香猪资源的开发与利用

本文主要介绍我国小型资源动物—香猪的生物学特性,资源分布,现状,合理利用及其洙议。     

贵州小型香猪基因组DNA的AFLP检测研究

报道了AFLP标记在研究贵州小型香猪遗传多性方面的应用和该品系猪个体基因组DNA的AFLP扩增结果,分析了贵州小型香猪的群体遗传结构。实验应用10条AFLP引物,用PstⅠ酶切,对17头猪基因组DNA进行AFLP反应,共获得116个AFLP标记,单引物获得的标记数在2－22间,贵州小型香猪群体相似系数AFLP研究结果为0．866（0．760－0．967）,该研究为贵州小型香猪的遗传稳定性提供了相关的参数,准确评价尚待和其它品种猪对研究后确定。     

三种小型猪线粒体DNA控制区的比较研究

目的分析五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪线粒体DNA控制区碱基序列,比较研究不同猪种的遗传标志。方法应用PCR技术分别对这三种小型猪的血液总DNA样品中线粒体DNA D-loop区进行扩增,测序比对。结果猪的线粒体DNA D-loop区分三个区域。I区（靠近5’端区域）704bp,五指山小型猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点中归纳出3个单倍体,而巴马小型猪在此区有9个变异位点,通过9个变异位点归纳出4个单倍体,贵州香猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点归纳出3个单倍体。Ⅱ区（串联重复序列区）,五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪序列相同。Ⅲ区（靠近3’端区域）三种小型猪的序列几乎相同。结论五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪三种小型猪之间线粒体DNA碱基序列变异位点较少,五指山小型猪和巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近。     

版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖观察

猪在生理、解剖、组织、免疫及营养代谢等方面与人类有很多相似之处,已被应用于生物学及医学研究的各个领域。近年来随着异种器官移植研究的深入,猪成了人最理想的异种器官供给［１］。版纳小型猪近交系［２］目前已进入１８世代,近交系数达９７．８％,是目前最理想的人类异种器官供体［２］和最理想的实验用小型猪之一［３,４］。但缺乏翔实的解剖学资料。本实验对版纳小型猪近交系的内分泌器官进行了解剖观察,以期提供版纳小型猪近交系内分泌器官的解剖学资料。１　　材料和方法１．１　　材料　　选取中国版纳小型猪近交系５头,１…     

实验用小型猪营养需要研究进展

随着小型猪实验动物化研究的不断进步,小型猪作为生命科学研究的实验动物越来越受到人们的重视,因此生产标准化的小型猪至关重要,而对小型猪营养需要的了解和饲料标准的制定是生产标准化小型猪的重要基础之一。本文就小型猪的国内、外品种,小型猪的消化代谢特点以及对能量、蛋白质、矿物质及粗纤维营养需要的研究进展进行综述。     

香猪的繁殖行为学特性

香猪原产于我国贵州高原向广西盆地过渡的低山河谷地带,其形成已有数百年历史。由于长期受当地自然地理和经济状况等因素的影响,猪群基本是封闭式繁殖,高度近交,形成了该猪种早熟、易肥、体型小、耐粗饲、生长慢等特点,属天然小型猪种。以体小、肉香著称,是医学实验的理想材料。香猪目前正被大规模开发利用。有关香猪的生殖生理及繁殖性能,其中最显著的特点是产仔性能远较国内许多猪种为低,且仔猪成活率低,这是开发利用中的一大障碍。本文从香猪的繁殖行为特性上进行论述,为香猪的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

三种小型猪线粒体DNA控制区的比较研究

目的分析五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪线粒体DNA控制区碱基序列,比较研究不同猪种的遗传标志。方法应用PCR技术分别对这三种小型猪的血液总DNA样品中线粒体DNA D-loop区进行扩增,测序比对。结果猪的线粒体DNA D-loop区分3个区域。Ⅰ区（靠近5′端区域）704 bp,五指山小型猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点中归纳出3个单倍体,而巴马小型猪在此区有9个变异位点,通过9个变异位点归纳出4个单倍体,贵州香猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点归纳出3个单倍体。     

贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪微卫星位点的遗传学分析

利用35个微卫星位点对贵州小型香猪,广西巴马小型猪的封闭群进行了遗传检测,计算出两个小型猪品系个体样本微卫星位点的平均杂合度,多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等效基因数及品系间的遗传距离。结果表明两个品系的小型猪平均杂合度和PIC均较低,有效等效基因数与实测等位基因数较接近,也表明两品系均有稳定的遗传;两者的遗传距离表明贵州小型香猪和广西巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近,同时表明两者已分别成为两个猛增的封闭群动物。     

我国实验小型猪的发展现状及展望

实验动物广泛应用于科学研究领域,实验小型猪在医学研究领域中越来越得到重视。中国小型猪种源丰富,不同种群各具特色,遗传性状稳定。近年来中国实验小型猪的研究处于快速发展阶段,生产和使用均在逐年增加。我国发展实验小型猪具有天然封闭群特性和高度近交等得天独厚的条件,品系化、标准化、规模化和产业化是我国实验用小型猪的主要发展趋势。我国实验用小型猪发展当前面临的问题主要表现在:保护力度小、发展阻力大、育成品系少三个方面。育成中国各具特色的实验用小型猪品系需要增加投入,利用先进的科学技术例如基因编辑和动物克隆技术,加速小型猪的定向化培育进程。     

小型猪在肾脏疾病研究中的应用

随着对小型猪研究的不断深入,其作为人类疾病模型的优势日益明显,在生物医学研究中的应用也日趋增多。比较解剖学和生理学研究表明,小型猪的诸多生物学特性均与人类极为相似,尤其在肾脏的解剖和功能方面几乎是人类的复制品,使其在复制肾脏疾病模型,研究疾病发病机制和评估治疗策略等中具有无可替代的作用。本文将综述小型猪作为疾病动物模型在肾脏疾病研究中的应用。     

五种品系猪亲缘关系的RAPD分析

应用190个RAPD引物对贵州小型猪,巴马小型猪、西双版纳近交系小耳猪JB和JS亚系、荣昌猪Ⅰ系、长白猪的亲缘关系进行了初步分析,其中39个引物的扩增结果具有非常明显的品系间多态性,将其扩增结果以RAPDistance package Version 1?04程序进行分析,计算相对遗传距离指数1－F,再用NJ法进行聚类分析,构建系统树。结果表明,三种小型猪相互间亲缘关系较近,尤以贵州小型猪与巴马小型猪更近。荣昌猪Ⅰ系和长白猪关系较近,但与小型猪关系较远。 关键词：随机扩增多态DNA;小型猪;亲缘关系 The phylogenetic relationship of five species of pigs including Guizhou miniature pig,Bama pig,Xisuangbanna inbred pig,Rongchang Pig and Landrance was studied by RAPD analysis.Thirty-nine single polymorphic primers were selected out of 190 primers.The amplified fragments of thirty-nine primers were analysed by the RAPDistance package version 1.04 and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using NJ method.The results indicated as the following: three strains of miniature pigs have close phylogenetic relationship and the phylogenetic relationship between Guizhou miniature pig and Bama miniature pig was much closer.Landrance and Rongchang pig have close phylogenetic relationship too,but their phylogenetic relationship is far from the three strains of miniature pigs.     

Characterization of hepatic drug-metabolizing activities of Bama miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica): comparison with human enzyme analogs

We used various substrates and selective inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes as probes to study the metabolism of liver microsomes from Chinese Bama miniature pigs. Nifedipine oxidation (NOD) and testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation (6beta-OHT) activities were similar between human liver microsomes and those from Bama miniature pigs. However, compared with those from humans, liver microsomes from Bama miniature pigs showed decreased phenacetin O-deethylation, coumarin 7-hydroxylation, and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation activities, whereas dextromethorphan O-demethylation activity was increased. Ketoconazole selectively inhibited NOD and 6beta-OHT activities in microsomes from Bama pigs, and 8-methoxypsoralen and tranylcypromine inhibited coumarin 7-hydroxylation in pig microsomes. However, furafylline and quinidine failed to selectively inhibit phenacetin O-deethylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation in microsomes from Bama pigs, whereas chlormethiazole more efficiently inhibited coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity than chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in pig microsomes. Our results suggest that liver microsomes from Chinese Bama miniature pigs are similar to those from humans in regard to metabolism of nifedipine and testosterone (both are probe substrates for human CYP3A4). In addition, chemical inhibitors used as specific probes for human P450 enzymes did not always show the same selectivity toward corresponding enzyme activities in liver microsomes from Bama pigs. However, ketoconazole (a potent inhibitor of human CYP3A4) could be used as a selective inhibitor probe for the NOD and 6beta-OHT activities in liver microsomes from Chinese Bama miniature pigs.     

Exploring the Genetic Signature of Body Size in Yucatan Miniature Pig

Since being domesticated about 10,000–12,000 years ago, domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) have been selected for traits of economic importance, in particular large body size. However, Yucatan miniature pigs have been selected for small body size to withstand high temperature environment and for laboratory use. This renders the Yucatan miniature pig a valuable model for understanding the evolution of body size. We investigate the genetic signature for selection of body size in the Yucatan miniature pig. Phylogenetic distance of Yucatan miniature pig was compared to other large swine breeds (Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc and wild boar). By estimating the XP-EHH statistic using re-sequencing data derived from 70 pigs, we were able to unravel the signatures of selection of body size. We found that both selections at the level of organism, and at the cellular level have occurred. Selection at the higher levels include feed intake, regulation of body weight and increase in mass while selection at the molecular level includes cell cycle and cell proliferation. Positively selected genes probed by XP-EHH may provide insight into the docile character and innate immunity as well as body size of Yucatan miniature pig.     

Embryo collection from miniature pigs and production of the piglets after transfer to common pig recipients

Embryo collection from G?ttingen miniature pigs and transfer to common pig recipients were performed. Embryos were collected 2 to 6 days after the onset of estrus. Two to 7 eggs including unfertilized ova were collected from a naturally ovulated donor and more eggs (7 to 15) were obtained from a superovulated donor. A total of 21 piglets were born after transfer of 33 miniature pig embryos to two common pig recipients. Among them 12 were stillbirths which seemed to have resulted from suffocation during the parturition. Such an embryo transfer technique will be utilized as an inventive method for the purposes such as international exchange of the particular strains of miniature pigs, establishment of a SPF miniature pig herd and so on.     

Serum biochemistry of healthy Yucatan miniature pigs

Sera collected from 24 (12 boars and 12 gilts) healthy, fasted 28-43 week-old Yucatan miniature pigs were analyzed for 21 clinical chemistry parameters. The mean, standard deviation, median, and observed range for each parameter are presented as reference values for the normal blood chemistry for this breed. Comparison with published values reveals that the Yucatan miniature pig has a blood chemistry profile comparable to that of domestic pigs and other breeds of miniature swine.     

小型猪腹壁拉链模型的建立

目的建立小型猪腹壁拉链模型并对其生物学特性进行研究,为教学和科研工作的开展提供便利的研究工具。方法通过外科手术的方法将定制的生物拉链固定于小型猪体表,建立小型猪腹壁拉链模型,观察小型猪的体征和精神状态,利用全自动血液分析仪及尿液分析仪对其血液和尿液生化指标进行动态检测。结果模型建立后7-49d小型猪的活动、精神状态良好,其生理生化指标表现稳定,与对照相比无显著变化。结论本课题组建立的小型猪腹壁拉链模型建立后7-49d体征、精神状况良好,生理生化指标稳定,可以推广应用于相关的科研、教学试验。     

Distribution and linkage disequilibrium analysis of polymorphisms of <Emphasis Type="Italic">GH1</Emphasis> gene in different populations of pigs associated with body size

Growth hormone (GH) has been considered as a candidate gene for growth and body size in pigs. In this study, polymorphisms of the GH1 gene were evaluated for associations with body size traits in 190 pig individuals. Seventeen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in GH1 gene of the large pig breeds and miniature pig breeds using direct sequencing and genotyped by allele-specific PCR approach. Notably, six (g.237A>G, g.283T>C, g.309A>G, g.318A>G, g.540A>G and g.544A>G) of them were significantly associated with body size, of which three loci (g.283T>C, g.309A>G, g.318A>G) located in the signal-peptide coding region of GH1 gene compose a CGG haplotype for large pigs and TAA haplotype for miniature pigs (P< 0.001), two loci (g.540A>G and g.544A>G) located in the second intron of GH1 gene compose a GG haplotype for large pigs and AA haplotype for miniature pigs (P< 0.001). Our results demonstrate that these SNPs in GH1 gene are associated with the body size of pigs providing genetic basis for pig breeding with the improved economic benefits.     

不同月龄近交系五指山小型猪免疫器官的组织形态学

目的对不同月龄近交系五指山小型猪免疫器官组织特点进行观察,为其用于建立人类免疫相关疾病模型提供基础形态学资料。方法2、4和12月龄小型猪免疫器官被分别固定,常规石蜡切片、HE染色,光镜观察。结果4月龄前,胸腺内胸腺细胞和胸腺小体的数量均随年龄的增长逐渐增多;12月龄时,胸腺细胞数量有所减少,排列比较疏松,胸腺小体的数量和体积基本没有变化;2月龄时胸腺小体周围可见许多大小不同的空泡状细胞和细胞碎片。4月龄前,脾白髓动脉周围组织淋巴鞘和脾小结在也随年龄增长而逐渐增多增大,但12月龄时有所减少并维持在一定水平,其变化与大鼠和鸡的基本一致。2月龄淋巴结皮质靠内,髓质靠外,4月龄两者分界不明显,12月龄淋巴小结较大,淋巴细胞排列疏松,髓质内淋巴细胞较少,毛细血管增多。结论从整体结构上观察,近交系五指山小型猪免疫器官的组织学结构与人和其它哺乳动物之间没有明显的差异。     

Distribution of the CD4 Alleles in Sus scrofa Demonstrates the Genetic Profiles of Western Breeds and Miniature Pigs

Widely used antipig CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) fail to recognize CD4 alleles characteristic of miniature pig lines such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) miniature pigs and microminipigs. We surveyed polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the porcine CD4 gene among Western and Oriental pig breeds and Japanese wild boars and investigated their distribution. Of the 13 alleles that we identified among the 47 animals, 2 in group I and 3 in group II were found exclusively in Western breed pigs. Group IV alleles, which included mAb-nonbinding alleles, were found frequently in Oriental breed pigs, suggesting that the mAb-nonbinding allele arose from the gene pool of Oriental pigs. Group IV alleles were also found in Duroc and Large White pigs, suggesting genetic inflow from Oriental pig breeds into Western breeds. Comparison of the CD4 sequences of species in Cetartiodactyla suggested that the group IV alleles in Sus scrofa occurred before the divergence of this species from the other artiodactyls. The different antibody specificities of the various CD4 alleles may facilitate the discrimination of T-cell populations in transplantation studies using miniature pigs. The significance of the preservation of CD4 polymorphisms to immune function in pigs warrants further investigation.