheromone of Etiella behrii, a pod borer of soybean in Indonesia: identification and field attraction

Four EAG-active components were detected in GC-EAG analyses of hexane extracts from virgin Etiella behrii (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) females. These components were identified as dodecyl acetate (12:Ac), (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac), either (Z)-9- or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9- or E11-14:Ac), and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac) by comparison of retention indices on both nonpolar and polar GC columns. The available extract was insufficient for further GC-MS or other chemical analyses (<0.2 ng/female). In field tests carried out in East Java, a 10:90 mixture of E9-12:Ac and Z11-14:Ac showed attractiveness to male moths and addition of 12:Ac and/or E11-14:Ac significantly increased the trap catches while addition of Z9-14:Ac showed no significant effect. Maximum attraction was obtained with 5.35 or 10.7 g/rubber septum of a mixture of E9-12:Ac, Z11-14:Ac, 12:Ac and E11-14:Ac at the ratio of 10:90:0.7:6.3, respectively. The role of pheromone blends in species discrimination between E. behrii and the related E. zinckenella (Treitschke) is discussed.     

Sex pheromone analysis and effective attraction of males of the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis,inhabiting the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Hellula undalis is a harmful insect pest of green mustard in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In order to establish a tool for a sustainable pest control program, the sex pheromone of H. undalis inhabiting the Mekong Delta was examined. GC-EAD and GC–MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts from the virgin females elucidated three new components, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), and (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-ol, in addition to the known pheromone component (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadienal (E11,E13-16:Ald). Double bond positions of the two monoenyl components were determined by GC–MS analysis of the pheromone extract treated with dimethyl disulfide. On the other hand, GC–MS analysis of the female body extract detected the unsaturated hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H). Field examinations of their synthetic compounds indicated the significant role of E11,E13-16:Ald as a major component and a clear synergistic effect of the two monoenyl compounds as a minor component. Although the 3:3:7 mixture of Z11-14:OAc, E11-16:Ald, and E11,E13-16:Ald captured the largest number of males among the tested mixtures, the activity was still quite a bit lower than that of virgin females. However, the 3:3:7:1 mixture, which was prepared by adding a small amount of Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H to the 3:3:7 ternary lure, succeeded in attracting males more powerfully than the females did. This strong synergistic effect was not observed when the triene was added to unmixed E11,E13-16:Ald, indicating important roles of not only the triene but also the two monoenyl compounds as natural pheromone components.     

Sex pheromone components of the leafroller moth Pandemis cerasana

Female-tip washings of the leafroller moth, Pandemis cerasana, were found to contain (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenol, (Z)-11-tetradecenol and tetradecyl acetate, based on chemical analysis and electroantennogram tests. The relative amounts of these compounds in the gland were ca. 64:21:10:3:2 in the order named. Only (E)-11 and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were required for attraction of males to trap dispensed in the ratio 3:1, respectively.     

Identification and functional characterization of sex pheromone receptors in beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

In moths, males can detect a distinct blend of several pheromone components by specialized olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the antennae. Four candidate pheromone receptors (PR) with seven transmembrane domains were identified by homology cloning from the antennae of Spodoptera exigua (Sexi). Phylogenetic analyses reveal that all four odorant receptors (OR) belong to pheromone receptor subtypes. Expression patterns revealed that PRs were male-specific in the antenna except for SexiOR11, which was female antenna-biased. Functional analyses of these PRs were conducted using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. SexiOR13 and SexiOR16 were all broadly activated by multiple pheromone components. SexiOR13 responded robustly to the critical pheromone component, Z9, E12-14:OAc and the minor pheromone component, Z9-14:OAc at a concentration of 10^?4 M. Dose-response studies indicate that SexiOR13 was approximately 4 times more sensitive to Z9,E12-14:OAc (EC50 = 3.158 × 10^?6 M) compared to Z9-14:OAc (EC50 = 1.203 × 10^?5 M). While, SexiOR16 responded robustly to the secondary pheromone component Z9-14:OH with high sensitivity (EC50 = 9.690 × 10^?7 M). However, similar tests of the five pheromones with SexiOR6 and SexiOR11 failed to elicit any response. These results provide basic knowledge to further advance research on the molecular mechanisms of pheromone reception.     

Female sex pheromone components of Helicoverpa gelotopoeon: first heliothine pheromone without (Z)-11-hexadecenal

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Dyar is a very important pest of economic importance on cotton in Argentina. Analysis of female pheromone gland extracts prepared from 1‐ to 2‐day‐old virgin female moths demonstrated the presence of a 1 : 0.84 blend of hexadecanal (16:Ald) and (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal (Z9‐16:Ald), with trace quantities of tetradecanal in some samples, 2.4% of 16:Ald. The average quantity of Z9‐16:Ald extracted per female was estimated to be 33 ng, with a range of 18.9–46.4 ng per female when collected 2–3 h into the scotophase. In field trials conducted in both cotton and tomato crops in Santiago del Estero, Argentina 1 : 1 blends of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald caught significantly more male H. gelotopoeon than Z9‐16:Ald alone, although there was no significant difference between blends containing between a 0.2 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratio of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald. There was no analytical evidence for the presence of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald) in pheromone gland extracts, although this compound has been identified in all female sex pheromones of Heliothinae to date. In field trials, the addition of Z11‐16:Ald at the 1% level to either a 1 : 1 blend of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald or Z9‐16:Ald alone significantly reduced the catch of male H. gelotopoeon. Sympatric Heliothis virescens were not caught in any of the blends tested for H. gelotopoeon, but were caught in low numbers in traps baited with a 4 : 100 blend of (Z)‐9‐tetradecenal and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal.     

Identification of the sex pheromone of Ostrinia palustralis

By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) at a ratio of 99:1 were identified as female sex pheromone components of Ostrinia palustralis. The average amounts of E11- 14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 37.2±24.4 ng and 0.3±0.2 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend of E11- and Z11-14:OAc elicited the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females.     

SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE OREIENTAL TOBACCO BUDWORM, HELICOVERPA ASSULTA GUENÉE: IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD TRIALS

Abstract  The sex pheromone gland extracts of the Oriental tobacco budworm, Helicover assulta Guenée, collected from North China in Beijing area, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatograph(GC) and 6 components from the extracts were identified by capillary GC—MS as hexadecanal (16:Ald), (Z)9-hexadecenal (Z9–16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol (Z9–16:OH), Z11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11–16:OH), Z-9-hexadecenylacetate (Z9–16:OAc) at a ratio of 10. 9: 58. 7: 3. 9: 14. 7: 1.1: 10. 7. Field studies indicated that an optimum blend of Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald was 100: 7. Addition of 16: Ald or Z9–16:Ac to the two aldehyde blend showed no significant effect on attractiveness. However presence of Z9–16:OH in the blends significantly reduced male captures.     

烟青虫(Helicoverpa assulta Guenée)信息素的结构鉴定及田间试验(英语)

北京地区的烟青虫(Helicover Pa asslta Cucn(?)e)的性信息素腺体提取物经毛细管柱气相色谱分析及GC MS分析,鉴定了6种组分.这6种组分为:十六醛(16:Ald)、顺 9—十六烯醛(Z9—16:Ald)、顺11—十六烯醛(Zll 16:Ald)、顺9—十六烯醇(Z9-16:OH)、顺11—十六烯醇(Zll-16:OH)、顺9—十六烯基乙酸酯(Z9 16:OAc),比例为10.9:58.7:3.9:14.7:1.1:10.7.田间试验表明,只有16:Ald、Z9 16:Ald和Zll 16:Ald(比例为15.3:79.2:5.5)组成的三组分诱芯和Z9—16:Ald和Zll—16:Ald(比例为93.4:6.6)组成的两组分诱芯对于雄蛾有强烈的引诱活性.在3种醛为组分的诱芯中加入Z9 16:OH明显地降低引诱活性.     

合成性信息素对柑桔潜叶蛾的田间引诱作用

目前柑桔潜叶蛾的防治主要依赖化学农药, 而且生产中缺少有效测报技术。为此, 我们于2009年6月30日至10月6日在浙江宁波通过有机合成柑桔潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella（鳞翅目, 细蛾科）的3种性信息素化合物顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛, 配制成不同浓度比例的混合物, 进行田间试验比较其引诱活性。结果表明, 单一的顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛对柑桔潜叶蛾雄蛾就可以显示较强的引诱作用, 而顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛单一成分没有引诱活性, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛与顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛的二元混合物30∶1~3∶1之间活性较强, 而在30∶1的质量比例时诱虫量最高。含顺7-十六碳烯醛的三元混合物, 当顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛∶顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛∶顺7-十六碳烯醛三者比例为100∶10∶3时有显著增效作用。剂量与诱捕活性试验显示每枚诱芯1 mg顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛的剂量引诱作用最强, 随浓度降低, 引诱作用下降。诱捕器在0.8~1.5 m之间的不同悬挂高度对诱捕数量无显著影响。结果说明, 顺7, 顺11, 反13-十六碳三烯醛、顺7, 顺11-十六碳二烯醛和顺7-十六碳烯醛组成的三元混合物诱芯可以作为柑桔潜叶蛾的诱杀技术并应用于其生物防治和预测测报。     

Canalization of the redbanded leafroller moth sex pheromone blend

Previous attempts to shift the (Z)-11-/(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratio of pheromone components in the redbanded leafroller moth (RBLR), Argyrotaenia velutinana, by several selection protocols showed that this ratio is strongly canalized. Analysis of the complete seven-component blend, however, showed that a Geneva laboratory stock of RBLR had a lower percent (20%) of the E9–12:OAc minor component compared to the E11–14:OAc component than a population of RBLR from North Carolina (31%). Hybrid populations from these two cultures were used in a two-way family truncation selection scheme in which families were selected for either the lowest (low line) or the highest (high line) ratio of E9–12:OAc/E11–14:OAc. After three generations of selection, the low line had 14% E9–12:OAc relative to E11–14:OAc and the high line had 42%. The selection pressure was removed in generations 4–9, and the low line remained unchanged at 14% E9–12:OAc; but in the high line, it drifted to 53%. Studies were conducted to estimate heritability and realized heritability. The realized heritability calculated for each generation of selection averaged 1.14 for the low line and 1.50 for the high line. These calculations, along with estimated heritability values of 0.416 and 0.644 for reciprocal crosses, indicate some plasticity in the E9–12:OAc/E11–14:OAc ratio. This ratio was positively correlated to the total amount of 12-carbon components to 14-carbon components, but was negatively correlated to the Z/E ratio of Δ11-tetradecenylacetates. The results of two studies on the canalization of various components of the RBLR sex pheromone blend indicate that there is limited potential in this insect for manipulation of the blend ratios in the laboratory.     

Electrophysiological and behavioural evidence for a fourth sex pheromone component in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum

Abstract. In addition to the pheromone components (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-10:OAc, Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OAc), it has previously been shown that the sex pheromone gland of the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Schiff) contains 10:OAc, 12:OAc, Z5-12:OAc, Z9-12:OAc, 11–12:OAc, Z5-14:OAc, Z7-14:OAc and Z11-16:OAc. To find out whether any of these additional compounds is involved in the sex pheromone communication in A. segetum, a comprehensive electro-physiological and behavioural investigation was conducted. Single-sensillum recordings on male antennae revealed three subtypes of sensilla among the previously so-called Z5-10:OAc sensilla. One subtype was identified having one receptor neurone (A) that responded to Z5-10:OAc with a large spike amplitude and another neurone (B) that responded to (Z)-5-decenol (Z5-10:OH) with a small spike amplitude. In another subtype the B neurone responded to Z5-12:OAc and sometimes also to 27-12:OAc and 10:OAc, in addition to responding to Z5-10:OH. In a third subtype the A neurone responded to all acetates identified from the female pheromone gland, whereas the small spike amplitude neurone was tuned to Z5-10:OH. A flight tunnel assay showed that blends composed of nine, eight or seven compounds were equivalent to the previously identified three-component pheromone blend in eliciting male behavioural responses. In field trapping tests, blends of eleven, nine or seven compounds did, however, catch significantly more moths than the three-component blend. Further assays showed that only 25- 12:OAc could significantly increase the catch numbers when added to the three-component blend, and thus qualified as a fourth pheromone component in A. segerum. The behavioural significance of additional female-produced acetates — for which males possess antennal receptors — is suggested, but may be impossible to confirm because of ‘diminishing returns’ when trying to refine a multicomponent pheromone further.     

Optimization of pheromone lure and trap design for monitoring the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella

The major components of the sex pheromone of Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were recently identified as (9Z,11E)‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate (9Z,11E‐14:Ac) and a polyunsaturated, long‐chain hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)‐pentacosapentaene (C25 pentaene). The optimal ratio of these components and the role of potential minor components were not fully determined in the initial short report on the pheromone's identification. We tested different ratios of the two major components loaded into grey halobutyl rubber septum dispensers, placed in sticky traps deployed in conifer breeding arboreta. The optimal ratio of the two components was 200 µg 9Z,11E‐14:Ac to 2000 µg C25 pentaene. (Z)‐9‐Tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, which had been identified previously in female pheromone gland extracts, and five other potential minor pheromone components, were tested individually as additions to the optimized two‐component lure blend. None of the ternary blends were more attractive than the optimized two‐component blend, at the ratios tested. Two lure adjuvants, a UV stabilizer (Sumisorb 300) and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, added individually or together, did not affect the attractiveness of the optimized lure blend. The Pherotech diamond sticky trap baited with the optimized lure blend was the most effective trap design among eight types of sticky trap and a bucket style trap that were tested. Traps baited with synthetic lures were as attractive as traps baited with virgin female moths. The optimized two‐component lure blend in the Pherotech diamond trap is recommended for monitoring fir coneworm infestations. The availability of an effective synthetic pheromone opens the possibility for control tactics using mating disruption or attract‐and‐kill techniques.     

Sex pheromone production and response in Korean populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops. We examined the female pheromone production and male response to various pheromone blends in two Korean populations. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed that females produce (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐16:OH) in a ratio of 8:100:18. However, (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc), a previously reported component of the sex attractant of a Canadian P. xylostella population was not detected in gland extracts of the Korean one. Field tests showed that Z11‐16:Ald and Z11‐16:OAc are essential for attraction of male moths, and the highest attraction is obtained with a 10:90 blend mimicking the blend found in gland extracts. Addition of 1 or 10% of Z11‐16:OH to the 10:90 blend of Z11‐16:Ald and Z11‐16:OAc significantly increased attraction. However, attraction was strongly antagonized by the addition of as little as 0.1% of Z9‐14:OAc to the most attractive ternary blend. The ternary blend of Z11‐16:Ald, Z11‐16:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH at a ratio of 10:90:1 was more effective at catching P. xylostella males than the Japanese three‐component blend or the Canadian four‐component blend in Korea. These results suggest that there is geographical variation in the pheromone systems of this species.     

Attractiveness of year-old polyethylene Isonet sex pheromone dispensers for Lobesia botrana

In this study, we have compared the release of sex pheromone from mating disruption dispensers exposed in the field for 12 months and from calling females. The main pheromone component of the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (D. and S.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is (E)‐7,(Z)‐9‐dodecadienyl acetate, and a minor component is (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate. Aged dispensers from two different years emitted a much higher amount of both pheromone components than calling females. However, the summer temperature during field exposure influenced the release from mating disruption dispensers the following year. In the wind tunnel, male L. botrana were equally attracted to 12‐month, field‐exposed dispensers, a standard monitoring pheromone lure, and to synthetic (E)‐7,(Z)‐9‐dodecadienyl acetate sprayed at the rate of 0.6–60 ng h^?1. Field trapping tests confirmed that aged dispensers from both years were at least as attractive to L. botrana males as a standard monitoring pheromone lure. The possible contribution of previously applied dispensers to the mating disruption efficacy during following applications is discussed.     

中国印度谷螟性信息素次级组份的研究

印度谷螟是我国危害性较严重的仓储害虫之一,食性很广,几乎危害每一种植物性仓储物.印度谷螟雌虫性信息素主要成份顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯(TDA)早已被鉴定,并利用TDA单一组份诱捕印度谷螟雄蛾也较为有效,但该虫的完整信息素系统尚不清楚.本研究采用单个雌蛾性信息素腺体抽提技术,利用毛细管气相色谱GC保留时间定性方法和气质联用GC-MS分析鉴定技术,从印度谷螟雌虫腺体提取物中鉴定了顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯(A),顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇(B),顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醛(C)和顺9-十四碳醋酸醋(D)4种主要信息素成份,其比例为A∶B∶C∶D=100∶22∶12∶9.风洞试验结果表明,以该4种主要成分按A∶B∶C∶D=8∶2∶1∶0.8比例配制成的诱芯,其引诱雄蛾的活性接近于雌蛾腺体提取物.     

IDENTIFICATION OF MINOR COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF YELLOW PEACH MOTH DICHOROCIS PUNCTIFEEALIS GUENÉE AND FIELD TRIALS

Abstract  Along with the major component, (E1–10–hexadecenal (E10–16: Al,), two minor components, (Z)-10-hexadecenal(Z10-l6:Aid) and hexadecanal (16: Ald) were identified as components of the sex pheromone of Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee. Analysis of single sex pheromone gland extracts by capillary gas chromatography indicated that the relative ratio of 16:Ald, E10–16:Ald_t and 210–16:Ald was equal to 13. 0:80. 4:6. 6 respectively. Field trails indicated that 210–16: Ald and 16: Aid alone caught no males. The most attractive was a blend containing 16: Ald, E10–16:Ald, and 210–16: Ald at a ratio of 16:100:8, and a two-compound blend of E10–16:Ald and 210–16:Ald at a ratio of 100:8.     

Identification and field testing of sex pheromone components of a Korean population of the allium leafminer,Acrolepiopsis sapporensis

The allium leafminer, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), is a pest of Allium species (Liliaceae) in Asia and Hawaii, USA. We identified candidate sex pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts of female moths and field tested the response of male moths to blends with different components and ratios. Gas chromatographic comparison of abdominal tip extracts from both sexes showed three female‐specific components: (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐16:OH). These compounds were identified by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The average ratio of three components, Z11‐16:Ald, Z11‐16:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH, in female extract was 33:100:14. Field trapping experiments indicated that all three components were essential for maximal attraction of male moths. Traps baited with a ternary blend mimicking the blend found in the pheromone gland extracts caught significantly more males than traps baited with caged live females. Increasing doses of the pheromone blend in the lures from 0.01 to 1.0 mg increased catches of male A. sapporensis.     

不同配方信息素诱芯对二化螟的诱捕效果比较研究

2004年和2005年夏季在江淮稻区二化螟Chilo suppressalis性诱剂诱捕的结果表明：一种新型诱芯（其中顺-11-十六碳烯醛∶顺-9-十六碳烯醛为2∶1）对第1代二化螟的日平均诱捕量相当于二化螟标准诱芯的5倍左右,而在越冬代和第2代成虫发生期则分别相当于后者的1.5839倍和1.7474倍。二化螟诱捕量取决于顺-11-十六碳烯醛和顺-9-十六碳烯醛的比例,而与其各自的剂量或信息素总剂量无明显关系,且它们的最佳配比可能因世代夜间温度的不同而不同,二化螟标准诱芯在第1代诱捕效果下降的原因可能是两种不饱和十六醛比例不适。