桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为及对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性

【目的】桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以蔷薇科果树和观赏树木为寄主。本研究旨在搞清楚桃红颈天牛成虫的交配产卵行为及其对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性。【方法】选择苹果Malus pumila、山樱花Prunus serrulata var. spontanea、桃Prunus persica、西府海棠Malus micromalus、毛樱桃Prunus tomentosa、秋子梨Pyrus ussuriensis、杏Prunus armeniaca和红叶李Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea 8种寄主植物木段,构建为成虫的活动场所,观察桃红颈天牛成虫的交配和产卵行为,并测定桃红颈天牛成虫在不同寄主木段上的栖落数量和产卵量。【结果】桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为分为避让、打斗和交配3种行为。交配过程可分为相遇抱对、插入输精、交配后陪护3个阶段。桃红颈天牛雌虫产卵时无刻槽行为,喜欢将卵产于较为狭窄的缝隙中。雌虫偏好在桃树木段上栖落,雄虫则偏好在毛樱桃木段上栖落。李亚科李属的桃是桃红颈天牛最喜欢的产卵寄主木段,而雌虫在苹果亚科的苹果、海棠和秋子梨木段上产卵极少。相关性分析结果表明雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与产卵量占比间存在正相关性,雄虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量之间也存在正相关性。【结论】桃红颈天牛雌成虫最喜欢桃树木段,雄虫对寄主植物的选择性与雌虫并不完全相同。     

桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为及对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性

【目的】桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以蔷薇科果树和观赏树木为寄主。本研究旨在搞清楚桃红颈天牛成虫的交配产卵行为及其对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性。【方法】选择苹果Malus pumila、山樱花Prunus serrulata var.spontanea、桃Prunus persica、西府海棠Malus micromalus、毛樱桃Prunus tomentosa、秋子梨Pyrus ussuriensis、杏Prunus armeniaca和红叶李Prunus cerasifera var.atropurea 8种寄主植物木段,构建为成虫的活动场所,观察桃红颈天牛成虫的交配和产卵行为,并测定桃红颈天牛成虫在不同寄主木段上的栖落数量和产卵量。【结果】桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为分为避让、打斗和交配3种行为。交配过程可分为相遇抱对、插入输精、交配后陪护3个阶段。桃红颈天牛雌虫产卵时无刻槽行为,喜欢将卵产于较为狭窄的缝隙中。雌虫偏好在桃树木段上栖落,雄虫则偏好在毛樱桃木段上栖落。李亚科李属的桃是桃红颈天牛最喜欢的产卵寄主木段,而雌虫在苹果亚科的苹果、海棠和秋子梨木段上产卵极少。相关性分析结果表明雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与产卵量占比间存在正相关性,雄虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量之间也存在正相关性。【结论】桃红颈天牛雌成虫最喜欢桃树木段,雄虫对寄主植物的选择性与雌虫并不完全相同。     

松褐天牛产卵刻痕在黑松树干上分布规律的研究

调查和分析了松褐天牛Monochamus alternatusHope的产卵刻槽在寄主植物黑松上的分布情况,结果表明：产卵刻槽分布与寄主胸径和树高有一定的相关关系,黑松树干胸径在9～15 cm之间,树高在4～7 m之间最适合天牛产卵危害,其中在胸径9～13 cm范围内产卵刻槽数量最多,在此范围的寄主受天牛为害最重。天牛在胸径＞17 cm或树高＞7 m时,没有产卵刻槽分布。产卵刻槽集中分布于树干1～2 m位置,3 m以上很少有刻槽分布,同时,天牛产卵多在光线充足的地方,其中南面产卵刻槽数量最多。     

桑天牛产卵分泌物对其产卵刻槽含水量、pH值及微生物数量的影响

为探讨桑天牛Apriona germari产卵分泌物对其产卵刻槽微生境的作用, 选用构树树干设置野外接虫和人工封槽两种处理, 取样测定和分析了桑天牛产卵分泌物对其产卵刻槽微生境含水量、pH值和微生物数量的影响。结果表明: 产卵4日内每日的人工封槽刻槽含水量均显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 4日后均高于对照, 产卵刻槽含水量的日变化与对照相似。产卵5日内, 人工封槽刻槽和产卵刻槽处树皮的pH值波动与对照基本一致, 5日后, 二者均高于对照, 但同日的人工封槽刻槽与产卵刻槽pH值无明显差异（P>0.05）。产卵刻槽、人工封槽刻槽与对照细菌数量比较如下: 产卵后第2日人工封槽刻槽显著高于对照和产卵刻槽（P<0.05）; 新制作与产卵后第1, 6, 7和8日人工封槽刻槽均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）; 第3日对照组的细菌数量（1 320.0±189.0）极显著高于人工封槽刻槽和产卵刻槽（P<0.01）; 第4日人工封槽刻槽显著高于产卵刻槽（P<0.05）, 但与对照无显著差异（P>0.05）; 第5日三者差异不显著（P>0.05）。分析表明桑天牛产卵分泌物具有维持刻槽微生境含水量稳定的作用, 对刻槽处树皮pH值无明显影响, 对细菌数量的增加有一定抑制作用。     

星天牛寄主选择研究

为了明确华南地区星天牛主要寄主植物种类,本文筛选了21种有代表性的植物,对星天牛进行了室内、室外寄主选择试验。结果表明,星天牛在不同植物上的取食量和刻槽数量差异极显著,偏好在砂糖橘、苦楝、金桔和柠檬上取食,在砂糖橘、柠檬、金桔和小叶紫薇上刻槽产卵,取食对象和刻槽产卵对象不一致。研究证实,星天牛能在华南地区砂糖橘、玫瑰和柠檬三种植物上完成生活史,是星天牛的寄主植物。     

树皮内含物对光肩星天牛取食与刻槽产卵量的影响

为了明确光肩星天牛补充营养阶段寄主植物树皮内含物对其取食和产卵量的影响,观察并记录室内光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积、尝试刻槽数、产卵数,并对5种寄主植物中几种树皮内含物进行提取测定。结果表明:光肩星天牛在不同寄主植物上的取食面积为苦楝Melia azedarach Linn.意大利杨树Populus euramevicana cv.‘I-214'垂柳Salix babylonica Linn.木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia L.白蜡Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.,尝试刻槽数为垂柳木麻黄苦楝意大利杨树白蜡,而成功产卵数则为垂柳意大利杨树苦楝木麻黄白蜡,其中苦楝、木麻黄、白蜡上的尝试刻槽数与成功产卵数差异极显著(P0.01),在垂柳上差异显著(0.01P0.05)。相关性实验测定结果表明:影响光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数的内含物因子包括可溶性糖、碳氮比、总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸,光肩星天牛的取食面积和尝试刻槽数与它们呈显著相关而与单宁、总酚、可溶性蛋白均无关。而成功产卵数则与所测内含物因子均无显著相关。推测适宜的碳氮比和可溶性糖含量加上高的总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸量是光肩星天牛取食产卵选择的标准。     

松墨天牛对寄主树木的产卵选择

在室内采用选择行为方法,研究了松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus对几种松属植物的产卵选择行为。结果表明,松墨天牛对黑松Pinus thunbergii的选择性最强,对马尾松P.massoniana的选择性最弱,二者间差异显著,它们与火炬松P. taeda和湿地松P. elliottii间无明显差异。在黑松和马尾松的被松材线虫危害木与健康木之间,松墨天牛明显选择被害木产卵;具产卵痕枝段和虫粪处理过的枝段,对松墨天牛的产卵有显著抑制作用,松墨天牛明显地选择对照枝段产卵。     

光肩星天牛产卵刻槽含水量与pH值的分析

测定了光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis(Motsch.)在柳树皮上产卵刻槽、模拟刻槽及健康树皮的含水量和pH值。结果表明:柳树在不同受伤条件下的含水量及pH值都有所不同,其中含水量的顺序为产卵刻槽>健康树皮>模拟刻槽;pH值的顺序为产卵刻槽>模拟刻槽>健康树皮。这些结果为进一步研究刻槽内微生物的种类和丰度及树木在不同受伤条件下的生理反应提供依据。     

杨树和核桃树两种寄主植物上云斑天牛产卵刻槽的分布

为了对比杨树和核桃树两种寄主植物上云斑天牛成虫产卵方式的差异,本研究于2013年通过林间定期调查的方法得到了云斑天牛成虫在两种寄主植物上的产卵规律。杨树上,产卵刻槽沿树干一周,卵产于韧皮部或者木质部;核桃树上,产卵刻槽沿着树干上下排列,卵产于树皮缝内。两种寄主植物上,产卵刻槽的数量均随着树干高度的增高而减少,但在不同高度范围内没有差异(df=2,6,F=0.866;df=2,15,F=0.071),且在不同方向上也没有差异(F1=0.691;F2=0.646;F3=0.994)。另外还调查了寄主植物胸径与产卵刻槽数量之间的关系,结果表明,产卵刻槽不会随着寄主植物胸径的增大而增多。这些研究结论为进一步完善云斑天牛的生物学特性提供了理论依据。     

松墨天牛成虫交配与产卵行为的观察

观察了养虫笼中松墨天牛Monochamus alternatusHope的交配和产卵行为。描述了雌、雄虫在交配过程中的多种行为,雌、雄虫间的交配时间可持续23~540 min,平均约200 min;有重复交配现象,重复交配次数可达2~18次;每次交配持续时间为2~100 s。雌虫背负雄虫,边取食边产卵;也可脱离雄虫单独产卵。雌虫在寄主枝条上咬槽产卵,通常日产卵1~2粒,最多3粒。产卵期的长短和产卵量的多少取决于雌虫个体寿命的长短。     

Oviposition site selection by herbivorous beetles: a comparison of two thistle feeders, Cassida rubiginosa and Henosepilachna niponica

In insects that feed on plants in both adult and larval stages, it is often difficult to distinguish oviposition preference from adult feeding preference, because oviposition can occur at or in proximity to feeding sites. In the present study, characteristics of oviposition site selection of two beetle species, Cassida rubiginosa Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Henosepilachna niponica (Lewis) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were investigated in the field and laboratory, with particular attention to relationships with adult feeding sites. In the field, distances between adult feeding scars and egg masses differed for C . rubiginosa and H . niponica , with the former being very small and the latter averaging 24.6 cm. The same tendencies for the distances between adult feeding scars and egg masses of the two beetle species were confirmed in cages in which only female beetles were released. Cassida rubiginosa restricted egg laying to host plants in the field and to leaves in laboratory assays. On the other hand, H . niponica placed 8% of egg masses on plants adjacent to host plants in the field and often placed eggs on artificial substrates rather than leaf discs in laboratory assays. These results suggest that oviposition and female feeding sites are virtually inseparable in the case of C . rubiginosa , while H . niponica females do not necessarily keep to host plant leaves as oviposition substrates and they tend to oviposit at some distance from their feeding sites. Results are discussed in relation to proximate and ultimate causes of host selection behavior.     

Plant wound compounds from oviposition scars used in host discrimination by a stem-galling sawfly

The stem-galling sawfly Euura lasiolepisuses one or more plant wound compounds resulting from oviposition scars as cues in host discrimination (avoiding sites occupied by conspecifics). Four experiments were conducted to test hypotheses about how Euurapartitions resources. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Euuraavoids ovipositing on nodes with scars from previous ovipositions. Experiment 2 showed no evidence that the sawfly uses oviposition-deterring pheromones and indicated there is a time lag following oviposition before the oviposition scar becomes a deterrent. Experiment 3 showed that sawflies avoid artificially formed scars, demonstrating that a plant cue alone can lead to host discrimination. Experiment 4 showed that visual or tactile cues are not necessary for host discrimination and indicated that a plant wound compound functions as an oviposition deterrent. Both experimental results and field surveys showed that Euuraoviposition scars were more uniformly distributed than expected if sawflies were ignoring previous ovipositions.     

Host-feeding and oviposition strategies of parasitoids in relation to host stage

Until now, mathematical models of parasitoid-host interactions have not incorporated the tendency for destructively host-feeding parasitoids to partition their feeding and oviposition behaviour in relation to different host stages. A literature survey reveals a trend for female parasitoids to feed preferentially or exclusively on earlier host stages and to oviposit preferentially or exclusively in/or later ones. We explore the relative advantages to host-feeding parasitoids of a number of possible host stage selection strategies. We develop hypotheses, formalizing and testing them using modifications to our earlier simulation model of host-feeding strategies (Jervis and Kidd, 1986). We conclude from our modelling that the advantage to be gained from feeding on early host stages and ovipositing in late ones is likely to be associated with: 1) reduced handling times when feeding on early stage hosts; 2) reduced wastage of progeny from mortality factors other than host-feeding by the parent parasitoid, achieved by confining oviposition to late host stages; and 3) reduced probability of progeny mortality resulting from the parent's host-feeding activities.     

小果油茶上油茶象的产卵策略

【目的】油茶象Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是我国特有木本油料树种——油茶Camellia spp.的专性蛀果害虫,常导致其大量落果。本文旨在揭示该虫发生危害与寄主果实大小的关系,并探讨其产卵行为策略。【方法】于油茶象产卵高峰期在小果油茶Camellia meiocarpa林随机采摘960个果实,清查油茶象刺孔数和窝卵数,并对果重、果长和果径进行了测量,用单因素方差分析比较产卵果、取食果和非受害果大小差异性,用线性回归分析果实特征对油茶象取食及产卵活动的影响。同时对油茶象雌虫进行了果实大小选择性试验,用配对样本t检验分析选择果与非选择果的大小差异性。【结果】在果重、果长、果径和果实体积方面,产卵果取食果非受害果(P0.01),刺孔数、窝卵数和寄生率与果实大小呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01),说明油茶象雌虫优先选择大果实取食和产卵。当两供试果实差异显著时,油茶象雌虫对大果实表现出明显的偏好选择性,危害12 h后,重受害果长度和直径都显著大于轻受害果(P0.01)。油茶象雌虫每次只产1粒卵,卵单产是油茶象本身的属性,与果实特征无关。【结论】油茶象优先选择大果实取食,支持最优觅食理论。油茶象优先选择大果实产卵。窝卵数越小,油茶象种内竞争越弱,幼体正常发育并成功脱果的概率越高,适合度增加。卵单产是油茶象应对寄主果实食物资源限制作用的一种"风险分散"行为适应策略。     

New method for rapidly estimating population densities of the concealed wood‐borer Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the field

To rapidly estimate pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope, population densities in forests, the vertical distributions of M. alternatus oviposition sites and larvae on infested Masson pines (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were studied. Results showed that the number of oviposition sites on sections of trunks between 0 and 2 m above ground was significantly greater than on sections of trunk above 2 m, and the vertical distribution had a significant logarithmic relationship with trunk height. The larval number of M. alternatus on dead infested trees had a significant difference among heights of trunks. Sections on trunks at 2–4 m usually contained the largest number of M. alternatus larvae, while the number of larvae on trunks above 10 m declined significantly, as well as in the 1 m section of trunk at the base. The vertical distribution of M. alternatus larvae on dead infested pines showed a distinct parabolic relationship with trunk height. The number of oviposition sites of M. alternatus on infested Masson pine trunks revealed a significant exponential relationship with the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees. A significant positive linear relationship also was observed between M. alternatus larval number and DBH on the host pine trees, as well as between the numbers of larvae and oviposition sites on an individual tree. The total number of larvae in an infested tree could be calculated easily using an established equation, through counting the number of oviposition sites at 3–4 m of trunk aboveground. This study developed a practical method for rapid estimation of M. alternatus populations.     

Superparasitism strategies by a native and an exotic parasitoid species attacking the Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Superparasitism refers to the action of parasitoids ovipositing eggs in hosts that are already parasitized; this inevitably results in the elimination of supernumerary larvae in solitary parasitoids. Here, we investigated superparasitism performed by two species of solitary parasitoids on the larvae of Anastrepha ludens (Loew; Diptera: Tephritidae): a native species, Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck; Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron; Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions evaluating the behaviour of females acting alone (self-superparasitism) or in groups (conspecific superparasitism). Parasitism strategies were different between these two species. In D. crawfordi, the number of first instar larvae found in each dissected host pupa was never greater than two, regardless of the number of oviposition scars observed per pupa. In contrast, there was a positive correlation between the number of oviposition scars and the number of first instar larvae in D. tryoni. The survival and fecundity of D. crawfordi females emerging from pupae with one scar was higher than in females emerging from pupae with more scars. In D. tryoni, the number of oviposition scars did not show deleterious effects on life history traits and was positively correlated with the proportion of emerging females. An understanding of the superparasitism strategy adopted by parasitoid species could be of great interest to augmentative biological control programmes because the mass rearing of natural enemies could be negatively or positively affected by this condition.     

Oviposition in Yponomeuta cagnagellus: the importance of contact cues for host plant acceptance

Small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera) are specialist herbivores. Species within the genus Yponomeuta are each specialized on a limited number of plant species, mainly within genera belonging to the Celastraceae. European Yponomeuta species have developed new specialized host affiliations, mainly on rosaceous hosts. Since these host shifts are reputed to be of consequence for speciation, the role of the ovipositing female is of particular interest. Study of the pre-oviposition behaviour of gravid Y. cagnagellus (Hb.) moths on host (Euonymus europaeus), non-host (Crateagus monogyna) and artificial oviposition substrates, provided information on the nature of the cues used for host plant acceptance and the insect’s perception of these cues. Host selection by adult females occurs with contact chemoreceptors probably located on the antennae or tarsi. MeOH-soluble, non-volatile phytochemical compounds washed from the host plant’s surface and applied on an artificial twig are sufficient to stimulate a complete sequence of behavioural elements leading to oviposition. Volatiles do not have a large effect on the pre-oviposition behaviour.     

园林害虫大袋蛾在四种寄主植物上的繁殖潜能评估(英文)

【目的】大袋蛾Clania variegata是一种严重危害多种植物的食叶性害虫。为了通过合理配植园林植物防治大袋蛾,本研究评估了在悬铃木、月桂、合欢及桃树4种寄主植物上大袋蛾的繁殖潜能。【方法】2018年7月15日至2019年6月21日,在室外纱网隔离环境中测定了大袋蛾分别在悬铃木、月桂、合欢和桃树上的卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、存活率、成虫寿命、雌成虫产卵期和每日单雌产卵量。采用年龄-龄期两性生命表程序TWOSEX-MSChart对大袋蛾发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及雌虫繁殖力数据进行了分析。【结果】寄主植物种类可显著影响大袋蛾的发育历期和成虫寿命。取食月桂时,大袋蛾2, 3, 4和5龄幼虫的历期显著长于取食其他植物时的;取食桃树时,大袋蛾雌成虫寿命(11.47 d)显著长于取食月桂时的(10.26 d)。大袋蛾取食月桂时的产卵期(7.04 d)显著短于取食悬铃木(7.52 d)、合欢(7.59 d)及桃树(8.11 d)时的。大袋蛾取食悬铃木时的净繁殖力（R₀）(2 015.70粒卵)显著高于取食月桂(1 419.12粒卵)、桃树(1 289.66 粒卵)和合欢(976.67粒卵)时的。大袋蛾取食悬铃木时的内禀增长率(r)(0.02523/d)显著高于取食月桂(0.02377/d)、合欢(0.02304/d)及桃树(0.02194/d)时的。【结论】大袋蛾取食悬铃木时的繁殖潜能显著高于取食月桂、合欢及桃树时的,在园林设计中合理间隔种植月桂、合欢及桃树可能有利于减少大袋蛾对非嗜食植物的危害。     

Influence of larval frass extracts on the oviposition behaviour of Monochamus alternatus (Col., Cerambycidae)

Abstract:  The oviposition behaviour and response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to short lengths (bolts) of Pinus massoniana trunks treated with hexane extracts of larval frass of M. alternatus was investigated in the laboratory. Females gnawed significantly fewer oviposition scars, and deposited significantly fewer eggs, on extract-treated bolts than on control bolts. These results suggest the presence of a possible oviposition deterrent in larval frass of M. alternatus . Hexane extracts of larval frass were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and α -pinene, β -pinene, 3-carene, limonene, longifolene and butylated hydroxytoluene were identified. Experiments with synthetic mixtures indicated that a mixture of monoterpenes and butylated hydroxytoluene exhibited oviposition-deterring activity.     

豚草生育期和被利用状态对广聚萤叶甲产卵选择的影响

【背景】植食性昆虫对产卵场所的选择行为受多种因素的影响,其中寄主植物的发育阶段和被同种其他个体利用程度是影响其产卵选择的重要因素之一。【方法】采用野外罩笼的选择性试验,观察了广聚萤叶甲成虫对不同生长发育阶段、不同被取食程度、不同落卵量的豚草植株的产卵选择行为,分析产卵选择频次,用Cox比例风险模型拟合识别期以估计产卵选择偏好性。【结果】开花期豚草被选择产卵的风险(瞬间概率)仅为生长期的16.5%,苗期豚草被选择产卵的风险为生长期的34.1%;成虫对3种被食程度豚草的产卵选择频次之间存在显著差异(n=20,P<0.01),在3级被食程度豚草上产卵次数最多(12次),而在5级被食豚草上产卵次数最少(2次),表明成虫明显偏好将卵产于已被中等程度取食的植株上;成虫对不同落卵量植株(0、4、8个.株-1)未表现出显著的产卵偏好,对不同密度(高、低)斑块的豚草的产卵选择亦无显著差异。【结论与意义】豚草生育期和被取食程度影响广聚萤叶甲雌虫的产卵选择,而植株上的落卵量和豚草密度对产卵选择没有影响。