A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century

Systematic entomology flourished as a branch of Natural History from the 1750s to the end of the nineteenth century. During this interval, the “era of Heroic Entomology,” the majority of workers in the field were dedicated amateurs. This article traces the demographic and occupational shifts in entomology through this 150-year interval and into the early twentieth century. The survey is based on entomologists who studied beetles (Coleoptera), and who named sufficient numbers of species to have their own names abbreviated by subsequent taxonomists. In the eighteenth century, 27 entomologists achieved this level of prominence, of whom 37% were academics, 19% were doctors, 11% had private incomes, 19% were clergymen, and 8% were government officials. Many of those with private incomes were members of the European aristocracy, and all but one were European men. The nineteenth century list included 192 entomologists, of whom 17% were academics, 16% were museum curators, 2% were school teachers, 15% were doctors, 6% were military men, 7% were merchants, 2% were government entomologists, 6% had private incomes, 5% were clergymen, 5% were government officials, and 4% were lawyers. The demographics of entomology shifted dramatically in the nineteenth century. Whereas many of the noteworthy entomologists of the eighteenth century were German, Swedish, or French, in the nineteenth century, many more European countries are represented, and almost one-fifth of the noteworthy entomologists were from the United States. The nineteenth century list, like the eighteenth century list, contains no women. By the twentieth century, 63% of 178 noteworthy systematic entomologists were paid professionals, teaching entomology courses in universities, or studying insect taxonomy in museums and government-sponsored laboratories. Only one person on the twentieth century list had a private income, but women (ten individuals) were included on the list for the first time.     

CT与X线诊断肠梗阻的临床价值探讨

目的：探讨腹部X线与CT扫描鉴别急性肠梗阻的准确性,为临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取2011年8月-2013年8月我院收治的66例急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均经手术活检或病理诊断证实为急性肠梗阻。术后患者均行腹部X线及CT扫描检查,对两种方法判断肠梗阻的发生、梗阻部位、类型及病因与手术病理结果进行比较,评价并分析两种检查方法的准确率。结果：66例肠梗阻患者中,X线检出率为89．39％,CT检出率为95．45％。X线诊断小肠梗阻准确率为72．10％,CT为86．05％;X线诊断结肠梗阻准确率为69．57％,CT为86．96％。X线诊断肿瘤准确率为69．57％,CT为86．96％;X线诊断肠粘连准确率为67．86％,CT为82．14％;X线诊断肠套叠准确率为60．00％,CT为80．00％;X线诊断单纯性机械性肠梗阻准确率为78．72％,CT为82．98％;X线诊断绞窄性肠梗准确率为73．68％,CT为78．95％。CT对肠梗阻部位、病因及类型的诊断准确率高于腹部X线片,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：腹部X线与CT用于诊断急性肠梗阻具有较高的准确率,但CT对于肠梗阻部位、梗阻类型及梗阻病因的诊断优于X线片。     

The aerobiological results from the 1994 cruise of the Urania (cnr) on the Adriatic. I. Pollen and spore counts on the Mediterranean sea as compared to mainland Italia

In July 1994, we were able to collect airborne fungal spores and pollen grains over the Adriatic Sea from the upper deck of the Oceanographic Ship Urania (CNR). The biological particles were collected using a modified Lanzoni VPPS 1000 sampler (operating at a flux of 10 LPM), on glycerine-gelatine coated microscopic slides. Not only were the airborne concentrations of different organisms estimated, their viability was also tested with a 1% TTC solution. Particles were collected for 60 min (i.e. a volume of 600 liters of air sampled) at every 2 h from 0600–2100 h. Up to 689 pollen grains/m³ and an impressive 48 990 spores/m³ were collected daily. Forty-two fungal taxa were identified and the most abundant spores collected were Cladosporium (82.6%), Smuts (4.8%), Ascospores (2.8%), Basidiospores (2.1%) andAlternaria (1.7%). 20 pollen taxa were identified, and the dominant pollen were Urticaceae (57.9%), Graminaceae (20.7%), Fagaceae (2.4%), Plantaginaceae (1.4%), Pinaceae (1.3%) and Eucalyptus (1.1%). The most abundant captures were done at 0800 and 1000 h (17.8 and 16.7% respectively) and at 1400 and 1600 h (13.2 and 13.8% respectively). Pollen viability per species ranged from 0 to 100%, but for the most abundant taxa, it ranged from 3.8 to 75%, and averaged 27.7%. Maximum viability was found at 0800 and 1200 h. Pollen concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the ones found on the mainland (Brindisi, Chieti, Matera). However, its specificity was evident. Future work should therefore look more at the pollen transport process which should account for this different assemblage of pollen.     

1800例妇科门诊患者阴道分泌物的病原学分析

目的了解妇科门诊患者中阴道分泌物的病原学。方法用湿片法进行阴道分泌物及细菌性阴道病（BV）检查,革兰染色法检查G^-双球菌。观察分泌物的病原体分布情况。结果1800例妇科门诊患者中,其阴道分泌物假丝酵母菌阳性549例,阳性率为30．50％;阴道毛滴虫阳性34例,阳性率为1．89％;BV399例,阳性率为22．17％;G^-双球菌16例,阳性率为0．89％。混合感染：假丝酵母菌合并阴道毛滴虫感染2例（0．11％）;假丝酵母菌合并BV192例（10．67％）;假丝酵母菌合并G^-双球菌5例（0．28％）;假丝酵母菌合并BV和G^-双球菌3例（0．17％）。结论妇科门诊患者阴道分泌物的病原体构成复杂,阴道炎主要以外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病和BV为主,部分可多种病原体混合感染。     

The aerobiological results from the 1994 cruise of the Urania (cnr) on the Adriatic. I. Pollen and spore counts on the Mediterranean sea as compared to mainland Italia

In July 1994, we were able to collect airborne fungal spores and pollen grains over the Adriatic Sea from the upper deck of the Oceanographic Ship Urania (CNR). The biological particles were collected using a modified Lanzoni VPPS 1000 sampler (operating at a flux of 10 LPM), on glycerine-gelatine coated microscopic slides. Not only were the airborne concentrations of different organisms estimated, their viability was also tested with a 1% TTC solution. Particles were collected for 60 min (i.e. a volume of 600 liters of air sampled) at every 2 h from 0600–2100 h. Up to 689 pollen grains/m³ and an impressive 48 990 spores/m³ were collected daily. Forty-two fungal taxa were identified and the most abundant spores collected were Cladosporium (82.6%), Smuts (4.8%), Ascospores (2.8%), Basidiospores (2.1%) andAlternaria (1.7%). 20 pollen taxa were identified, and the dominant pollen were Urticaceae (57.9%), Graminaceae (20.7%), Fagaceae (2.4%), Plantaginaceae (1.4%), Pinaceae (1.3%) and Eucalyptus (1.1%). The most abundant captures were done at 0800 and 1000 h (17.8 and 16.7% respectively) and at 1400 and 1600 h (13.2 and 13.8% respectively). Pollen viability per species ranged from 0 to 100%, but for the most abundant taxa, it ranged from 3.8 to 75%, and averaged 27.7%. Maximum viability was found at 0800 and 1200 h. Pollen concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the ones found on the mainland (Brindisi, Chieti, Matera). However, its specificity was evident. Future work should therefore look more at the pollen transport process which should account for this different assemblage of pollen.     

CT 与X线诊断肠梗阻的临床价值探讨

目的：探讨腹部X 线与CT 扫描鉴别急性肠梗阻的准确性,为临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取2011年8 月-2013 年8 月我院 收治的66 例急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均经手术活检或病理诊断证实为急性肠梗阻。术后患者均行腹 部X 线及CT扫描检查,对两种方法判断肠梗阻的发生、梗阻部位、类型及病因与手术病理结果进行比较,评价并分析两种检查 方法的准确率。结果：66 例肠梗阻患者中,X线检出率为89.39%,CT 检出率为95.45%。X 线诊断小肠梗阻准确率为72.10%,CT 为86.05%;X线诊断结肠梗阻准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%。X线诊断肿瘤准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%;X线诊断肠粘连 准确率为67.86%,CT 为82.14%;X 线诊断肠套叠准确率为60.00%,CT 为80.00%;X线诊断单纯性机械性肠梗阻准确率为78.72%,CT为82.98%;X线诊断绞窄性肠梗准确率为73.68%,CT 为78.95 %。CT 对肠梗阻部位、病因及类型的诊断准确率高于腹部X 线片,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：腹部X 线与CT 用于诊断急性肠梗阻具有较高的准确率,但CT 对于肠梗阻部位、梗阻类型及梗阻病因的诊断优于X线片。     

Conservation Hotspots for the Turtles on the High Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

Understanding the distribution of bycaught sea turtles could inform conservation strategies and priorities. This research analyses the distribution of turtles caught as longline fisheries bycatch on the high seas of the Atlantic Ocean. This research collected 18,142 bycatch observations and 47.1 million hooks from large-scale Taiwanese longline vessels in the Atlantic Ocean from June 2002 to December 2013. The coverage rates were ranged from 0.48% to 17.54% by year. Seven hundred and sixty-seven turtles were caught, and the major species were leatherback (59.8%), olive ridley (27.1%) and loggerhead turtles (8.7%). Most olive ridley (81.7%) and loggerhead (82.1%) turtles were hooked, while the leatherbacks were both hooked (44.0%) and entangled (31.8%). Depending on the species, 21.4% to 57.7% were dead when brought onboard. Most of the turtles were caught in tropical areas, especially in the Gulf of Guinea (15°N-10°S, 30°W-10°E), but loggerheads were caught in the south Atlantic Ocean (25°S-35°S, 40°W-10°E and 30°S-40°S, 55°W-45°W). The bycatch rate was the highest at 0.030 per 1000 hooks for leatherbacks in the tropical area. The bycatch rates of olive ridley ranged from 0 to 0.010 per thousand hooks. The loggerhead bycatch rates were higher in the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean and ranged from 0.0128 to 0.0239 per thousand hooks. Due to the characteristics of the Taiwanese deep-set longline fleet, bycatch rates were lower than those of coastal longline fisheries, but mortality rates were higher because of the long hours of operation. Gear and bait modification should be considered to reduce sea turtle bycatch and increase survival rates while reducing the use of shallow hooks would also be helpful.     

玛咖提取物对运动耐力和脊神经元线粒体超微结构的影响

目的：探索玛咖提取物对运动耐力和脊神经元线粒体超微结构的影响。方法：50只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组。对照组：不进行游泳,灌胃等量蒸馏水;单纯游泳组：游泳,灌胃等量蒸馏水,玛咖提取物组（设4.0,5.3,8.0 g/kg 3个剂量组）：游泳,给予相应剂量的玛咖提取物。游泳大鼠在游泳池内循环水流自由游泳,连续游泳并给药15 d,第16天游泳耐力测试后无痛处死大鼠,用投射电子显微镜观察脊髓神经元线粒体超微结构,放免法测定肌肉肌糖元、检测肌肉中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和游离钙水平。结果：与单纯游泳组比,沉下前游泳时间和游泳总时间分别延长了（%）19.83、60.28、77.55和55.34、73.91、94.47,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）;沉下次数分别减少了（%）34.35、51.18、57.96,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;MDA和游离钙含量分别降低了（%）20.10、31.49、38.72,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）和6.42、17.58、26.35;SOD、GSH-Px和肌糖原含量分别升高了（%）5.12、22.74、52.53、44.22、77.79、98.45,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）和35.08、47.83、81.88,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;脊神经元线粒体的体密度（VD）、面密度（SD）和数密度（ND）分别减小了（%）7.79、18.18、31.17,16.95、27.34、43.31和13.51、23.19、43.15。结论：玛咖提取物具有保护脊髓神经元线粒体结构、抗氧化、增加肌糖原和提高运动能力等作用。     

Factors affecting the efficiency of nuclear transplantation in the rabbit embryo

Procedures to improve nuclear transplantation efficiency in the rabbit were evaluated. We report the influence of recipient oocyte age on the different steps of nuclear transplantation. The effect of multiple pulses and the influence of manipulation medium and cytochalasin B in the post-fusion/activation medium on activation and development were studied. Recently ovulated oocytes were enucleated at a higher rate (60%) than aged oocytes (3%, p less than 0.005); they also fused at a higher rate (85% vs. 26%, p less than 0.001). Activation was low with freshly ovulated oocytes compared to aged oocytes (3% vs. 37%, respectively; p less than 0.005), but was increased by using multiple pulses (85% vs. 68%, p less than 0.05). Multiple pulses also improved development to blastocysts (48% vs. 5%, p less than 0.001). Incubation of oocytes in a bicarbonate-buffered medium with 10% fetal calf serum for manipulation also enhanced rates of activation (100% vs. 89%, p less than 0.05) and development of oocytes to blastocysts (77% vs. 26%, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, 7.5 micrograms/ml cytochalasin B in the post-fusion/activation medium increased activation rates (78% vs. 50%, p less than 0.05) and development to blastocysts of manipulated embryos (46% vs. 11%, p less than 0.001). When the above modifications were applied, 10% (23/230) of the total nuclear transplant embryos (8-16-cell-stage donor nuclei) or 21% (23/110) of those transferred to recipients developed to offspring, rates similar to the development of nonmanipulated control embryos (10%, 4/41, p greater than 0.1).     

Losses of mammals (Mammalia) and birds (Aves) on roads in the Slovak part of the Danube Basin

Mortality of mammals and birds due to traffic accidents was monitored in the Slovak part of the Danube Basin from September 2000 to December 2002. Monitored road length was 32 km. The route was inspected by vehicle or on foot 709 times (total of 22,677 km inspected). A total of 3,009 animal carcasses were found. Of these, 45.5% were mammals and 54.5% were birds. Mammals included hamsters (35.7% of killed mammals), mice (14%), brown hares (13.2%), hedgehogs (8.7%), voles (8.5%), Norway rats (6.1%), domestic cats (4.4%) red foxes (3%), polecats (1.9%), weasels (1.2%), and less than 1% other species. Of the bird carcasses, 42.4% were sparrows, 7.6% pheasants, 5.6% swallows, 5.4% long-eared owls, 4.6% martins, 4.4% collared turtle doves, 4.1% domestic pigeons, and 3.2% fieldfares. On average, 3.6 animal carcasses were found per 1 km of monitored route per month. Seasonal mortality differed both in absolute numbers and with respect to the number of species involved. Losses were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Losses in brown hares reached on average 15.5% (maximum 75%), in roe deer 18.8% (maximum 80%) and in pheasants 3.5% (maximum 22%) of the annual bag. Annual financial losses in the study area with regard to game species were 1.9 million Slovakian crowns. In the district of Galanta, to which the study area belongs, on average 21.4 traffic accidents with game occurred annually; most of these were caused by roe deer. Damage to property amounted to 880,000 Slovakian crowns per year.     

FRD特殊染色技术在宫颈疾病筛查中的结果分析

目的:研究FRD特殊染色技术(FRD)在宫颈疾病筛查中的结果情况,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法:选取2015年5月到2016年5月我院就诊宫颈疾病筛查者306例,对所有患者进行FRD和液基细胞学检测,两种检测有一项提示阳性则行阴道镜病理检测,以病理检测为标准,比较两种检测方法诊断价值。结果:宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌筛查中两种检测方法敏感度分别为87.6%、84.0%,特异性分别为69.0%、63.3%,诊断符合率分别为79.7%、75.8%,阳性预测值分别为79.2%和78.4%,阴性预测值分别为81.7%和71.4%,Kappa值为0.56和0.48,比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:FRD与液基细胞学检测筛查宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌效果相似,但是FRD操作简便,值得在临床上应用。     

皮质酮对大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区神经元活动的影响

实验用多管微电极细胞外记录氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区（RVLM）神经元的活动,用电刺激主动脉神经和静脉注射苯肾上腺素激活压力感受器反射等方法鉴定心血管神经元,在RVLM内共记录到145个自发放电的神经元,其中33个为心血管神经元,31个为伤害调制性神经元,81个为未知功能神经元。33个心血管神经元微电泳硫酸皮质酮（CORT）后,25个（76%）神经元放电迅速加快,8个（24%）自发放电没有变化。伤害刺激引起兴奋的31个伤害调制性神经元,微电泳CORT后19个（64%）神经元放电抑制,而2个（6%）兴奋,其余10个（30%）没有反应,功能不明的81个神经元在微电泳CORT后,32个（40%0兴奋,5个（6%）抑制,44个（54%）没有反应,以上结果证明CORT可能通过非基因组机制快速影响RVLM神经元的活动,提示在应激等情况下CORT的快速作用机制可能在心血管和抗伤害等活动整合中具有一定意义。     

死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式分析

目的：探讨死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式。方法：收集我院住院分娩的死胎病例23 例,对孕妇一般资料、死胎发生原因、终 止妊娠方式进行统计分析。结果：①死胎发生孕妇中,年龄＞36 岁者最多,共8 例,占34.8%,孕周在28-36+6 周的孕妇数最多,共 10 例,占43.5%,初产妇17 例,占73.9%,有流产史孕妇9 例,占39.1%;②在所有病因中,脐带因素占比最大,共11 例,占47.8%, 其次为胎盘因素和母体因素,各5 例,各占21.7%,胎儿原因与不明原因各2 例,各占8.7%;③在对终止妊娠方式的选择上,施行 羊膜腔穿刺引产例数最多,共13 例,占56.5%,其次为剖宫产,共5 例,占21.7%,米索流产3 例,占13.0%,自娩患者2 例,占 8.7%。结论：脐带因素为造成死胎发生的主要原因,其次为胎盘因素及母体因素,应对孕妇进行全面的孕期检查及孕期健康教育, 以减少死胎的发生,并选择合适的终止妊娠方式以减轻孕妇痛苦。     

Differential Changes in the Content of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in Discrete Regions of the Rat Brain Prior to the Onset and During the Course of Homocysteine-Induced Seizures

Changes in amino acid concentrations were investigated in selected regions of rat brain prior to the onset and during the course of epileptiform seizures induced by L-homocysteine. The concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased preictally in substantia nigra (-18%), caudate putamen (-26%), and inferior colliculus (-46%). After seizure onset, the GABA content was further reduced in substantia nigra (-31%) and additionally in hippocampus (-18%). Preictal taurine levels were elevated in globus pallidus (+26%) and caudate putamen (+13%) but returned to normal after seizure onset. However, in hippocampus, taurine decreased both preictally (-22%) and after seizure onset (-56%). Glycine was reduced preictally only in globus pallidus (-13%). After seizure onset the direction of its concentration change varied in the brain regions studied. Glutamate levels decreased preictally in hippocampus (-10%) and hypothalamus (-46%) but increased in globus pallidus (+14%). Normal levels were detectable after seizure onset in hypothalamus and globus pallidus but a further reduction in hippocampus (-59%) and significant reductions in substantia nigra (-15%) and caudate putamen (-17%) were detected. Aspartate was elevated in hippocampus, both preictally (+49%) and after seizure onset (+21%) while at the same phases in globus pallidus a consistent reduction (-30%) was observed. The glutamine content increased preictally in globus pallidus (+41%) and hypothalamus (+36%), and in all brain areas during the ictal phase of seizure, the hippocampus exhibiting a dramatic increase (approximately 300%). The contents of serine and alanine were altered in most regions studied only after seizure onset, with the exception of the hippocampus, where a decrease (-41%) of serine was observed preictally.     

Molecular Relationships Among the Salmonelleae

Polynucleotide sequence relatedness studies were carried out to determine the extent of divergence present in members of the tribe Salmonelleae and between salmonellae and other enteric bacteria. Typical Salmonella were 85 to 100% related. Two groups of biochemically atypical Salmonella showed somewhat lower binding to typical salmonellae and to each other. Arizona were 70 to 80% related to salmonellae. Two groups of Arizona were detected. These groups correlated with the presence of monophasic or diphasic flagellar antigens. Salmonella and Arizona were no more related to Citrobacter than to Escherichia coli (45-55%). Relatedness of Salmonella and Arizona to other enterobacteria ranged from 20 to 40% with klebsiellae and shigellae, to 20 to 25% with erwiniae, and to less than 20% with edwardsiellae and Proteus mirabilis.     

三江源区人兽冲突现状分析

本研究整理了2015-2016年三江源区曲麻莱县、治多县和囊谦县的人兽冲突记录,并对主要肇事物种和人兽冲突的时间分布、地点分布以及受损类型的分布进行了统计分析。结果显示:(1)主要肇事野生动物依次为狼(978起,64.13%)、棕熊(117起,7.67%)、雪豹(5起,0.33%)和野牦牛(3起,0.20%),其余422起冲突(27.67%)未记录肇事野生动物;(2)人兽冲突时间分布不稳定,其高发期在不同年份不同地区都有所不同,总体来看,每年的1月、2月和12月棕熊和狼引起冲突较少,高峰期通常为6-9月;(3)从地区分布看,人兽冲突热点区域是曲麻莱县和治多县,特别是曲麻莱县秋智乡和麻多乡,治多县治渠乡、多彩乡、立新乡和扎河乡,曲麻莱县和治多县交接区域是人兽冲突高发区,囊谦县人兽冲突整体相对较轻;(4)从受损类型看,对牛的攻击和伤害是最主要的受损类型(749次,79.94%),明显多于对羊(56次,5.98%)和马(24次,2.56%)造成伤害的冲突,以及对房屋和家具等其它财产造成破坏的冲突(108起,11.53%)。本研究结果为三江源生态保护和国家公园建设制定更有效的预防和缓解人兽冲突的措施等提供了可靠依据。     

Analysis of the rye chromosome constitution and the amount of telomeric heterochromatin in the widely and narrowly adapted hexaploid triticales

Summary Investigations were made on the rye chromosome constitution and on the presence of telomeric heterochromatin in rye chromosomes of the 26 most widely and 24 most narrowly adapted triticale strains. Among widely adapted lines, 22 (85%) had a complete rye genome and four triticales only had chromosomal R-D genome substitutions. Twenty-three (96%) of the 24 most narrowly adapted triticales had substitutions between the chromosomes of the R and D genomes. The most widely adapted triticales accumulated fewer modified rye chromosomes in comparison to narrowly adapted lines. They had from one to three rye chromosomes with heterochromatic deletions: 46% of widely adapted lines had two modified rye chromosomes; 34% had three modified rye chromosomes, and 19% had a single modified rye chromosome. In widely adapted strains, the 1R, 4R, 5R and 6R modified chromosomes were observed; they were present in 80%, 73%, 50% and 11% of the cases, respectively. The most narrowly adapted triticales had from two to four modified rye chromosomes: 58% of the strains had three modified rye chromosomes; 29% had four modified rye chromosomes and 12% had two modified rye chromosomes. The modified 4R and 5R chromosomes were present in all of these lines. The 1R (modified), 6R (modified) and 7R (modified) were found in 83%, 25% and 16%, respectively, of the narrowly adapted strains.Results support the previous observations (Pilch 1980b) that a wide adaptation of hexaploid triticales is associated with the presence of the full potential of rye genome, and that it is independent of the amount of telomeric heterochromatin possessed by rye chromosomes.     

Nuclear characteristics of cardiac myocytes following the proliferative response to mincing of the myocardium in the adult newt,Notophthalmus viridescens

Summary Amphibian cardiac myocytes are predominantly mononucleated and have been demonstrated to respond to injury with DNA synthesis and mitosis. The nature of this response with regard to nuclear number and ploidy is unclear. In this study, the apex of the newt ventricle was minced and replaced, increasing the reactive area of the wound. At 45 days after mincing following multiple injections of tritiated thymidine (2.5-Ci/animal, 20 Ci/mM) 15 to 20 days after mincing, three ventricular zones were isolated and fixed: Zone 1, the minced area; Zone 2, extending approximately 500 m proximally from the amputation plane; and Zone 3, the portion proximal to Zone 2. Myocytes separated in 50% KOH were examined for DNA synthesis by autoradiography and for nuclear number and DNA content using a scanning microdensitometer on Feulgen-Naphthol yellow S-stained cells. No labeled myocyte nuclei were found in control hearts and 98.3% of the myocytes were 2C. At 45 days, 46.78% of myocyte nuclei within Zone 1 were labeled, while 13% were non-diploid. In Zone 2, 9.25% were labeled with 4.8% non-diploid. In Zone 3, 1.1% were labeled, with 2.8% non-diploid. The newt ventricle's response to injury apparently may involve complete mitosis and cytokinesis, resulting in mononucleated diploid cells.     

Transcriptome analysis in the midgut of the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) using expressed sequence tags

In order to gain insight into the expression profiles of the earthworm midgut, we analyzed 1106 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from the earthworm midgut cDNA library. Among the 1106 ESTs analyzed, 557 (50.4%) ESTs showed significant similarity to known genes and represented 229 unique genes of which 166 ESTs were singletons and 63 ESTs manifest as two or more ESTs. While 552 ESTs (49.9%) were sequenced only once, 230 ESTs (20.8%) appeared two to five times and 324 ESTs (29.3%) were sequenced more than five times. Considering this redundancy of expression, it is likely that the gene expression profile of the earthworm midgut would be polarized. The expression of globin-related proteins, including ferritin and linker chain, and fibrinolytic enzymes appeared to account for 10.1% and 4.7% of the total ESTs analyzed in this study, respectively. This suggests that the prime functions of the midgut in the earthworm would be associated with protein hydrolysis as well as globin formation. Among the recognized protein-coding genes, the gene category involved in protein synthesis appeared to be the largest one accounting for 15.6% of the expression in the midgut, followed by gene categories associated with energy (11.2%), homeostasis (10.8%), metabolism (3.6%), cytoskeleton (2.5%), and protein fate (1.4%). With regard to functional aspects, the most abundantly expressed genes were associated with respiratory pigment (10.1%), cellular respiration (8.6%), and fibrin hydrolysis (4.7%). In addition, we were able to identify novel ESTs in the earthworm, which were related to the innate immune system, including destabilase, a possible antagonist of transglutaminase.     

不同季节鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配特征

2007 年11 月至2008 年10 月在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物保护区研究了鹅喉羚的昼间行为时间分配,共观察鹅喉羚有效个体1 917 只,采集行为数据时间319.5 h,将鹅喉羚的昼间行为分为采食、移动、警戒、休息和“其它”5 类。结果表明:春季雌性5 种行为分配时间所占比例分别为67.5%、2.5%、2.7%、25.9%、1.4%,雄性分别为63.5%、3.4%、4.3%、27.5%、1.3%; 夏季,雌性:43.7%、7.7%、5.6%、42.1%、1.0%; 雄性:51.9%、1.7%、3.1%、41.4%、1.9%; 秋季,雌性:66.3%、5.1%、4.3%、23.6%、0.7%;雄性:68.9%、6.0%、4.2%、20.7%、0.3%;冬季,雌性:68.0%、5.0%、7.0%、19.6%、0.4%;雄性:29.6%、20.6%、19.2%、29.3%、1.3%。采用卡方检验、秩和检验、方差分析比较同季节不同性别各自行为时间分配、同季节雌雄间行为时间分配、同性别不同季节的行为时间分配。结果表明:四季中雌雄各自5 种行为的时间分配均存在显著差异(P>0.05);比较两性间行为时间分配发现,在春夏季,雌雄间各行为时间分配无差异(P>0.05),秋季移动差异显著(P < 0. 05),而冬季5 种行为间均差异显著(P<0.05);季节因素对雌雄行为时间分配的影响显著。鹅喉羚以特定的行为时间分配模式适应季节更替或变化的生理周期,如温度、性别、水分状况、繁殖期、哺乳期等,满足能量及营养需求。