Production of Recombinant Endostatin in Milk of Transgenic Mice

Using the bovine S1-casein gene, a genetic construct with an endostatin-coding fragment of the mouse collagen XVIII cDNA was designed to express endostatin in milk of transgenic animals. Several transgenic mice were obtained. The mice secreted endostatin in milk at 70–300 ng/l and transmitted this character to their progeny.     

肌肉内转内抑素基因对肿瘤生长的抑制作用

 为研究骨骼肌及肿瘤内介导的内抑素基因转移对肿瘤生长的作用 ,利用基因克隆技术构建了内抑素基因真核表达质粒 ,应用电脉冲转移法将质粒转入转肿瘤小鼠骨骼肌或肿瘤中 .结果表明 ,内抑素基因可在骨骼肌或肿瘤内表达 ,并显著抑制肿瘤生长 .这为内抑素基因在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行了探索     

High-level expression of human lactoferrin in milk of transgenic mice using genomic lactoferrin sequence.

In our previous study, transgenic mice were generated that expressed human lactoferrin (hLF) in milk using cDNA under control of the 2 kb bovine beta-casein promoter. The expression level of the protein in milk of 7 mice ranged from 1 to 200 microg/ml; 1 to 34 microg/ml in 6 mice and 200 microg/ml in 1 mouse. With the aim of inducing higher expression of the protein, we constructed an expression cassette comprised of 10 kb of the bovine beta-casein gene promoter and the hLF genomic sequence in place of the cDNA. The hLF genomic sequence of about 27 kb, spanning 23 kb of the entire coding region and 4 kb of the 3'-flanking sequence, was placed downstream the bovine beta-casein promoter. In total, 8 transgenic mice were generated from 31 mice (transgenic rate of 25.8%) born from the embryos microinjected with the 40-kb hLF expression cassette. Mammary-specific expression of the transgene was addressed by performing Northern hybridization of the total RNAs from various tissues of transgenic mice. Immunoblot analysis showed that the recombinant protein expressed in milk has the same molecular weight as the native protein. The amount of the protein in milk of 5 mice ranged from 60 to 6,600 microg/ml when judged by ELISA analysis. Three mice expressed the protein at the level higher than 500 microg/ml. These data suggest that the genomic lactoferrin sequence represents a valuable element for the efficient expression of the protein in milk of transgenic animals.     

Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody expressed in milk of transgenic mice provides full protection against virus-induced encephalitis

Neutralizing antibodies represent a major host defense mechanism against viral infections. In mammals, passive immunity is provided by neutralizing antibodies passed to the offspring via the placenta or the milk as immunoglobulin G and secreted immunoglobulin A. With the long-term goal of producing virus-resistant livestock, we have generated mice carrying transgenes that encode the light and heavy chains of an antibody that is able to neutralize the neurotropic JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM). MHV-JHM causes acute encephalitis and acute and chronic demyelination in susceptible strains of mice and rats. Transgene expression was targeted to the lactating mammary gland by using the ovine beta-lactoglobulin promoter. Milk from these transgenic mice contained up to 0.7 mg of recombinant antibody/ml. In vitro analysis of milk derived from different transgenic lines revealed a linear correlation between antibody expression and virus-neutralizing activity, indicating that the recombinant antibody is the major determinant of MHV-JHM neutralization in murine milk. Offspring of transgenic and control mice were challenged with a lethal dose of MHV-JHM. Litters suckling nontransgenic dams succumbed to fatal encephalitis, whereas litters suckling transgenic dams were fully protected against challenge, irrespective of whether they were transgenic. This demonstrates that a single neutralizing antibody expressed in the milk of transgenic mice is sufficient to completely protect suckling offspring against MHV-JHM-induced encephalitis.     

人促血小板生成素在转基因小鼠乳腺中定位表达的研究(英文)

通过转基因动物乳腺生物反应器大规模生产药用蛋白质已成为现代生物技术新的生长点之一。为研制表达人促血小板生成素的哺乳动物生物反应器的转基因小鼠模型,本论文以小鼠乳清酸蛋白 (mWAP) 基因5挾说骺厍团-s1-酪蛋白基因3挾说骺厍魑鹘谠菇擞糜诒泶锶舜傺“迳伤氐娜橄僮橹匾煨员泶镌靥錺WAPTPO(Fig.1)。通过常规显微注射的方法把mWAP启动子指导的hTPO表达载体导入小鼠受精卵,获得出生小鼠16只。经PCR检测,有6只为转基因阳性(Fig.2)。G0代小鼠中转基因整合率为37.5% (6/16),用ELISA方法在G0代转基因雌鼠的乳汁中检测了促血小板生成素的表达,表达量在0.8 mg/mL以上(Table 1)。这些结果表明我们已建立了乳腺表达hTPO 的转基因小鼠模型,为以后大型家畜乳腺生物反应器的研制提供了科学依据。     

Analysis of tissue-specific expression of human type II collagen cDNA driven by different sizes of the upstream region of the beta-casein promoter

To investigate the ability of 1.8 kb or 3.1 kb bovine beta-casein promoter sequences for the expression regulation of transgene in vivo, transgenic mice were produced with human type II collagen gene fused to 1.8 kb and 3.1 kb of bovine beta-casein promoter by DNA microinjection. Five and three transgenic founder mice were produced using transgene constructs with 1.8 kb and 3.1 kb of bovine beta-casein promoters respectively. Founder mice were outbred with the wild type to produce F1 and F2 progenies. Total RNAs were extracted from four tissues (mammary gland, liver, kidney, and muscle) of female F1 transgenic mice of each transgenic line following parturition. RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression level of transgene was variable among the transgenic lines, but transgenic mice containing 1.8 kb of promoter sequences exhibited more leaky expression of transgene in other tissues compared to those with 3.1 kb promoter. Moreover, Western blot analysis of transgenic mouse milk showed that human type II collagen proteins secreted into the milk of lactating transgenic mice contained 1.8 kb and 3.1 kb of bovine beta-casein promoter. These results suggest that promoter sequences of 3.1 kb bovine beta-casein gene can be used for induction of mammary gland-specific expression of transgenes in transgenic animals.     

Maternally derived recombinant human anti-hantavirus monoclonal antibodies are transferred to mouse offspring during lactation and neutralize virus in vitro

Transgenic mice expressing a recombinant human monoclonal antibody (rHMAb) against hantavirus were generated. These mice could be used as models to explore the possibilities of producing rHMAbs for therapeutic purposes. The highest concentration of the rHMAb in the milk of the transgenic females was 6.6 mg/ml. The rHMAb was also detected in the sera of pups fed by the transgenic females. Both the rHMAbs in the milk of transgenic mice and those in the sera of suckling pups were found to be active against hantaviruses, although the light chain of the antibody absorbed by the pups was modified by N-linked glycosylation.     

牛α—sl酪蛋白基因序列指导htPA突变体小基因在小鼠乳腺中的表达

将包括α－sl酪蛋白基因的启动子、LAtPA小基因、α－sl酪蛋白基因下游调控序列的融合基因经显微注射至小鼠的受精卵中,获得了5只转基因阳性鼠,其中1只转基因阳性雌鼠乳清中LAtPA的含量为0．18αg/ml,说明构建的LAtPA小基因能够正确表达出有生物活性的LAtPA, 在酪蛋白基因调控序列的指导下在小鼠乳汁中表达。     

牛α-sl酪蛋白基因序列指导htPA突变体小基因在小鼠乳腺中的表达

将包括α－ｓｌ酪蛋白基因的启动子、ＬＡｔＰＡ小基因、α－ｓｌ酪蛋白基因下游调控序列的融合基 因经显微注射至小鼠的受精卵中,获得了５只转基因阳性鼠,其中１只转基因阳性雌鼠乳清中 ＬＡｔＰＡ的含量为０．１８μｇ／ｍｌ,说明构建的ＬＡｔＰＡ小基因能够正确表达出有生物活性的ＬＡｔＰＡ, 并且可在酪蛋白基因调控序列的指导下在小鼠的乳汁中表达。     

Expression of constitutively activated Akt in the mammary gland leads to excess lipid synthesis during pregnancy and lactation

Expression of constitutively activated Akt in the mammary glands of transgenic mice results in a delay in post-lactational involution. We now report precocious lipid accumulation in the alveolar epithelium of mouse mammary tumor virus-myr-Akt transgenic mice accompanied by a lactation defect that results in a 50% decrease in litter weight over the first 9 days of lactation. Although ductal structures and alveolar units develop normally during pregnancy, cytoplasmic lipid droplets appeared precociously in mammary epithelial cells in early pregnancy and were accompanied by increased expression of adipophilin, which is associated with lipid droplets. By late pregnancy the lipid droplets had become significantly larger than in nontransgenic mice, and they persisted into lactation. The fat content of milk from lactating myr-Akt transgenic mice was 65-70% by volume compared to 25-30% in wild-type mice. The diminished growth of pups nursed by transgenic mothers could result from the high viscosity of the milk and the inability of the pups to remove sufficient quantities of milk by suckling. Transduction of the CIT3 mammary epithelial cell line with a recombinant human adenovirus encoding myr-Akt resulted in an increase in glucose transport and lipid biosynthesis, suggesting that Akt plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism.     

An expression profile of human α-lactalbumin in the milk of transgenic mouse

Five female transgenic mice were produced by microinjection using a construct made up of a 7.3-kb-5′ flanking region and a 2.0-kb coding region of human α-lactalbumin, as well as a 227-bp 3′-flanking region from bovine growth hormone gene. A founder female expressed human α-lactalbumin as much as 0.3 g per liter of its milk, approximately a 3-fold increase in the total α-lactalbumin concentration of the transgenic mouse milk. Compared with the normal mice, the expression profile of the hα-Lac transgene in the transgenics is different during the lactation, showing low level in the first 3 days and becoming increased from day 4, then gradually reaching and stabilizing at the highest level from day 13. In addition, the milk yielding volume in the transgenics tended to be higher than in normal mice, suggesting higher concentrations of α-lactalbumin might boost more milk output.     

RT-PCR测定组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)在转基因鼠乳腺表达的研究

利用所构建的乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体（Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ）载体．对５４０枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经ＰＣＰ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,获得６只整合有人Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ转基因小鼠．为了精确研究转基因在小鼠体内的表达,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＰ方法测定转基因鼠在泌乳期１～２０ｄＬａ－ｔＰＡ基因的转录,结果表明,在转基因鼠乳腺的Ｌａ－ｔＰＡｍＲＮＡ水平在１０～１５ｄ最高,在２０ｄ时降为最低．外源基因在转基因小鼠乳腺的表达规律研究为未来利用转基因动物生产Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ提供依据     

抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器的制备与验证

目的:构建抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因动物乳腺特异性表达载体并制备和验证抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器模型。方法:利用PCR法扩增出抗人p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的重链基因H和轻链基因L,然后分别将嵌合抗体重链基因H和嵌合抗体轻链基因L连接到乳腺特异性表达质粒pBC1,从而构建抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因动物乳腺特异性表达载体pBC1-H和pBC1-L。分别将抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26乳腺特异表达载体pBC1-H和pBC1-L线性化,然后使用原核显微共注射法获得8只转基因FVB小鼠,通过鼠尾直接PCR鉴定其转基因阳性。通过RT-PCR、荧光定量PCR鉴定转基因小鼠乳腺组织中抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的mRNA表达。使用小鼠乳汁采集器收集其乳汁并通过Western blot和夹心ELISA等实验鉴定抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26是否获得表达。结果:经测序验证,抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的嵌合重链基因H和嵌合轻链基因L分别与乳腺特异表达质粒pBC1正确正向连接。鼠尾直接PCR结果显示所获8只转基因FVB小鼠均为转基因双阳性小鼠,且抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的重链基因H和轻链基因L在它们的后代中稳定遗传,它们的后代中转基因小鼠双阳性率约为30%; RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR的结果显示,转基因双阳性小鼠及其双阳性后代的乳腺组织中存在抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的mRNA表达; Western blot和ELISA等实验结果显示,转基因双阳性小鼠乳汁中存在抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26的蛋白质表达,而且抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26与羊抗人κ链抗体和羊抗人Ig G Fc-HRP抗体均能特异性结合。结论:成功构建抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因动物乳腺特异性表达载体pBC1-H和pBC1-L和制备了抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器模型,为今后抗p185~(erbB2)人鼠嵌合抗体ChAb26转基因牛乳腺生物反应器的研究奠定了理论和技术基础。     

Expression of full-length human pro-urokinase in mammary glands of transgenic mice

Human pro-urokinase expressed in the mammary glands of transgenic animals is quickly activated and converted to urokinase by proteases that are present in the milk. Thus, it is nearly impossible to isolate full-sized pro-urokinase from the milk of transgenic animals. To solve this problem, we constructed transgenic mice that express human pro-urokinase and modified ecotin, which is a potent serine protease inhibitor from E. coli, in their mammary glands. The gene encoding ecotin was modified so as to enhance its specificity for the human urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Co-expression of modified ecotin and human pro-urokinase in the mammary glands allows for purification of full-length human pro-urokinase from these transgenic mice. The results described here suggest a general way of preventing the activation of zymogens that are expressed in the mammary glands of transgenic animals by co-expression of a zymogen along with a protease inhibitor.     

Bovine FcRn-Mediated Human Immunoglobulin G Transfer across the Milk-Blood Barrier in Transgenic Mice

Maternal-fetal IgGs transport occurs either prenatally or postnatally, which confers the newborns with passive immunity before their own immune system has matured. However, little is known about the mechanisms of postnatal IgGs passage in the mammary gland. To investigate how FcRn mediates the IgGs transport in the mammary gland, we first generated bFcRn and anti-HAV mAb transgenic mice, and then obtained HF transgenic mice expressing both transgenes by mating the above two strains. Transgene expression of bFcRn in the four lines was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. We then localized the expression of bFcRn to the acinar epithelial cells in the mammary gland, and anti-HAV mAb was mainly detected in the acini with weak staining in the acinar epithelial cells. Human IgGs could be detected in both milk and serum of HF transgenic mice by western blot and ELISA. A significantly lower milk to serum ratio of human IgGs in HF mice compared with that of anti-HAV mAb mice, indicating that bFcRn could transport human IgGs across the milk-blood barrier from milk to serum during lactation in HF mice. While, there were no transport of murine IgGs, IgAs, or IgMs. These results provide understandings about the mechanisms of maternal-fetal immunity transfer in the mammary gland.     

Expression of functional recombinant human factor IX in milk of mice

Human factor IX is synthesized in the liver and secreted in the blood, where it participates in a group of reactions involving coagulation factors and proteins that permit sanguinary coagulation. In this work two lines of transgenic mice were developed to express the FIX gene in the mammalian glands under control of milk β-casein promoter. The founding females secreted the FIX in their milk (3% total soluble protein). The stable integration of transgene was confirmed by southern blot analysis. The presence of the FIX recombinant protein in the milk of transgenic females was confirmed by western blot and the clotting activity was revealed in blood-clotting assays. The coagulation activity in human blood treated with recombinant FIX increased while the time of coagulation decreased. Our results confirm the production of a large amount of recombinant biologically active FIX in the mammary gland of transgenic mice.     

Expression of a variant of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in transgenic mouse milk

To increase half life and solubility of the wild-type human tPA in vivo, a variant containing only essential K2 and P domains of wild tPA was cloned and directed expression in transgenic mice milk by bovine αs1 casein regulatory sequences. In two of the three resulting transgenic female mice, this modified tPA was expressed with the anticipated molecular weight, and maintained strong proteolytic activity, simultaneously present as a dissoluble form in the whey. The highest level in milk was about 300 IU/ml, 1000-fold higher than that in blood. A transgene-specific increase of tPA expression was observed from the first to the second lactation. More interesting, high concentration of this tPA has no obvious side-effects on lactation, indicating that it might be of large scale produced by transgenic livestock milk.     

Increased milk yield in transgenic mice expressing insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mediates many of the actions of growth hormone. Overexpression of IGF-1 was reported to have endocrine and paracrine/autocrine effects on somatic growth in transgenic mice. To study the paracrine/autocrine effects of IGF-1 in mammary gland, transgenic mice were produced by pronuclear microinjection of a construct containing a bovine alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) promoter linked to an ovine IGF-1 cNDA. This alpha-LA promoter has previously been shown to direct expression of a human factor VIII gene specifically to the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Three transgenic mouse lines were established as a result of microinjection of 398 embryos. Transgene expression was found in mammary gland at day 1 of lactation from these three lines. Progeny test were carried out by mating two transgenic males/one transgenic female to two nontransgenic females/one nontransgenic male. Mice from one line (line 1225) were all nonexpressors and the other (line 1372) failed to produce offspring. Milk yield was analyzed in the line 1137 that produced 10 mice, of which three were transgenic females and three nontransgenic females. All of the three transgenic females showed integration of the transgene and expressed transgene IGF-1 mRNA in the mammary gland. Milk yields from days 5, 10, and 15 of lactation were significant greater in transgenic expressors than in their nontransgenic littermates. Specifically, there is 17.9% increase in total milk yield from these three days for transgenics compared with nontransgenics. These results demonstrate that local overexpression of IGF-1 in transgenic mice is capable to stimulating milk yield during the first lactation.     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人瘦蛋白的研究

利用转基因动物乳腺生产药用蛋白质是近年来研究的热点,在这方面已有不少成功的例子,展现出良好的应用前景[1,2].本研究选择人瘦蛋白基因作为目标基因是因为其表达产物瘦蛋白能对人体内脂肪的蓄积和能量消耗进行有效的反馈调控,美国科学家已将用E.coli表达的人瘦蛋白用于人肥胖症的治疗并取得了良好的治疗效果[3],但尚未见到利用转基因动物乳腺表达这种蛋白质的研究报道.